Basic Concepts of the Internet and the World Wide Web PDF

Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES...

Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Module 9 BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE INTERNET AND THE WORLD WIDE WEB Name of Student: ________________________ Week No.: 10 & 11 Course Code: CCI Name of Faculty: Salvador V. Briones II Course Title: Introduction to Computing I. INTRODUCTION The internet is an increasingly important part of everyday life for people around the world. It is the largest computer network connecting more than a billion computers and other electronic devices in the world. Appropriate use of the internet makes our life easy, fast and simple. There are many uses of the internet, however, the use of the internet in our daily life depends on our individual requirements and goals. This module explains the concepts of the internet and the World Wide Web. It also explains how the data travels over the network, the standards and standard bodies to which web designers and developers follow to ensure that the websites they build are usable and accessible to all. II. OBJECTIVES a. Understand the concept of the internet and the World Wide Web. b. Learn the history of the Internet and the World Wide Web. c. Discuss web standards and standards bodies including the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), their terms of specifications, guidelines, software, and tools. d. Apply the technologies involved in developing the web-based application programs. III. LESSON What is Internet? The internet had grown into a key resource for locating information relevant to a particular field, engaging in professional discourse, accessing published material, shopping, and checking on tomorrow's weather. It has become the foundation for today’s electronic community, providing access to government, media, scientists, friends, and relatives. Access to the Internet is now an indispensable requirement for doing business with many enterprises, and commercial use of it is one of its fastest-growing uses. Several factors have led to the dramatic increase in the size of the Internet including increased bandwidth, relaxation of government restrictions, and less expensive connection options. 1|P age  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ The internet has been called the "network of networks” or simply a system that links millions of people around the world, each of whom is using a computer connected to a smaller network such as the one in their home, office, school, or to a commercial network. On the other hand, worldwide web (www) or simply the web is the system use to access the internet. It has led to the popularization of the internet where it provides a hypermedia layer over information and resources available on the internet. The internet have some governing bodies that propose standards and specifications and help plan for the future including the Internet Society, World Wide Web Consortium, and U.S. Internet Council. Nobody owns or controls the Internet and the web, although millions of individuals and organizations control their own piece of it. Through the internet, users can access the latest weather maps of the Philippines, send electronic mail to families and colleagues on the other side of the world, browse and shop online, check on the latest electronic books and magazines, and download images, music and other multimedia applications, and have access on social media. Basic Concept of the Internet and the World Wide Web Unlike other online services, which are centrally controlled, the Internet is decentralized in terms of design. Typically, it consists of:  Computer and hosts devices – these are equipment used to access information such as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) pages, file access, e-mails, tweets, websites, etc.  Servers – these are specialized hardware or computer that responds to computer or host devices in their request for information.  Routers and switches-specialized computers that route traffic on the internet between clients and servers, and among different hosts.  Communication Channels–these are equipment such as phone lines (T1, T3, etc.), cable, satellite, and wireless components that serve as the communication "backbone" of the internet. The capacity or amount of data that can be transmitted across a communication channel is called Bandwidth. The higher the capacity, the quicker web pages or files will be downloaded to your computer which is usually measured in terms of bits per second (bps). Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are protocols used for formatting, ordering, and error-checking data sent over a network. Specifically, a TCP is a protocol that divides data into packets and IP is a protocol that handles the delivery of packets. All computers connected to the Internet must "speak" TCP/IP. Each Internet host must have a unique 2|P age  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ IP Address (like a phone number). Every IP address has consisted of a set of 4 numbers ranging from 0 to 255, for ipv4, each separated by a period (dot). The IP address for the Partido State University SIAS server, for example, is 192.168.4.2. A Domain Name System (DNS) is a system for converting IP addresses into alphanumeric characters. An example domain name is that of www.google.com which has a corresponding ipv4 address of 8.8.8.8. DNS is organized as a hierarchy of domains and subdomains. Domain names have the format: hostname.subdomain.toplevel-domain Hostname – the name given to the host computer (often www) Subdomain – the name of a network (or sub-network which the host computer belongs Top Level Domains:.edu for education.org for non-profit organization.gov for government.com for commercial.net for network Thus, the domain name, for example, www.parsu.edu.ph means that parsu is an educational institution and.ph is the country where parsu is registered. Client-Server Architecture Internet is based on the client/server model. The Client is the end user’s computer or workstation with software that sends requests to a server. A server (host) is a remote computer with software that handles requests from clients. In the case of the Web, client software is a Web browser (running on the client computer) and the server software is a Web server (running on the host computer). Examples of browsers are Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox while examples of Web servers are Microsoft IIS and Apache. In the case of electronic mail, client software is thee-mail client software (such as thunderbird or Gmail, and the server software is a mail server. 