Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry PDF

PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ➔ Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy GROUP IA: THE ALKALI METALS (electrolysis of NaOH – caustic soda) ➔ Abundant in nature in...

PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ➔ Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy GROUP IA: THE ALKALI METALS (electrolysis of NaOH – caustic soda) ➔ Abundant in nature in the form of NaCl GENERAL PROPERTIES (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) - rock salt ➔ Univalent, +1 ➔ Bright golden yellow in non-luminous ➔ Soft, waxy, and has high metallic luster flame ➔ Low sp.gr.; low MP ➔ Predominant cation in ECF ➔ alkali salts are freely-soluble in water (extracellular fluid) ➔ Forms simple cations ➔ PISO (potassium inside, sodium ➔ Most active, electro-positive metals outside) ➔ Easily oxidized in air (stored under mineral oil) SODIUM HYDROXIDE (sodii hydroxidum) ➔ Oxides and hydroxides are STRONGLY ★ Caustic soda BASIC ★ Very deliquescent – absorbs moisture LITHIUM in air and liquifies ★ Escharotic – corrosive to tissue LITHIUM - “Lithos” = Stone ★ Used in soap preparations ➔ Lightest metal SODIUM CHLORIDE (sodii chloridum) ➔ Carmine red in non-luminous flame ★ “Rock salt” ➔ Former ingredient of 7Up (contains ★ Electrolyte replenishment lithium citrate, used as hangover cure. ★ Renders solutions to be isotonic – Was removed after the death of 4 US prescription “flat isotonic collyrium” patients) ★ Parenteral – administered into the ➔ Central Nervous System Depressant bloodstream ➔ Li Toxicity – nephrotoxicity (kidney SODIUM ACETATE (sodii acetas) damage) ★ Diuretic ★ Treatment of Cystitis and UTI LITHIUM BROMIDE (lithii bromidum) SODIUM CARBONATE ★ Hypnotic – decreases activity, calming ★ Anhydrous – soda ash effect ★ Anhydrous: Buffer preparation (resist BROMIDE SYRUP (syrupus bromidorum) pH changes) ★ Bromides of Li, Na, K, Ca, NH4 ★ Decahydrate – sal soda, washing soda (ammonium) ★ Solution: Lotion preparations ★ Sedative – induce drowsiness and SODIUM BICARBONATE (sodii bicarbonate) sleep ★ “Baking soda” LITHIUM CARBONATE (lithii carbonas) ★ Antacid (misuse = “rebound acidity”) ★ antacid, antirheumatic, diuretic ★ Urinary alkalizer – increases pH (more LITHIUM CITRATE (lithii citras) basic) ★ Antacid – neutralizes stomach acid, SODIUM NITRATE antirheumatic, ★ Smooth muscle relaxant (slow onset) diuretic – promotes urination for angina pectoris ★ Treatment for Cyanide Poisoning SODIUM SODIUM CITRATE (sodii citras) ★ Oral: alkalinizer, diuretic SODIUM - Natrium from Niter PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ★ Parenteral: anticoagulant ★ “Seidlitz powders” ★ Anticoagulant – prevents blood clot ★ Mild laxative SODIUM PHOSPHATE (sodii phospas) ★ Comes in: blue paper – sodium ★ Disodium hydrogen phosphate bicarbonate & potassium sodium ★ Dibasic sodium phosphate tartrate, white paper – tartaric acid ★ Saline laxative – promotes defecation ★ Reaction ➔ CO2 (effervescence) ➔ ★ Cathartic – promotes defecation via Inc. palatability evacuation of the entire colon SODA MINT SODIUM BIPHOSPHATE ★ Sodium bicarbonate + aromatic ★ Sodium dihydrogen phosphate ammonia ★ Monobasic sodium phosphate ★ Carminative – relieves flatulence ★ Urinary acidifier ★ Antacid SODIUM THIOCYANATE (sodii thiocyanas) SODA LIME (calx sodica) ★ Antihypertensive ★ Calcium hydroxide + Ba/K hydroxides SODIUM THIOSULFATE (sodii thiosulfas) ★ Absorbs CO2 ★ External: ringworm infection ★ For metabolism tests, anaesthesia, ★ IV: dermatitis oxygen therapy ★ Treatment for Cyanide Poisoning SODIUM BICARBONATE & CALCIUM SODIUM SULFATE (sodii sulfas) CARBONATE POWDER ★ “Glauber’s salt” ★ “Sippy powder no. 1” ★ Saline laxative ★ Antacid SODIUM BORATE SODIUM CITRATE SOLUTION (potio riverii) ★ “Borax” sodium tetraborate ★ Diaphoretic – increases sweating ★ Bacteriostatic (as eye-wash and wet COMPOUND SODIUM BORATE SOLUTION dressing) ★ “Dobell’s solution” ★ Water-softener (removes ions and ★ Astringent – shrinks / contricts tissues, minerals from water) tightens pores SODIUM BROMIDE (sodii bromidum) ★ Antiseptic – antimicrobial applied on ★ Sedative living tissues SODIUM IODIDE (sodii iodidum) THEOBROMINE & SODIUM ACETATE ★ Solubilizing agent in iodine solution (theobromina et sodii acetas) ★ Histolytic, expectorant ★ Diuretic in cardiac edemas SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SODIUM NITRATE ★ 5% NaOCl – laundry bleaching agent ★ “Chile saltpeter” ★ Labarraque’s Solution (NaOCl diluted ★ Manufacture of nitric acid and fertilizer with equal volume of water, oxidizing and bleaching agent) POTASSIUM ★ Modified Dakin’s solution (diluted POTASSIUM - Kalium from Salsola Kali NaOCl solution 5%, disinfectant, ➔ Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy from irrigating solution for wound) potash (various mined and ★ Disinfectant – antimicrobial agent manufactured salts that contain applied on inanimate objects potassium in water-soluble form) COMPOUND EFFERVESCENT POWDERS ➔ Violet colour in non-luminous flame (pulveres effervescentes compositi) ➔ Predominant cation in ICF PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ★ Component of Fehling’s solution – test POTASSIUM ACETATE (potassii acetas) for reducing sugars ★ Diuretic SULFURATED POTASH (potassa sulfurata) POTASSIUM BICARBONATE (potassii ★ “Liver of sulfur, hepar sulfuris” bicarbonas) ★ Mixture of K polysulfides and ★ Antacid, urinary alkalizer thiosulfate POTASSIUM BITARTRATE (potassii bitartras) ★ Treatment of Parasitic Skin Diseases ★ “Cream of tartar” POTASSIUM THIOCYANATE (potassii ★ diuretic, laxative thiocyanas) POTASSIUM BROMIDE (potassii bromidum) ★ Smooth muscle relaxant ★ Sedative POTASSIUM CARBONATE (potassii RUBIDIUM carbonas) ➔ Discovered by Bunsen and Kirchhoff ★ Alkalizer in pharmaceutical ➔ Seldom used in medicine preparations POTASSIUM CHLORATE (potassii chloridum) CESIUM ★ Diuretic POTASSIUM CITRATE (potassii citras) ➔ Discovered by Bunsen ★ Diuretic, laxative ➔ First element discovered using ★ Expectorant – helps loosen mucus / spectroscope phlegm ➔ No commercial importance POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (potassii ➔ Never used in medicine hydroxidum) ★ “Caustic potash” AMMONIUM ★ Escharotic ➔ Behaves like an alkali metal ★ Used in soap preparations ➔ “Hypothetical metal ion” POTASSIUM MERCURIC IODIDE AMMONIUM BROMIDE (ammonii bromidum) ★ Germicide ★ Sedative POTASSIUM NITRATE (potassii nitras) AMMONIUM CARBONATE (ammonia ★ “Saltpeter” carbonas) ★ Diuretic, diaphoretic ★ “Sal volatile, preston salt, hartshorn” POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE (potassii ★ Reflex stimulant – increases alertness permanganas) ★ Expectorant ★ “Chameleon mineral” AROMATIC AMMONIA SPIRIT (spiritus ★ Very powerful oxidizing agent ammoniae aromaticus) ★ Antiseptic ★ Gastric stimulant, carminative, antacid ★ Treatment of Urethritis ★ Facilitates digestion AMMONIUM ACETATE SOLUTION POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE ★ “Spirit of mindererus” ★ “Rochelle salt, sal seignette” EXPECTORANT MIXTURE ★ Mild laxative ★ “Mistura pectoralis, stoke’s ★ Hydragogue – causes evacuation of expectorant” water from the bowel. AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ★ “Muriate of ammonia, sal ammoniac” PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ★ Expectorant, diuretic ★ Ringer’s solution (liquor ringeri) – isotonic solution of 3 chlorides; Ca, Na, and K chlorides GROUP IIA: THE ALKALINE EARTH METALS ★ Lactated Ringer’s Solution (liquor ringer lacticus) – Ca, Na, and K GENERAL PROPERTIES (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) chlorides + sodium lactate ➔ Bivalent, +2 CALCIUM GLUCONATE (calcii gluconas) ➔ Solubility: hydroxide salts are LESS ★ Calcium supplement water-soluble than those of alkalis. CALCIUM HYDROXIDE Carbonates, sulfate, phosphates, and ★ “Hydrated lime or slaked lime” fluoride salts are INSOLUBLE in water. ★ Mixed with 3-4x of water – Milk of Lime CALCIUM ★ Saturated aqueous solution – Lime water CALCIUM ★ Antacid, mild astringent, saponifying ➔ Discovered by Sir Hymphry Davy by agent for oils electrolysis CALCIUM OXIDE ➔ Found in nature in the form of ★ “Lime, calx, quicklime” carbonate (chalk, marble, limestone) ★ Slaking: CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 ➔ Brick Red in non-luminous flame ★ Used in making insecticides ➔ Most abundant cation in the ECF SULFURATED LIME SOLUTION ➔ Pharmacologic action: nerve ★ “Vleminckx’ solution” transmission, proper cardiac function, ★ Lime + sublimes sulfur blood coagulation, structural basis of ★ Treatment of acne skeleton. DIBASIC CALCIUM PHOSPHATE ★ Source of calcium and phosphorus CALCIUM BROMIDE (calcii bromidum) ★ Can be supplied with Vit. D → ★ Sedative increases Ca absorption CALCIUM CARBONATE (calcii carbonas) TRIBASIC CALCIUM PHOSPHATE ★ Most abundant and widely distributed ★ Precipitated calcium phosphate, bone calcium salt ash ★ Forms: Amorphous – Chalk, Crystalline ★ Antacid – Limestone, Marble BLEACHING POWDER ★ Used as building material ★ Chlorinated lime, chloride of lime ★ Precipitated calcium carbonate ★ CaOCl(Cl) H2O ○ Precipitated chalk ★ Disinfectant, bleaching agent ○ External: as dentifrice – tooth CALCIUM SULFATE powder (due to mild abrasive ★ As dihydrate → gypsum – filler for wall property) paper ○ Internal: antacid ★ As hemihydrate → plaster of paris – ★ Prepared chalk: drop chalk, antacid used in surgery for making casts CALCIUM CHLORIDE (calcii chloridum) CALCIUM SULFIDE ★ Urinary acidifier ★ Sulfurated lime, calcic liver of sulfur, hepar calcis ★ Treatment of Acne PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY BARIUM OXIDE ★ “Calcined baryta” STRONTIUM ★ Used in manufacture of hydrogen peroxide ➔ Isolated by Sir Humphry Davy (through BARIUM SULFIDE electrolysis) ★ Depilatory – removes hair from skin ➔ Found in nature in the form of sulfate (barite, heavy spar) BERYLLIUM ➔ Crimson red in non-luminous flame ➔ Similar with Ca+2 ion but has weaker ➔ Named after mineral beryl effect and less toxic ➔ Aka “glucinum” – sweet taste ➔ Be+2 is toxic STRONTIUM BROMIDE (strontii bromidum) ➔ Never employed in medicine ★ Sedative ➔ Used in wires for pianos and scientific STRONTIUM HYDROXIDE instruments ★ Used in sugar industry STRONTIUM NITRATE MAGNESIUM ★ Used in pyrotechnics (fireworks) ➔ First isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, BARIUM named after town called Magnesia ➔ Found in the forms of Talc – native ➔ Yellowish green in non-luminous hydrated magnesium silicate, flame Dolomite – CaCO3, MgCO3, Kieserite – ➔ Ba+2 is highly toxic native magnesium sulfate ➔ Burns with a blinding white light used BARIUM CHLORIDE (barii chloridum) in photography and pyrotechnics ★ Used in the treatment of ➔ Mg-salts are laxative Stokes-Adams disease “heart-block” ➔ Mg+2 is the 2nd most abundant cation ★ Constipation in horses in the ICF ★ Rat poison MAGNESIUM CARBONATE (magnesii BARIUM SULFATE (barii sulfas) carbonas) ★ Radiopaque contrast media ★ “Magnesia alba” ○ oral: barium meal ★ Antacid, laxative ○ rectal: barium enema – liquid ★ Clarifying or filtering agent in syrups injected into the rectum to expel ★ Abrasive in tooth powders its contents, introduce a drug or MAGNESIUM CITRATE permit x-ray imaging ★ Laxative, cathartic ★ Commercial use: making lithopone MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE paints ★ Antacid with mild laxative effect BARIUM HYDROXIDE ★ Magnesia magma – “milk of ★ “Caustic