The Internet: How It Developed PDF

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internet history internet development computer networks communications

Summary

This document provides an overview of the internet's history and development. It details how the internet evolved from its early beginnings in the Cold War to the widespread use we know today. The document covers key concepts like ARPANET, TCP/IP, and the World Wide Web. It explores the fundamental building blocks and principles of the internet.

Full Transcript

THE INTERNET HOW THE INTERNET DEVELOPED ♦ The concept of an internet began during the Cold War in the 1960s, when the US Army began designing a communications system with computers that could withstand a possible attack with nuc...

THE INTERNET HOW THE INTERNET DEVELOPED ♦ The concept of an internet began during the Cold War in the 1960s, when the US Army began designing a communications system with computers that could withstand a possible attack with nuclear weapons. ♦ In 1969 ARPANET was established. It consisted of dozens of military sites across the USA linked in a network. The military believed that the larger the network was, the stronger it would be in case of attack. ♦ In 1974 a common protocol was established, called TCP/IP. ♦ During the late 1970s people began to use this network for all sorts of communication, like for university research and business. We can say that now an idea of an Internet, an international network, developed. ♦ Until the early 1990s, the internet was used primarily for the exchange of text. With the introduction of a feature called World Wide Web in 1991, it was possible to include graphics, animation, video and sound. ♦ During the 1990s personal computers were sold everywhere, and this made the internet accessible to more and more people. By the year 2000, the internet was known and used all over the world. THE INTERNET INTERNET TELEPHONY ♦ At the base of the revolution of telephone communications with internet technology there's the Internet Protocol (IP). The IP is a language Pcs use to talk to one another with the result of a faster and cheaper way to send information. ♦ With the IP, data is broken down in digital packets and then transmitted. The packets can contain anything, like a text, a video frame, a second of a conversation. The IP tells the network how to read the packets and where to send them. ♦ While a traditional call creates a circuit between two phones, the IP allows phones to send the packets onto a network where they will be sorted and delivered by one of thousands of routers. THE INTERNET THE INTERNET AND ITS CORE ♦ The internet is a worldwide computer network. The whole world uses the internet, even the poorest countries. We can think of the internet as a highway that goes all around the world. And the World Wide Web, with all its video and music downloading, instant massages programs, file sharing etc., is like the traffic on this highway. The connections between the computers that use the internet is a mix of copper cables, fibre-optic cables, wireless radio connections and satellite links. ♦ The core of the internet consists of powerful computers known as routers. The routers are connected to each other, and also connected to thousands of smaller networks. Big institutions have direct internet access with their own internet servers, while other users get access through an Internet Service Provider (ISP). To be sent efficiently, data is broken down in smaller pieces, called packets, which are then reassembled. This system of transmission is called packet switching. Internet bandwidth is an indication of the speed of the connection, meaning the amount of data that can be sent per second. ♦ The purpose of the internet is to move data from one place to another. The internet also helps people do a variety of jobs, and run new applications. THE INTERNET EMAILS ♦ Sending an email is like sending a paper letter; in both ways, the sender transmits a message to the receiver. But sending and receiving emails has a lot of advantages compared to paper letters: it is faster, it is cheaper, you can write an email and send it to multiple receivers, you can forward messages, and you can attach files, images etc. ♦ To exchange emails we need an address to write to and one to receive. There's an inbox, which is an electronic folder for incoming emails. Unread messages are usually in bold font, to be easily recognised. We can get an email account from our Internet Service Provider (ISP) or through free web services, like Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo etc. the email address is made up of the identifier, the @ symbol and the domain. ♦ To use emails we also need a program, like Mozilla or Outlook. THE INTERNET THE WWW ♦ In the past, writing for example a school assignment was definitely more difficult than today. In fact, you had to go to the library and open up many different books. Today, you just need to go online and you can find every possible information in a library that is more powerful than any on the planet: the World Wide Web. Even though we could think it has been here forever, the WWW is only 25 years old. ♦ The internet is a worldwide network of computers, while the WWW is one of many things that runs on it. We already mentioned the comparison with the highway: the internet is a highway and the WWW is the traffic on it. The web is the collection of pages, images, music, videos and animation you can access over the internet. The basis of the web are the web pages; a collection of web pages is called a website. THE INTERNET SEARCH ENGINES ♦ Before search engines, like Google and Bing, you needed to know the entire web address (http://...etc) to find a website. But today, thanks to search engines, we only need to type some few key words into a search box and find everything we need. Search engines have become very popular thanks to the variety of their archives and their search speed. ♦ Google shows results according to the popularity of the web page. The more a site is valued by users, the highest Google will put it in the list of results. Thanks to this search engine, a new verb has been created: to google.

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