3|P age  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ Figure 1. Client-Server Model Packet Switching Packet Switching is the basic method used for all data transmission (e-mail, web pages, etc.) via TCP/IP. Files and even e-mail messages are broken into small packets. Each packet includes IP address of sender and IP address of destination. Packets may travel different paths to destination as shown in Figure 2. Packets are reassembled after they all arrive at the destination computer. Data to be sent on the Internet TCP breaks TCP 1 up data into packet Packets travel the Internet possibly 2 over different routes according to IP TCP reassembles 3 packets TC TCP requests resends P of jumbled packets Reassembled data Figure 2. Packet Switching 4|P age  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ History of the Internet and the World Wide Web In 1945, Vannevar Bush wrote an article “As We May Think” describing a machine, Memex, containing human collective knowledge organized with “trail” linking materials of the same topic. The article revolutionized information technology before even the existence of modern computers. Memex is a hypothetical machine based on a dream: The information stored ought to be accessible. We haven’t fulfilled the dream yet, but much has been achieved in 50 years. Following Memex’s idea, Ted Nelson developed the Xanadu project which aimed at placing the entire world’s literary corpus online. Nelson coined the term hypertext in 1965. A document is not contiguous but is a set of connected parts of documents. Hypermedia is a multimedia hypertext document while hyperlinks are links that connect subdocuments. In 1957, at the heart of the cold war, ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) was created. The purpose was to outrun the Russians in the race for mastering rocket launching. In 1969, it was decided to link sensitive computer centers by a network in order to withstand a possible nuclear attack. The idea was to allow centers to communicate even after a center is destroyed. It connected government labs, major research centers, and universities. It existed until 1988 and was officially dismantled in 1990. During that time the backbone Network speed was 64Kbits/second. Major achievements of ARPAnet are the conceptualization of TCP/IP, Domain Name Service, e-mails (SMTP), FTP, Telnet, etc. Explosive Growth of the Internet Internet penetration is one of the biggest parameters of growth these days. Figure 3 shows the global internet users according to statistica (www.statistica.com). Figure 3. Internet Users in the World 5|P age  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ Around 40% of the world’s population has an internet connection today. In 1995, it was less than 1%. The number of internet users has increased tenfold from 2000-2019. The first billion was reached in 2005, the second billion in 2011 and the third billion in 2015. In 2015, nearly 75% (3.1 billion) of all internet users in the world live in the top 20 countries. The remaining 25% (0.7 billion) is distributed among the other 178 countries, each representing less than 1% of total users. China, the country with most users (642 million in 2014), represents nearly 22% of total, and has more users than the next three countries combined (United States, India and Japan). Among the top 20 countries, India is the one with the lowest penetration: 19% and the highest yearly growth rate. At the opposite end of the range, United States, Germany, France, U.K., and Canada have the highest penetration: over 80%of population in these countries has an internet connection. Easier access to computers, the modernization of countries around the world and an increased utilization of smartphones has given people the opportunity to use the internet more frequently and with more convenience. However, internet penetration often pertains to the current state of development regarding communications networks. The World Wide Web (WWW) In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee developed an online hypertext-based system to help researchers at CERN (French Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) in Switzerland share information across a diverse computer network. He came up with first versions of HTML and the HTTP. HTTP and HTML catapulted the Internet to new heights. The WWW revolutionized the use of the Internet thanks to a multimedia user friendly interface, a web browser. A Web browser, short for a browser, is a software application used to locate, retrieve and display contents from the World Wide Web. Mosaic, the first widely used web browser was developed in the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) by students at the University of Illinois in 1993. Among them is Marc Andreessen who created Netscape in 1995 was the first commercial web browser. Anatomy of a Website When your teacher asked you to write narrative reports in school, you don’t sit down and just start writing. First, you have to do research and make some analysis on what strategy or approach you are going to use aside from learning how to format the paper. The process for writing and designing a web page is similar. URL Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is an address in a format that identifies an individual object (web page, image, sound file, etc.) on the