GEE 101 - History of the Internet

**GEE** 101 - **ARPANET (1969)**: *Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)* by the U.S. Department of Defense. The goal was to develop a decentralized communication network that could withstand potential disruptions, such as a nuclear attack.  - **Packet Switching (1960...

**GEE** 101 - **ARPANET (1969)**: *Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)* by the U.S. Department of Defense. The goal was to develop a decentralized communication network that could withstand potential disruptions, such as a nuclear attack.  - **Packet Switching (1960s)**: Developed by Paul Baran and Donald Davies, allowing data to be split into packets and routed independently across the network. This laid the groundwork for efficient data transfer across interconnected networks. - **First Message (1969)**: The first ARPANET message was sent between computers at UCLA and Stanford. The message was meant to be \"LOGIN,\" but the system crashed after \"LO.\" - ** NCP (1970):** The *Network Control Protocol (NCP)* was the **first protocol used by ARPANET** to manage communication between network nodes. - **TCP/IP (1974)**: A major breakthrough occurred when Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn introduced the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). - **Ray Tomlinson-**developed the first email system on ARPANET, using the \"@\" symbol to separate the user's name from the host computer. -Email (1971) - **Ethernet (1973):**allowing computers within a smaller geographic area to communicate efficiently. - **STEAM ENGINE**: pioneer by James Watt - **NSFNET (1986)**: The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) expanded ARPANET by connecting universities and research institutions. It became the backbone of the modern Internet, eventually replacing ARPANET in 1990. - **DNS (1983)**: The Domain Name System (DNS) was introduced, making it easier to access websites by translating human-readable domain names (like \"www.example.com\") into numerical IP addresses. - **Commercial Use (1991)**: The U.S. government lifted restrictions on the commercial use of the Internet, leading to its rapid growth beyond academic and government settings. - **Dot-com Boom (Late 1990s)**: The Internet economy exploded, with companies rushing to capitalize on the potential of e-commerce, online advertising, and web-based services. However, the speculative investment led to the dot-com bubble burst in 2000. - **Web 2.0 (Mid-2000s)**: The Internet shifted from static web pages to dynamic, user-generated content. This era, often called Web 2.0, saw the rise of social media platforms, blogs, wikis, and other interactive websites. - **Broadband and Mobile Internet:** The widespread adoption of broadband Internet in the early 2000s improved connection speeds and reliability, while the launch of smartphones (especially the iPhone in 2007) made the Internet more accessible on the go. - **5G and the Internet of Things (IoT):** The rollout of 5G networks is enabling faster connections and supporting the growth of IoT, where everyday objects (from appliances to cars) are connected to the Internet. - **Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning:** AI technologies have integrated into the Internet, powering personalized recommendations, virtual assistants, and intelligent search engines. - **Cybersecurity and Privacy Concerns:** With the growth of the Internet came increasing concerns over privacy, data security, and the misuse of personal information. Scandals like the Cambridge Analytica data breach (2018) brought attention to these issues. - **Internet:** has evolved from a small, government-funded research network into a global system that has transformed communication, commerce, and society. Its future holds promise for further innovations, including the ongoing development of Web 3.0, immersive technologies, and expanded connectivity across the globe. - **Header:** Contains metadata like source and destination IP addresses, packet sequence number, and other control information. - **Transport Laye**r: The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) operates here, ensuring data is transmitted reliably. TCP breaks data into packets, ensures their correct arrival, and reassembles them. UDP is used for faster, less-reliable transfers (like live video streams). - **Internet Layer**: The Internet Protocol (IP) operates here, assigning IP addresses to packets and routing them across different networks. - **Network Access Layer**: This layer handles the physical transmission of data across local