Internet History PDF

INTERNET Internet - An interconnected network of computers all over the world using a common set of interconnection standards, protocols, communicating and exchanging data with one another. J.C.R Licklider of MIT (1962) - American Psychologist and Computer Scientist -​ Envisioned a globally int...

INTERNET Internet - An interconnected network of computers all over the world using a common set of interconnection standards, protocols, communicating and exchanging data with one another. J.C.R Licklider of MIT (1962) - American Psychologist and Computer Scientist -​ Envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could easily access. Pentagon’s ARPANET (1969) - Advanced Research Projects Agency -​ Became functional, liking scientific and academic research across the US. Lawrence Roberts - American Engineer; Founding Father of the Internet -​ The Principal architect of ARPANET Ray Tomilson - Sent the first email. 1972 - First public demo of ARPANET; initial application of electronic mail was introduced. 1983 - ARPANET adopted Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) 1987 - there were nearly 30,000 hosts on the internet. -​ Adoption of TCP/IP standard made larger number of hosts possible. 1989 - World Wide Web was born. 1995 - First year the web became commercialized. -​ The Federal Networking Council (NFC) passed a resolution defining the term “Internet”. Internet is: -​ Logically linked by a globally unique address space called based on the Internet Protocol -​ Able to support communications using TCP/IP and other IP-compatible protocols World Wide Web - Collection of interlinked multimedia documents that are stored on the internet and accessed using a common protocol (HTTP). Web Page -​ Each electronic document on the web. Website  -​ A collection of web pages. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) - With 350 organizations being a member, W3C oversees research and sets standards and guidelines for many areas of the internet. Sir Tim Berners-Lee - British Computer Scientist; invented web in 1989 Tim’s 3 Fundamental Technologies: ​ HTML (HyperText Markup Language) - The markup language for the web. ​ URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) - A.K.A “URL”. An address that is unique and used to identify each resource on the web. ​ HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) - Allows retrieval of linked resources across the web. Protocol - Is the formal specification that defines the procedures that must be followed when transmitting/receiving data. TCP/IP - Foundation protocols for the internet -​ Manages conversations between servers and web clients. HTTP - Is what browsers and web servers rely on for exchanging data -​ Information exchanging procedure standard between 2 communicating parties. HTTPS - A secure version of HTTP -​ An encrypted HTTP channel that encrypts all the information being exchanged. ISP (Internet Service Provider) - provides services such as internet access, internet transit, domain name registration, and hosting. ISP connects to customers using data transmission technology such as: -​ Dial-up -​ DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) -​ Cable modem -​ Wireless -​ FIber optic technology IP Address (Internet Protocol Address) - number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the internet. Domain Name - Text version of IP address ​ Domain Name System (DNS) - is the method that the internet uses to store domain names and their corresponding IP addresses. ​ Top Level Domains - Last segment of the domain name. e.g.  -​.com -​.org -​.net -​.fr Web Addresses (URL) - A uniform resource locator -​ The full address to a web page or file/program. Other Protocols: FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - used for interactive file transfer between systems. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - for transfer of electronic messages and attachments. Intranet - private network accessible only by the organization’s members -​ Local or restricted communications network, especially a private network network created using World Wide Web Software.