Internet. URL is unique for each object. Format for a URL is: 6|P age  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ protocol://server name/path/file name where: protocol - rules for transferring the data (for example, http for a web page) server - fully qualified computer where object is located path - folder or directory in the host computer where object will be found file - file name of the object (web page, image, sound , etc.) Every website has a URL, for instance Partido State University (PSU) website is www.parsu.edu.ph. The following illustration shows another example of a URL as it appears in a common web browser (Mozilla Firefox). Figure 4. URL of Partido State University When you type a URL into your web browser or click a link in a web page, you send a request to the server housing that information. It’s similar to the process that occurs when you dial a phone number with your telephone. Your request “calls” the computer that contains all the files necessary to show you the web page you requested. The computer then “serves” and displays all the pages to you, usually in your web browser. Every web site and web page also needs a web server. A web server is a computer, running special software, which has to be always connected to the Internet. A URL is commonly associated with a web site. You’ve doubtless seen plenty of examples of such addresses on billboards and in television advertising. For instance, www. parsu.edu.ph is the URL for PSU’s website, while www.google.com is the URL for Google. Most commonly, these sites are located in directories on the server, just as you might have your C: drive on your personal computer. Then, within this main site, there may be several subdirectories, which house other sections of the web site. When you visit a website, you look at its web pages that contain all its text, graphics, sound, and video content. Even though a web page is not the same size or format as a printed page, the word “page” is used to help us differentiate among pages, folders, and sites. The same way that many pages and chapters can be contained within a single book, many pages and folders can also 7|P age  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ be kept within a web site. Most web servers are set up to look automatically for a page called “index” as the main page in any folder. So if you were to type in the URL used in the previous example, the server would look for the index page which might look like the URL below: www.parsu.edu.ph/index.html To open a website and view their web pages you need a web browser. A web browser interprets the HTML code and provide a visual layout displayed on the screen. You use an Internet service provider (ISP) to gain access to the Internet. This connection can be made through mobile company like Globe or Smart, or you can connect through telephone lines network like Bayantel or PLDT. Standards and Standard Bodies in Web Development Everybody’s heard about Web standards, yet very few really go the extra mile to comply with them. The relevance of Web standards is most obvious when we consider emerging technologies. In these times of tremendous growth, the Web needs guidance in order to reach its full potential – and standards can serve as the perfect guides to help realize that potential. Web Standards is defined as a formal set of standards and technical specifications used to define aspects of the World Wide Web. These are best-practice standards used by organizations to build websites and web applications. The World Wide Web before Standards We can think of the World Wide Web as an information ecosystem. People create content that is fed into the web. This content is then passed through a browser to allow people to access that information. Figure 5.World Wide Web as an Information Ecosystem 8|P age  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ Before Web standards, there weren’t many fixed rules for any part of this system; no formal rules as to how the content should be created, nor any requirements in terms of how a browser should serve up that information to the people that are requesting it. So, in a way, the web operated a bit like that children’s toy where you have to sort the different shaped blocks into the correct holes. In this analogy, the different types of browsers are the different shaped holes and the content or websites, are the brightly colored blocks. Figure 6. Web Designers and the Browsers Web designers would make a website to fit the browser it would be intended for. For example, you would create an IE-shaped block to be able to pass this through the Internet Explorer hole. This meant that this website block you had created would only fit through that one hole and you would need to rebuild your content into other shapes for it to be viewed using any of the other browsers. Developers in the 90s would often have to make three or four versions of every website they built, so that it would be compatible with each of the browsers available at the time. And what is more, browser makers in attempts to better their competition would introduce “features” that diversified their approach from their competitors. As the browsers developed, they begin to add features (e.g. by changing their shape) and it became more and more difficult to make a block that would pass through each of the browser holes. This even meant that a block that could once fit through one particular hole, didn’t fit through that hole any longer; adding these features into the browser would often result in poor reverse compatibility. This was really damaging for some developers. It created a system in which compatibility was limited to the content creators that could afford to continuously update and refactor their websites for each of the available browsers. For everyone else, every time a new feature or version was released, there was a chance your website would no longer work with that browser. 