[Intro'23] Lecture 1_ Computer Fundamentals (1).pdf

Introduction to computers Lecture 1 - Computer Fundamentals Prepared by Dr. Naglaa Fathy [email protected] Expected Code of Conduct  Course Outline Computer Fundamentals Numbering Systems (Binary - Decimal - Hex) Problem Solving (Flow Charts + A...

Introduction to computers Lecture 1 - Computer Fundamentals Prepared by Dr. Naglaa Fathy [email protected] Expected Code of Conduct  Course Outline Computer Fundamentals Numbering Systems (Binary - Decimal - Hex) Problem Solving (Flow Charts + Algorithms) Programming in C++ ✓ Variables ✓ Input/Output operations ✓ Conditional statements ✓ Loops 3  Course Assessments Final Exam 50 Marks Mid-Term Exam 15 Marks Lab Quiz 15 Marks Practical Exam 20 Marks * Lecture Attendance is required  Course Material Google Drive - Scan This QR Code 5 Computer Science Career Path? Our Career is not only in implementing the code! You can work as 1. Software Analyst (System Analyst) 2. Software Designer 3. Software Developer (Programmer) 4. Quality Engineer (Software Tester) And many other positions/titles… (i.e., Cyber Security, Artificial Intelligence, etc.) 6  Let's start... Computer Fundamentals  What Do Computers Do? A computer is a device that performs the information-processing cycle. Information processing Converting data into information. Data Raw, unorganized facts. Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video Information Data that has been processed into a meaningful form For example, a single customer’s sale at a restaurant is data which becomes information when the business can identify the most popular or least popular dish. 8  What Do Computers Do? The information-processing cycle consists of four basic operations: input, processing, output, and storage. 9 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition, Fig.1-6 The information Processing Cycle  Computer Components Any kind of computers consists of: HARDWARE – The physical parts of a computer. SOFTWARE – The programs or instructions used to tell the computer hardware what to do. 10  Computer Components: Hardware 1. Input devices - Used to input data into the computer. 11  Computer Components: Hardware 2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) - CPU is the brain of a computer. - It performs calculations and control computer’s operation. -The CPU is also known as a microprocessor or processor. 12  Computer Components: Hardware 3. Output Devices – Present results to the user 13 Computer Components: Hardware 4. Storage devices - Used to store data on or access data from storage media. - Two Categories: Primary Memory. – Memory the CPU can access directly. Secondary Memory. – is long-term and persistent data storage that’s not directly accessed by the CPU. 14  Computer Components: Hardware 4. Storage devices Primary Memory: i. Random Access Memory (RAM) - Main Memory: - It temporarily stores programs and data needed by the CPU. - It is volatile in nature (data is erased once the power is off). - It operates very quickly to keep up with the computer’s CPU ii. Cache memory: - It is a small unit of fast memory built into the processor. - It is used to store frequently accessed data and instructions to speed up processing time. - Cache memory is faster but has a smaller capacity than RAM. 15  Computer Components: Hardware 4. Storage devices Primary Memory: 16  Computer Components: Hardware 4. Storage devices Primary Memory: iii. Read Only Memory (ROM): - a permanent form of storage. - do not allow data stored on them to be modified. - It typically contains manufacturer’s instructions. - It stores an initial program to start the computer once the power is turned on. 17  Computer Components: Hardware 4. Storage devices Secondary Memory: - Stores data and programs permanently: it retained after the power is turned off. Flash Disk SD Cards Hard Disk Drive (HDD) 18  Computer Components: Hardware 4. Storage devices Primary memory is faster to access than secondary memory 19  Computer Components: Hardware 5. Communication devices A communications device is an electronic device that is capable of sending data, and instructions between devices through a wired or a wireless network. A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (i.e., printers), and exchange files. Some types of communication devices are Bluetooth, Network cards, Routers, Repeaters, etc. 20  Computer Components: Hardware 5. Communication devices Network card, sometimes called a network interface card (NIC), is a communications device that enables a computer or device to access a network. 21 Computer Components: Hardware General Computer Architecture - 22  Computer Components: Hardware General Computer Architecture – Each operation performed by the CPU is called an instruction. – CPU is composed of the control unit, the arithmetic logic unit and Registers. Control unit retrieves instructions from memory, interprets and performs those instructions. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic (i.e., +, -, *, /) and logical operations (comparison between data items) Register holds intermediate results obtained during program processing. cache memory stores all the frequently used data, while register stores data that the CPU is currently processing 23  Computer Components: Hardware Computer Motherboard It is the main printed circuit board found inside the computer case. 24 Computer Motherboard 25  What’s on the Motherboard? ◼ The majority of parts found on the motherboard are integrated circuits. ◼ An integrated circuit (or chip) includes millions of transistors and carries electrical current. ◼ A transistor is a switch that is able to control the IC (Chip) electrical signal flow to the circuit. Transistor Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 26  Computer Components: Hardware Computer Motherboard The motherboard holds many of the essential electronic components of the system such as: – CPU – Memory slots – Expansion slots – BIOS chip – CMOS battery 27  Computer Components: Hardware Computer Motherboard Expansion slots – used to install various devices to expand its capabilities. – The most common types of expansion slots on a typical motherboard of today’s computer are as: PCI AGP PCIe 28  Computer Components: Hardware Computer Motherboard Expansion slots: PCI slots – Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slots are used to connect various compatible expansion cards or peripheral devices to the computer to add functionality and improve its performance. – They are usually white and are about 3 inches long. Common devices that we can connect to PCI slots: ▪ Graphics cards ▪ Sound cards ▪ Network Interface Cards (NIC) ▪ Wireless cards ▪ USB expansion cards 29  Computer Components: Hardware Computer Motherboard Expansion slots: AGP slots – AGP stands for Accelerated Graphics Port or Advanced Graphics Port. – It is a high-speed point-to-point channel for adding a 3D graphics card or video card to a computer’s motherboard. Expansion slots: PCIe slots – Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe). – They establish faster connection between the motherboard and peripherals, resulting in improved data transfer rates and reduced latency 30 Computer Components: Hardware Computer Motherboard: Expansion Cards Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 31  Computer Components: Hardware Computer Motherboard BIOS Chip: - The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS). - a non-volatile ROM chip on the motherboard containing BIOS software that stores firmware instructions and data essential for the initial startup of a computer. CMOS Chip: a type of memory chip that stores certain computer settings, such as date and time, even when the computer is powered off. It gets its power from the small cylindrical battery, called CMOS battery, installed on the computer motherboard. 32  Computer Components: Software Software can be classified as one of the following types: ▪ System Software - responsible for enabling the individual hardware components to function smoothly. - Two categories: Operating System & System Utilities ▪ Application Software - used to accomplish specific tasks. - For example: Image Viewer, Microsoft Office, Games, Sending and receiving e-mails, etc. 33  System Software: Operating System (OS) OS coordinates interactions of hardware components to each other. OS coordinates interactions between application software and computer hardware. Examples: Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc. 34 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall  System Software: Operating System (OS) Five basic functions 1. Starts the computer. 2. Manages applications. 3. Manages memory. 4. Handles input and output device messages. 5. Provides a user interface to interact with the user via windows, icons, menus, buttons, etc. 35 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall  System Software: System Utilities System utilities (utility programs) Software programs—essential to effective management of the computer system Perform tasks such as: Backing up files Providing antivirus protection Searching for and managing files Compressing files Providing accessibility utilities to individuals with special needs 36 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall  Types of Computers ◼ Computers can be separated into two main types: ◼ Personal computers are normally designed for one user at a time. ◼ Computers for organizations are designed to be used by many people at the same time. 37  Types of computers Minicomputers Mainframes Super Personal (Midrange computers computers servers) Types of computers: Personal Computers Types of computers: for organizations ◼ Computers for organizations ◼ Servers enable users connected to a computer network to have access to the network’s programs, hardware, and data. ◼ Clients include the user computers connected to the network. ◼ A client/server network includes the use of client computers with centralized servers. Copyright Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 40  Types of Computers ◼ Computers for organizations ◼ Minicomputers or midrange servers are designed to meet the needs of smaller companies or businesses. ◼ Mainframes carry out very large processing jobs to meet the needs of large companies or agencies of the government. ◼ Supercomputers are able to perform extremely high-speed processing and show underlying patterns. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 41  Mainframe Computers Minicomputer serve 4-200 clients Mainframes hundred of thousands of clients e.g. airlines Supercomputers process large amount of scientific data such as weather 42 Supercomputers 43  Tips for Buying a new Computer Click here