Computer Architecture and Organization PDF

GHANA COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY PRESENTATION) Name: Isaac Hanson (Ing.) Faculty of Engineering Main Campus: 233 302 221479/302 2...

GHANA COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY PRESENTATION) Name: Isaac Hanson (Ing.) Faculty of Engineering Main Campus: 233 302 221479/302 200611 Main Campus Location: Off the Kwame Nkrumah Circle-Nsawam Road, adjacent to the Police Training School, Tesano, Accra Architecture & Organization Computer Architecture refers those attributes visible to the programmer , put another way, those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program. A term that is often used interchangeably with computer architecture is instruction set architecture Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques ,,e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? Computer Organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition? Architecture & Organization Family of Computers.Many computer manufacturers offer a family of computer models, all with the same architecture but with differences in organization. Consequently, the different models in the family have different price and performance characteristics. Furthermore, a particular architecture may span many years and encompass a number of different computer models, its organization changing with changing technology. IBM System/370 architecture. x86  Who is a Computer Architect? Puts together individual components to build new systems that meet cost, performance, power and function goals. I/O Chan Link API ISA Interfaces Technology IR Regs Machine Organization Computer Applications Architect Measurement & They research , design, develop and test Evaluation computers and related equipments Lecture 1 4 Technology Trends Moore’s Law Continued(up until now, at least) transistor miniaturization Some technology-based ramifications Processor logic capacity: about 30% per year clock rate: about 20% per year Memory SRAM/Logic:density~30% per year Speed ~20% DRAM(density)about 60% per year (2x every year) Memory speed: about 10% per year Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year Disk Capacity(density): about 60% per year Total use of data: 100% per 9 months! Network Bandwidth Bandwidth increasing more than 100% per year! Technology Trends Microprocessor Logic Density DRAM chip capacity 100000000 DRAM Year Size 10000000 uP-Name R10000 1980 64 Kb Pentium R4400 1983 256 Kb 1000000 i80486 Transistors 1986 1 Mb i80386 1989 4 Mb 100000 i80286 R3010 1992 16 Mb 1996 64 Mb i8086 SU MIPS i80x86 M68K 10000 1999 256 Mb MIPS Alpha 2002 1 Gb i4004 2010 16 Gb 1000 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Changing quickly and with respect to each other Example: density increases faster than speed Trade- offs are constantly changing Re-evaluate/re-design for technology generation Technology Trends Smaller feature sizes – higher speed, density ECE/CS 752; copyright J. E. Smith, 2002 (Univ. of Wisconsin) Moore’s Law Structure & Function Structure is the way in which components relate to each other Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure Function All computer functions are: Data processing Data storage Data movement Control Functional view Functional view of a computer Data Storage Facility Data Control Movement Mechanism Apparatus Data Processing Facility  Operations (1) Data movement e.g. keyboard to screen Data Storage Facility Data Control Movement Mechanism Apparatus Data Processing Facility  Operations (2) Storage e.g. Internet download to disk Data Storage Facility Data Control Movement Mechanism Apparatus Data Processing Facility  Operation (3) Processing from/to storage e.g. updating bank statement Data Storage Facility Data Control Movement Mechanism Apparatus Data Processing Facility  Operation (4) Processing from storage to I/O e.g. printing a bank statement Data Storage Facility Data Control Movement Mechanism Apparatus Data Processing Facility  Structure - Top Level Peripherals Computer Central Main Processing Memory Unit Computer Systems Interconnection Input Output Communication lines  Structure - The CPU CPU Computer Arithmetic Registers and I/O Login Unit System CPU Bus Internal CPU Memory Interconnection Control Unit  L01-19 Computing Devices Now September 3, 2008 http://www.csg.csail.mit.edu/6.823  Where Do We Find a Computer/Processor? ATMs Planes ipod PDA Cameras Cars Watch Cell phones Traffic Controller Music Design & Engineering Robots Games Microwave Medical (MRI) Computer Architecture Focus Understanding the design techniques, machine structures, technology factors, evaluation methods that will determine the form of computers in 21st Century. Technology Parallelism Programming Languages Applications Computer Architecture: Interface Design Instruction Set Design (ISA) Organization Hardware Operating Measurement & Evaluation Systems History Optimizing the Design Usually the functional requirements are set by the company/marketplace: Minimize cost => simple design Maximize performance => complex design or better technology Minimize time to market => also favors simplicity Must beat the competition => require a lot of simulation, be able to quantify everything and require deep infrastructure and support  Key Trends Designers need to design for tomorrow’s technology Success depends on predicting trends correctly Key trends that must always be tracked Usage patterns – market,.. Technology Cost and performance CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap: Personal computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. Workstation: A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and, in general, a higher-quality monitor. Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users simultaneously. Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. Embedded computers (systems):extremely small microprocessors which control all digital systems. Computers can be classified using the architectural philosophy CISC- Complex Instruction Set Computer RISC- Reduced Instruction Set Computer  Can be classified as General – purpose Special – purpose Computers also could be classified Based on the make eg. IBM Apple Architecture Von Neumann Harvard Number of devices per chip  Computer Generations Generation Dates Technology Operations per Second 1 1946-1957 Vacuum Tube 40,000 2 1958-1964 Transistor 200,000 3 1965-1971 Small & Medium Scale 1,000,000 Integration 4 1972-1977 Large Scale Integration 10,000,000 (LSI) 5 1978-… Very Large Scale 100,000,000 Integration (VLSI)  Thank You. 15/05/2008 18:10:18 Academic excellence in ICT Education 32....Linking Learners Everywhere © 2013 All Rights Reserved