9|P age  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ Because of this situation, the Web standards were introduced to protect the web ecosystem, to keep it open, free and accessible to all. Putting the web in a protective bubble and disbanding with the idea of having to build websites to suit specific browsers. When standards were introduced, browser makers were encouraged to adhere to a standardized way of doing things — resulting in cross-compatibility becoming easier for content makers and there no longer being the need to build multiple versions of the same website. Why We Need Standards Knowing a bit about the history of standards and why they were introduced, we can start to see the benefits of having standards for the World Wide Web. Here are the reasons: 1. Keeping the web free and accessible to all - Without the Web Standards community, browser makers would be the ones making decisions on what should and shouldn’t be features of the World Wide Web. This could lead to the web becoming a monopolized commodity, where only the largest players would have a say in what the future holds. 2. Helping make source code simpler; reducing development and maintenance time - As more browsers appeared and browser makers began to diversify in their approach, it became more and more difficult to create content that would be served in the same way across multiple browsers. This increased the amount of work required to make a fully compatible website, including bloating the source code for a web page. As developers today we still have to do the odd include [X script] so this works on [X web browser], but without Web Standards, this would be much worse. 3. Making the web a more accessible place - Web standards help to standardize the way in which a website can interact with assistive technologies. Meaning that browser makers and web developers can incorporate instructions into their pages which can be interpreted by assistive technologies to maintain a common (or sometimes better) end-user experience. 4. Allowing for backward compatibility and validation - Web standards have created a foundation which allows for new websites that comply with standards, to work with older browser versions. This idea of backward compatibility is super important for keeping the web accessible. It doesn’t guarantee older browsers will show your content exactly as you expect, but it will ensure that the structure of the web document is understood and displayed accordingly. 5. Helping maintain better SEO (search engine optimization) - Another of the major hidden benefits (at the time that Web Standards was first introduced) was that a Web Standards compliant website was more discover-able by search engines. This became more 10 | P a g e  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ evident when the Google search became the major player in the search engine world in the early 2000s. 6. Creating a pool of common knowledge - A world with web standards creates a place in which a set of rules exists, rules that every developer can follow, understand and become familiar with. In theory, this means that one developer could build a website that complies with standards and another developer could pick up where the former left off without much trouble. In reality, standards provide the foundation for this; but the idea relies heavily on developers writing well-documented code. Web Standard Bodies Standards are created by people. In the web and Internet space, there is a strong culture of consensus — which means a lot of talking and a lot of discussions. The groups through which standards are developed are sometimes referred to as “Standards Development Organizations” or SDOs. Key SDOs in the web space include the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the WHATWG, and ECMA TC39. Historically there were also groups like the Web Standards Project (WaSP) that advocated for Web standards to be adopted by organizations. The groups that work on the Internet and Web standards generally operate under a royalty- free regime. That means when you make use of a web standard you don’t have to pay anyone — like someone who might hold a relevant patent. Whilst the idea that you might have to pay royalties to someone to build a web browser or website might seem absurd right now, it wasn’t too long ago that organizations like British Telecoms (BT) were trying to assert ownership of the concept of the hyperlink. Standards organizations like the ones listed below help keep the web free (or free from licensing fees at least). IETF The IETF is the grandparent of Internet standards organizations. It’s where underlying Internet technologies like TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) and DNS (Domain Name System) are standardized. Another key technology developed in IETF is something called Hyper-Text Transport Protocol (HTTP) which you may have heard of. If you’ve been paying attention to the rise of HTTP2 and the subsequent development of (UDP-based) HTTP3, this is where that work happens. Most of the work in IETF is focused on the lower levels of the Open Systems Interconnection model. 11 | P a g e  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ W3C The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international community where member organizations, a full-time staff, invited experts, and the public work together to develop Web Standards. Led by Web inventor and Director Tim Berners-Lee and CEO Jeffrey Jaffe, W3C’s mission is to lead the Web to its full potential. The community was founded in 1994 at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in collaboration with CERN. At the time of this post, W3C has 475 member companies and organizations and exists as a consortium between four (4) academic institutions: MIT (USA), ERCIM (France), KEIO University (Japan), and Beihang University (China). Work in W3C happens in working groups and community groups. Community groups are where a lot of initial innovation happens around new web technologies. New web standards can be produced by community groups but they are