networks and links devices using technologies like Ethernet or Wi-Fi. - **Fiber-optic cables**: The fastest and most reliable method for long-distance data transmission. Fiber-optic cables use light pulses to transmit data across vast distances, often connecting continents through undersea cables. - **Copper cables:** Used in traditional telephone lines (DSL) and Ethernet networks, copper cables transmit electrical signals, though they are slower and less efficient than fiber optics. - **Wireless transmission:** Data can also be transmitted wirelessly using Wi-Fi, cellular networks (3G, 4G, 5G), or satellite connections. Wireless data is transmitted via radio waves, and while convenient, it may be slower and more prone to interference compared to wired connections. - **Network Address Translation (NAT)** to allow multiple devices to share a single public IP address. NAT modifies the IP address of packets as they move between a private network (like your home Wi-Fi) and the public internet. - **Web Browsing:** Computers use web browsers (like Chrome, Firefox, or Safari) to access, retrieve, and display content from websites via the **World Wide Web (WWW)**. The browser sends requests (using protocols like HTTP or HTTPS) to web servers, retrieves data (like HTML, images, videos), and presents it to the user. - **File Sharing:** Computers on the internet regularly download files (such as documents, software, or media) from websites or cloud storage. Similarly, they can upload files to remote servers or cloud storage services like Google Drive or Dropbox. - **Peer-to-Peer Sharing**: Computers may participate in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, where files are directly shared between users without the need for a centralized server (e.g., through torrenting systems like BitTorrent). **ACRONYM** - **ARPANET**- ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY NETWORK - **NCP**-NETWORK PROTOCOL - **TCP-** TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL - **NSFNET-**NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION NETWORK - **DNS**-DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM - **WWW**- WORLD WIDE WEB - **HTML**-HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE - **HTTP**- HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL - **URL**- UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATORS - **AWS-** AMAZON WEB SERVICES - **IOT**-INTERNET OF THINGS - **ISP-**INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER - **OSI**- OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION - **UDP**-USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL - **SMTP-** SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL - **FTP**- FILE TRANSFER - **NAT**- NETWORK ACCESS TRANSLATION **some key activities that computers do on the internet:** 1. Access and Display Information (Web Browsing) 2. Send and Receive Email 3. Download and Upload Files 4. Stream and Download Media 5. Use Web-Based Applications 6. Social Media Interaction 7. E-commerce and Online Banking 8. Communication and Collaboration 9. Gaming and Entertainment 10. Remote Access and Control 11. Data Storage and Backup 12. Control Internet of Things (IoT) DeviceS 13. Host Websites and Applications 14. Security and Encryption 15. Participate in Distributed Computing **HOW DATA TRAVELS OVER THE INTERNET** 1. Data Packetization 2. Source Device to Local Router 3. Routing Through the Internet 4. ISPs and Backbone Network 5. DNS Lookup 6. Reaching the Destination 7. Protocols and Layers of Communication 8. Physical Transmission Media 9. Network Address Translation (NAT) and Firewalls 10. Encryption Security **OVERVIEW OF KEY MILESTONES IN ITS DEVELOPMENT** 1. EARLY FOUNDATION 2. EXPANSION AND NETWORK PROTOCOLS 3. BIRTH OF THE MODERN INTERNET 4. COMMERCIALIZATION AND GROWTH 5. WEB 2.0 AND SOCIAL MEDIA 6. THE INTERNET TODAY AND BEYOND **STEP BY STEP GUIDE ON HOW TO CREATE PERSONAL WEBPAGE [(IN ORDER)]** 1. PLAN YOUR WEB PAGE 2. CHOOSE A WEBSITE BUILDER OR BUILD FROM SCRATCH 3. GET A DOMAIN NAME 4. CHOOSE A WEB HOSTING SERVICE 5. UPLOAD YOUR WEBSITE 6. TEST YOUR WEBSITE 7. MAINTAIN AND UPDATE YOUR WEBSITE **KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMATION** 1. INTANGIBILITY 2. REUSABILITY AND NON-EXHAUSTIBILITY 3. VALUE-DEPENDENT ON CONTEXT 4. TRANSFERABILITY 5. SCALABILITY 6. PERISHABILITY 7. ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY 8. ACCESSIBILITY 9. ACTIONABILITY 10. VERIFIABILITY 11. SECURITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY 12. FORM AND PRESENTATION 13. DEPENDENCE ON TECHNOLOGY 14. MULTIPLICATIVE VALUE