baryta” magnesia” a suspension prepared by ★ Aqueous solution → baryta water hydration of MgO ★ Use: CO2 absorbent MAGNESIUM OXIDE BARIUM NITRATE ★ Antacid, laxative ★ Used in manufacture of green fire ★ “Magnesia” PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ○ Light – made by heating MgCO3 SODIUM PERBORATE to dull redness || Heavy – MgSO4 ★ Treatment of Vincent’s angina “trench + Na2CO3 → heat mouth” TRIBASIC MAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE ★ Dentifrice – acute necrotizing, ★ Antacid ulcerative gingivitis MAGNESIUM SULFATE ★ As heptahydrate → epsom salt ALUMINUM ★ Saline cathartic ➔ Most abundant metal in the earth’s MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE crust (OSiAl) ★ Antacid with adsorbent and protective ➔ Used in making cooking utensils and property instruments due to its lightness, ★ Emulsifying agent strength and non-corrosive property ASBESTOS ALUMINUM CHLORIDE ★ Fibrous minerals and poor heat ★ Antiseptic, astringent conductors ★ Used as catalyst in organic synthesis TALC (Friedel-Craft’s Reaction) ★ Native hydrated magnesium silicate ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE ★ Filtering agent ★ Used as dry mordant GROUP IIIA: THE BORON GROUP ★ Combined with organic dyes to form lakes GENERAL PROPERTIES (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl) ★ Gel – colloidal aluminum hydroxide, ➔ “Triels” antacid and protective in the ➔ Forms Alums treatment of peptic ulcer ➔ Hydroxides are amphoteric ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE ➔ Trivalent, +3 ★ As gel – antacid, astringent, demulcent BORON ALUMINUM SILICATES ★ Kaolin ➔ Elemental form is never employed in ○ Native hydrated aluminum medicine and pharmacy silicate ➔ Classified as metalloid ○ Adsorbent – used in diarrhea BORIC ACID due to food poisoning ★ “Boracic acid” ○ Absorbent – ulcers and moist ★ Used as dusting powder or ointment infections base ★ Bentonite ★ Antiseptic ○ Native colloidal hydrated ★ Used in preparation of Lister’s Solution aluminum silicate – antiseptic mouthwash ○ Stabilize emulsions ★ Obsolete due to its toxicity ○ Suspending agent SODIUM BORATE ○ Clarifying agent ★ “Borax” sodium tetraborate ○ Adsorbent ★ Bacteriostatic (as eye-wash and wet ★ Pumice dressing) ○ Of volcanic origin, complex ★ Water-softener silicates of Al, Na, and K PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ○ Used as distributing agent ◆ Diamond – pure native form. ALUMINUM SULFATE One of the hardest substances ★ As solution – antiseptic and astringent (10 on Mohr’s scale) it is ALUMINUM SUBACETATE SOLUTION colorless, tinted, or black crystal ★ Excellent source of aluminum ◆ Graphite – soft, black shiny hydroxide solid. Greek word graphein to ALUMINUM ACETATE SOLUTION write. Used in lead pencils ★ “Burow’s solution” ◆ Fullerene ★ 5% aluminum subacetate solution + ➔ Amorphous (coal, charcoal, coke) glacial acetic acid ★ Antiseptic and astringent on skin ACTIVATED CHARCOAL DOMEBORO ★ From destructive distillation of plant ★ “Advanced version of Burow’s solution” substances. ALUM ★ Adsorptive ★ Potassium (or ammonium) aluminum ★ Treatment of Stomach or Intestinal sulfate dodecahydrate Disorders ★ Astringent, Antiperspirant, deodorant PURIFIED ANIMAL CHARCOAL ★ Styptic – prevents bleeding from minor ★ Of animal origin (bone), purified by cuts dissolving in HCl and water ★ As flocculant in water purification ★ Similar to activated charcoal but less THALLIUM ACETATE adsorptive ★ Formerly used in creams as depilatory CARBON TETRACHLORIDE ★ Very toxic ★ Anthelmintic ★ “Poisoner’s poison” or “inheritance ★ Main constituent of fire extinguishers powder” – colorless, odorless, tasteless CARBON DISULFIDE GALLIUM & INDIUM ★ Solvent in rubber industry ★ Have little to no medicinal / CARBON DIOXIDE pharmaceutical importance ★ “Carbonic acid gas” ★ Oxygen gas