officially seen as “pre-standard.” Community groups are open for anyone to participate, whether or not the organization you work for or are affiliated with is a W3C member. W3C working groups are where new web standards are officially minted. Working groups usually start with a submission of a standard, often something that is already shipping in some browsers. However, technical work on refining these standards happens within these groups before the standard goes for final approval as a “W3C Recommendation.” By the time something reaches “recommendation” phase in W3C, it is most often implemented and in wide use across the web. Working groups are more difficult for people who are not affiliated with a member organization to become a part of. However, you may become an invited expert to a group. One reason why working groups are a little more difficult to join and operate with more process is that they also act as an intellectual property holder - through joining a W3C working group organizations and companies agree to the royalty-free licensing laid out in W3C’s patent policy. W3C Advisory Board member Natasha Rooney has put together a great document, W3C Process Document for Busy People that explains a lot of the ins and outs of working in W3C. WHATWG The WHATWG was originally a splinter group from the W3C. It was formed in 2007 because some browser vendors didn’t agree with the direction in which the W3C was pushing HTML. WHATWG continues to be the place where HTML is developed and evolved. However, the community of participants in the HTML specification still includes many people from the W3C community, and many WHATWG-affiliated people participate in W3C working groups. At the time of this post, the relationship between the W3C and the WHATWG remains in flux. From a developer perspective, this doesn’t matter too much because developers can rely on 12 | P a g e  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ resources like MDN to reflect the “truth” of which web technologies can be used in specific browsers. However, it has led to a lack of clarity, in terms of where to participate in the development of certain standards. WHATWG also has its own royalty-free license agreement. WHY CG The Web Incubator Community Group (WICG, pronounced Why-CG) is a special community group, within W3C, where some new and emerging web technologies are discussed and developed. If you have a great idea for a new standard, a new feature for an existing standard, or a new technology you think ought to be incorporated into the web, it’s worth checking here (in this group) first to see if something like it is already being discussed. If it is, great! Jump into these discussions and lend your support. If not, then suggest it! That’s what this group is for. ECMA TC39 Ecma is a standards organization for information and communication systems, which was founded in 1961 to standardize computer systems in Europe. Its name comes from being previously known as the “European Computer Manufacturers Association” but it is now referred to as “Ecma International — European association for standardizing information and communication systems” since the organization went global in 1994. The ECMA-262 standard outlines the ECMAScript Language Specification, which is the standardized specification of the scripting language known as JavaScript. There are ten editions of ECMA-262 that have been published (the tenth edition was published in June 2018). TC39 (Technical Committee 39) is the committee that evolves JavaScript. Like the other groups listed here, its members are companies which include most of the major browser makers. The committee has regular meetings which are attended by delegates sent from the member organizations and also by invited experts. The TC39 operates on achieving consensus, as with many of the other groups, and the agreements made often lead to obligations for its members (in terms of future features that member organizations will need to implement). The TC39 process includes accelerating proposals through a set of stages, the progression of a proposal from one stage to the next must be approved by the committee. WEB STANDARDS PROJECT The Web Standards Project was formed in 1998 as a resistance to the feature face-off happening between browsers in the 90s; with a primary goal of getting browser makers to comply with the standards set forth by the W3C. As the organization grew and the browser wars ended, the project began to shift focus. The group began working with browser makers on improving their standards support, consulting 13 | P a g e  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ software makers that created tooling for website creation and educating web designers and developers on the importance of web standards. The last of these points, resulted in the creation of the InterAct web curriculum framework which is now maintained by W3C. The job of the Web Standards Project is not entirely over, and that the responsibility now lies with thousands of developers who continue to care about ensuring the web remains a free, open, inter-operable and accessible resource In general, the use of standards automatically makes every page you build genuinely cross- browser and cross-platform. Anyone who’s been active in Web development for more than 15 minutes knows how time-consuming and complicated it is to double-code for different browser versions. Standards help you avoid such tedium. SUMMARY The Internet and the World Wide Web play an important role in everyday life. Nonetheless, the Internet contributes to the connection between the computer and the storage of the files. In turn, the World Wide Web enables access with the assistance of hypertexts. In the end, the principles of the World Wide Web have evolved over a period, and now provide a wider range of opportunities for users. IV. ACTIVITY Let’s play Match Game! Here are the rules:  Form a team of three to four people.  