mixed with 5% CO2 – GROUP IIIB: THE SCANDIUM GROUP treatment of poisoning by CO, alcohol, methanol, morphine GENERAL PROPERTIES (Sc, Y) ★ Carbon dioxide snow (dry ice) – ➔ Yttrium and Scandium have little to no remedy for skin disorders such as medicinal / pharmaceutical acne, eczema, psoriasis, warts. importance SILICON GROUP IIIB: THE CARBON GROUP PURIFIED SILICEOUS EARTH GENERAL PROPERTIES (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) ★ “Diatomaceous earth” ➔ “Tetrels” ★ “Purified kieselguhr”, “purified tripoli” CARBON ★ A form of silica (silicon dioxide) ★ Absorbent and clarifying agent ➔ 2nd most abundant element in the ★ Polishing powder for metals human body (OCHN) SILICON DIOXIDE ➔ Allotropes (Crystalline) ★ “Silica” PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ★ Crystalline - quartz (quartz with LEAD impurities = gems) ★ Amorphous – agate, jasper, opal ➔ Galena – principal primary ore of lead ★ Glass – a mixture of various silicates ➔ Used for plumbing, water pipes, 1. Soft glass = lead silicate + sodium making storage batteries, paint silicate. Cheapest. Most common. pigments Used in window panes, bottles, bulbs. 2. Hard glass = potassium silicate + LEAD ACETATE Mg/Al oxides. More acid resistant. ★ “Sugar of lead” 3. Flint glass = low refraction, high ★ As lotion – astringent dispersion; used in making lenses for ★ As wash – treatment of poison ivy optical instruments. Contains ~50% LEAD SUBACETATE SOLUTION PbO ★ “Goulard’s extract” – “extract of saturn” 4. Crown glass = high refraction, low which is used as an astringent, dispersion. Contains ~10% K2O anti-inflammatory 5. Soda Lime Glass = for common DILUTED LEAD SUBACETATE SOLUTION bottles. Classified as “soft glass” ★ “Lead water” 6. Borosilicate glass = very tough, LEAD OXIDE lower coefficient of expansion. Used in ★ “Litharge” lead monoxide chemical glassware and cooking ★ Used in preparation of lead utensils. Classified as “hard glass” subacetate solution ★ Silica Gel: Amorphous and porous LEAD CARBONATE form. Desiccant – drying agent ★ Basic lead carbonate GERMANIUM DIOXIDE ★ Paint pigment “white lead” ★ Hematinic – stimulated formation of LEAD CHLORIDE RBC and for treatment of anemia ★ Astringent ★ As pigment – “cassel’s yellow” TIN LEAD CHROMATE ★ “King’s yellow” ➔ Latin name “stannum” ➔ Resistant to very weak acids and GROUP IVB: THE TITANIUM GROUP alkalis ➔ Tinplate = iron + tin (making tin cans) TITANIUM PURIFIED SILICEOUS EARTH ➔ “Sons of the earth” ★ For staphylococci infections ➔ Alloys with steel, used in aircraft, ★ Dentifrice spacecraft, and missiles. STANNOUS CHLORIDE ★ As dihydrate – tin salt: used as TITANIUM DIOXIDE mordant ★ Used as white pigment in creams and STANNIC CHLORIDE paints ★ “Fuming spirit of Libavius” ★ Ward off light rays for sunscreen STANNIC SULFIDE preparations ★ “Artificial gold” ★ Opacifying agent in capsule and tablet coatings PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY CERIUM DILUTED AMMONIA SOLUTION ★ Ammonia water (9-10% NH3) CERIUM OXALATE ★ “Spirit of hartshorn” – product of ★ Antiemetic especially during early destructive distillation of horns of male stages of pregnancy deer ★ “Household ammonia” – for cleaning ZIRCONIUM and washing due to water softening and saponifying properties Has little to no medicinal / pharmaceutical importance PHOSPHORUS GROUP VA: THE NITROGEN GROUP ➔ Greek word – “i bear light” = phosphorescence ➔ “Pnictogens” to choke ➔ Properties (allotropes) NITROGEN ◆ White P – most reactive. Stored under kerosene ➔ “Mephitic air” (D. Rutherford) ◆ Red P – less reactive than white ➔ “Azote” meaning “without life” (A. ◆ Scarlet P – obtained by heating Lavoisier) PI3 with Hg; mixed with ➔ 79% by volume in the atmosphere potassium chlorate to make ➔ Found in nature as Chile saltpeter matches (sodium nitrite to sodium nitrate) ◆ Violet P – obtained by heating ➔ Found in soil white P with Na ➔ Necessity for development of plants ◆ Black P – obtained by heating P (nitrogen fixation) with Pb; least reactive. Most stable form NITROUS OXIDE ★ “Laughing gas” – has an exhilarating HYDRIDES OF PHOSPHORUS (Phosphine PH3) effect when inhaled. ★ Colourless, poisonous gas with rotten ★ Analgesic and anesthetic fish odor AMMONIA ★ Product of putrefaction of organic ★ “Alkaline air” material ★ Colorless gas with strong pungent ★ Phosphorescence “will-o-wisp or ignis odor fatuus” ★ Produced commercially by Haber HALIDES OF PHOSPHORUS process ★ PF3, PF5, PCl3, PCl5, PBr3, PBr5, PI3 ★ Ammonium hydroxide solution SULFIDES OF PHOSPHORUS (Ammonia water) ★ P2S5, P4S7, P4S3 LIQUID AMMONIA OXIDES OF PHOSPHORUS (Diphosphorus ★ Used for refrigeration and pentoxide P2O5) manufacture of artificial ice ★ “Flowers of P” STRONG AMMONIA SOLUTION ★ Used for drying gases ★ 27-29% NH3 ACIDS OF PHOSPHORUS (Phosphoric Acid) ★ Used in manufacture of ammonium ★ Orthophosphoric acid salts, nitric acid, fertilizers ★ A triprotic acid PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ★ Used as gastric tonic and stimulant BISMUTH ★ Diluted form – treatment of Pb poisoning ➔ “wismut” , “wissmat” ➔ Colloidal Bi – antisyphilitic ARSENIC ➔ Black stool – common side-effect of Bi preparations ➔ Burns with bluish flame → produces arsenic trioxide BISMUTH POTASSIUM TARTRATE ➔ Protoplasmic poison: compounds that ★ IM: treatment of syphilis destroy all cells. BISMUTH SUBCARBONATE ◆ Antidote: dimercaprol or BAL ★ Basic bismuth carbonate ➔ Component of salvarsan ★ Protective, astringent, antiseptic, (arsphenamine or compound 606) dusting powder used in the treatment of syphilis ★ Has antacid effect BISMUTH SUBGALLATE ARSENIC TRIIODIDE ★ Basic bismuth carbonate ★ Extremely poisonous ★ Protective, astringent, antiseptic, ★ Formerly used as alternative tonic dusting powder ○ Gradually restore the proper ★ Has greater astringent effect function of the body and BISMUTH SUBNITRATE increase health and vitality ★ Basic bismuth nitrate ○ In small doses, appetite ★ Protective, astringent, antiseptic, stimulant dusting powder ARSENIC TRIOXIDE ★ Most effective antiseptic ★ Extremely poisonous BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE ★ Formerly used as alterative tonic ★ “Pink bismuth” ARSENIOUS ACID SOLUTION ★ Anti-diarrheal ★ Acidic ★ Relieves upset stomach POTASSIUM ARSENITE SOLUTION BISMUTH MAGMA ★ “Fowler’s solution” ★ “Milk of bismuth” ★ Basic ★ “Bismuth cream” ★ Similar to bismuth subcarbonate but ANTIMONY less effective ➔ Stibium, Kohl, Antimonium BISMUTH TRICHLORIDE ★ “Butter of bismuth” ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE ★ Water → “pearl white” ★ “Tartar emetic” ★ Used in manufacture of artificial pearls ★ Emetic, followed by depression ★ Depressant expectorant GROUP VB: THE VANADIUM GROUP ★ IV: treatment of visceral leishmaniasis VANADIUM - “kala azar” or “black fever” ➔ “erythronium” – red when heated with ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE acids ★ “Butter of antimony” ➔ Rarely used in treatment of anemia ★ “Mineral butter” PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY TANTALUM ➔ Used as filament for electric lamps OZONE (O3) (before tungsten) ★ Bluish gas with peculiar irritating odor ➔ Substitute for platinum for making ★ An allotrope of oxygen standard weights and chemical ★ A powerful oxidizing agent apparatus ★ Disinfectant for drinking water ★ Bleaching agent GROUP VIA: THE OXYGEN GROUP SULFUR ➔ “Chalcogens” – ore-forming ➔ Brimstone, burning stone OXYGEN ➔ “Phlogiston” – principle of combustibility ➔ “Yne” (8th century chinese) ➔ A pale yellow, odorless, and brittle solid ➔ Empyreal air or fire air (C.W. Scheele) ➔ Production of sulfuric acid ➔ Dephlogisticated air (J. Priestley) ➔ Vulcanize natural rubbers ➔ Named oxygen = “acid former” (A. ➔ Crystalline: flowers of sulfur / sublimed Lavosier) sulfur. (rhombic sulfur / alpha sulfur, ➔ Diatomic molecule, O2 monoclinic sulfure / beta sulfur) ➔ Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas ➔ Cathartic ➔ Contributes about 8/9 by weight of ➔ Parasiticide in scabies water and 20% by weight of air ➔ Stimulant in alopecia ➔ Most abundant element in the human ➔ Fumigation body by weight ➔ Treatment of skin diseases ➔ 3rd most abundant element in the universe. PRECIPITATED SULFUR ➔ Commercially: by fractional distillation ★ “Lac sulfur” or “milk of sulfur” of liquid air ★ Preferably for external applications ➔ Laboratory: electrolysis – SUBLIMED SULFUR decomposition of water ★ “Flowers of sulfur” ➔ Essential for animal life WASHED SULFUR ➔ Supports combustion ★ Preferably for internal applications ➔ Treatment of chloroform, cyanide, CO ALKALINE SULFUR OINTMENT poisoning, hypoxia, dyspnea, cyanosis. ★ Scabicide COMPOUND SULFUR OINTMENT GAS USA INT ★ “Wilkinson’s ointment” oxygen ★ “Hebra’s itch ointment” ★ Scabicide Carbon dioxie HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) Nitrous oxide ★ Hydrosulfuric acid ★ A gas that smells like rotten eggs helium ★ Found in volcanic vapors nitrogen SULFUR TRIOXIDE (SO3) air W&B ★ Used to manufacture sulfuric acid PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY SULFURIC ACID (H2SO4) POTASSIUM DICHROMATE ★ “Oil of vitriol” ★ Used in treatment of gastric ulcers ★ Dehydrating agent ★ Used in tanning and bleaching SULFUROUS ACID (H2SO3) ★ A major component of acid rain MOLYBDENUM SELENIUM ➔ Never used in medicine ➔ Compounds are used for ➔ Greek word Selene = moon determination of phosphates ➔ Due to close resemblance to tellerium tellus = earth TUNGSTEN ➔ Similar to arsenic (intestinal irritation) ➔ Wolfram ➔ Toxic doses → paralysis of blood ➔ Used as filaments in electric light bulbs vessels ➔ Phosphotungstic acid – used as qualitative test reagent for alkaloids SELENIC ACID (H2SeO4) ★ Only single acid that can dissolve gold URANIUM ★ Strong oxidizing agent SELENIUM DISULFIDE (SeS2) ➔ Radioactive ★ Antifungal shampoo for dandruff ➔ Uranyl nitrate – used in treatment of spreading sluggish ulcers GROUP VIB: THE CHROMIUM GROUP ➔ Used for titrimetric analysis of phosphoric acid CHROMIUM GROUP VIIA: THE FLUORINE GROUP ➔ Greek word - color as compounds are highly colored ➔ Halogens – “salt-formers” ➔ Hardening of steel ➔ Univalent, -1 ➔ Coating to protect against corrosion FLUORINE CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE ➔ Latin fluo – to flow ★ “Chromic anhydride” ➔ A pale yellow gas having a ★ “Chromic Acid” characteristic odor similar to ozone ★ Should not be brought into intimate and chlorine contact with organic substances as ➔ Most reactive, electronegative element serious explosions are likely to result ★ As dilute solution – astringent FLUORINE ★ Best oxidizing agent among the CHROMIC OXIDE halogens CHROMIC HYDROXIDE HYDROFLUORIC ACID CHROMIC NITRATE ★ Attacks or etches glass → frosted CHROMIC PHOSPHATE surface SODIUM FLUORIDE / CALCIUM FLUORIDE POTASSIUM CHROMATE ★ Antiseptic at low concentration ★ Indicator of titrimetric analysis of Ag PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ★ Dental prophylactic – prevents dental Na, K, and Ca Chlorides caries. ★ Electrolyte replenisher (Ringer’s ○ Fluorosis - in white or brown solution) speckles on teeth STRONG SOLUTION OF NaCl ★ Water disinfectant ★ Emetic ZN FLUOSILICATE SOLUTION ★ Rinse for washing diaper acting as BROMINE bactericide ➔ Dark reddish-brown fuming liquid with CCl2F2 unpleasant odor ★ Freon-12 (a chlorofluorocarbon, CFC) ➔ Inorganic bromides ★ Refrigerant ◆ CNS depressant, sedative, TEFLON hypnotic ★ Polymer of tetrafluoroethylene ◆ Toxicity, Psychic weakness, ★ Used as container of Hydrogen poor