Look over each of the standards documents of IETF, W3C, WHATWG, WHY CG, ECMA TC39 AND Web Standard Project. These are technical documents, explore them to get a sense for what constitutes a standards document.  As a team, discuss why you feel that web standards are important. Come to a consensus and write down your team's five top reasons why standards are important.  I, your instructor, also has a list of five reasons why standards are important. Compare your team's list to my (your instructor) list.  Whichever team matches the greatest number of items on my (your instructor) list is the winner!  The loosing team will prepare a prize for the winning team! V. ASSESSMENT Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer 14 | P a g e  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ 1. You use your computer to chat with a friend who lives in another country. Which network lets you transfer the messages between your computer and your friend's computer? a. Ethernet b. Internet c. Intranet d. Local area Network 2. You visit your friend's house and find her searching for books on the Internet. Which of the following describes the status of your friend's computer? a. Offline b. Online c. logged Off d. Sleep Mode 3. At home, your grandfather watches you working on your computer. He recently heard about the Internet and wants to know what it is. How will you define the Internet to him? a. A program installed on a computer b. An Electronic device for printing documents c. A worldwide collection of computer networks d. A power backup source 4. You own a small bookstore. Because of the popularity of the Internet, you decide to provide online services for your customers. Where will you go to get an Internet connection for your computer? a. Software development company c. Internet cafe b. Hardware Company d. Internet Service Provider (ISP) 5. You purchase a computer so that you can work from home. You request an Internet connection from an Internet service provider (ISP). Which of the following physical devices will the ISP use to connect your computer to the Internet? a. Cables c. Scanners b. Speakers d. Universal Serial Bus (USB) 6. You have a computer at home. The computer is connected to the Internet through a dial- up connection. Every time you connect to the Internet, you send a request to the Internet service provider (ISP). Which device establishes this connection? a. Microphone c. Sound Card b. Modem d. Universal Serial Bus (USB) 7. You want to use the Internet to view a list of the latest movies. Which of the following must you use to access the Internet? a. Address book c. Microsoft Paint b. Microsoft Notepad d. Web browser 8. Your friend wants to create and publish a Web page. He tells you that he wants to learn the language that is used to create a Web page. What is this language? a. Wireless Markup Language c. Hypertext Markup Language 15 | P a g e  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ b. Hypertext Transfer Language d. Standard General Language 9. Your friend creates and publishes a Web site. You want to open it on your computer. Which of the following options will you need to easily identify and access the Web site? a. Alphanumeric code b. American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) c. Domain name d. Your friend's mothers name 10. Sabina, your crush, creates a Web site for the first time. She wants to know which protocol her Web browser uses to display Web pages. Which of the following protocols does her Web browser use? a. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) b. Internet Protocol (IP) c. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) d. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 11. Your brother sends you an e-mail message that includes various URLs. Which one of the following is a valid URL? a. http://www.margiestravel.com c. http://com.margiestravel.www b. www\\margiestravel.com d. http\\:www.margiestravel.com 12. Which description does NOT apply to the Internet? a. An interconnected system of networks that allows for communication through e-mail, etc. b. A public network neither owned nor run by any one group or individual. c. A vast network that connects millions of computers around the world. d. A catalog of information organized and fact-checked by a governing body. 13. Which of the following is a TRUE statement? a. You are free to copy information you find on the Web and include it in your research report. b. You do not have to cite the Web sources you use in your research report. c. You should never consult Web sources when you are doing a research report. d. Just like print sources, Web sources must be cited in your research report. You are not free to plagiarize information you find on the Web. 14. What is the World Wide Web? a. A computer game b. A software program c. The part of the Internet that enables information-sharing via interconnected pages 16 | P a g e  Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSY-SYL-___-___ d. Another name for the Internet 15. Which of the following is NOT an example of a search engine? a. DuckDuckGo b. Google c. Google Chrome d. Yahoo! VI. REFERENCES 1. Frain, B. (202). Responsive Web Design with HTML5 and CSS, 3rd Edition 2. Felke-Morris, T. (2019). Web Development & Design Foundations with HTML5, 9th Edition 3. Dickens, A. (2019). Web Standards: The what, the why, and the How. Smashing Magazine. Available at https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2019/01/web-standards- guide/ 4. Robbins, J. (2018), Learning Web Design: 5th Edition 5. Boudreau, D. (2002). The importance of Web Standards. Sitepoint. Available at https://www.sitepoint.com/importance-web-standards/ 6. Horn, T. (2019). The importance of standards and standards bodies in web development. Available at https://travishorn.com/the-importance-of-standards-and- standards-bodies-in-web-development-c0d0f379854f Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved by: SALVADOR V. BRIONES II SALVADOR V. BRIONES II JONI NEIL B. CAPUCAO, DIT Faculty Chairman, Review Committee Dean 17 | P a g e