memory, sexual Fluoride (HF) impotence. Bromism – bromide CHLORINE rashes ➔ Replaced by phenobarbitals ➔ “Dephlogisticated muriatic acid” ➔ “Oxygenated muriatic acid” BROMINE ➔ greenish yellow gas having a ★ Very irritant poison and powerful suffocating odor and astringent taste escharotic (not used in medicine) KOPPESCHAAR’S SOLUTION HYPOCHLORITE ★ 0.1 N bromine solution ★ Chlorinated soda solution ★ Used in determination of phenols ★ Disinfectant, irrigating solution for wound IODINE BLEACHING POWDER ➔ Grayish black solid having metallic ★ Chlorinated lime, chloride of lime luster and characteristic penetrating ★ Disinfectant, bleaching agent odor ★ CaOCl(Cl) H2O ➔ Solubility (1g: 2950 mL of water) HALAZONE ◆ Reddish brown in polar solvents ★ Water disinfectant (water) CHLORINE DIOXIDE ◆ Violet in nonpolar solvents ★ 2.5x more effective than chlorine in ➔ Elementary I2 is toxic water disinfection ◆ Antidote: cornstarch / sodium ★ Destroys unpleasant tastes and odors thiosulfate in water ★ Not economical STRONG IODINE SOLUTION HYDROCHLORIC ACID ★ “Lugol’s solution” ★ “Muriatic acid” ★ 5% iodine solution ★ Neutralizing, stabilizing, or solubilizing ★ Local germicide agent ○ histolytic – destroys tissues DILUTED HCl ★ Anti-goiterogenic ★ Gastric acidifier PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ★ Usually contain NaI or KI (enhance TECHNETIUM solubility of iodine through the formation of triiodide ion) ➔ Former name “ekamanganese, em” IODINE SOLUTION ➔ Greek word technetos - artificial ★ 2% iodine solution with NaI (more ➔ Technetium-97: first artificial element preferable than KI, more tolerable in produces tissues) ➔ No natural biological role and is not IODINE TINCTURE normally found in the human body ★ 2% iodine solution in 50% alcohol with NaI TECHNETIUM-99M ★ More irritating than iodine solution ★ A radioactive tracer for medical ★ Does not freeze in cold weather imaging IODIZED OIL ★ Iodine in vegetable oil GROUP VIIIA: THE NEON GROUP ★ Acts as iodide ➔ Noble gases HYDROIODIC ACID SYRUP ➔ Inert gas / elements ★ Expectorant ➔ Chemically inert / stable / unreactive PHENOLATED IODINE SOLUTION ➔ Monoatomic gases ★ “Boulton’s solution” ➔ All except Rn occur in the atmosphere ★ “French mixture” as it it produced during natural decay ★ “Carbolized iodine solution” of Ra ★ Disinfectant, counter-irritant IODINE-131 HELIUM - “SUN” ★ Radioactive iodine for thyroid diseases ➔ Mixed with anesthetic gases and cancer ➔ Artificial air = 20% O2 + 80% He ➔ As diving gas for deep levels (20% O GROUP VIIB: THE MANGANESE GROUP and 79% N) MANGANESE NEON - “NEW” ➔ Used in signs due to bright ➔ Chemically and geologically related to reddish-orange light iron ARGON - “LAZY” ➔ Used to displace oxygen and MANGANOUS CITRATE moisture-containing air in packaging ★ Soluble manganese citrate (tonic) material to extend the shelf-lives ★ Peptonized iron and manganese KRYPTON - “HIDDEN” solution (increases hematinic action of ➔ Used in some photographic flashes for iron) high speed photography MANGANESE DIOXIDE XENON - “STRANGER” ★ Alterative tonic ➔ Used as a general anesthetic (mostly ★ Treatment of amenorrhea – absence costly) of menstruation RADON MANGANOUS CARBONATE ➔ Anticancer ★ Treatment of anemia PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY GROUP VIIIB: ELEMENTS ★ Less reactive and has less nephrotoxic and ototoxic NICKEL ★ More myelosuppressive ➔ Used extensively in the form of alloys OXALIPLATIN for utensils, coins, surgical instruments. ★ 3rd generation Pt-based anticancer ◆ German silver: Ni + Cu + Zn drug ★ Most effective in combination with PALLADIUM 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in the ➔ Used as adsorbent of H2 in gas treatment of metastatic carcinomas of analysis the colon / rectum ➔ Alloys with gold → jewelry, dental SATRAPLATIN practice, coating reflectors ★ Orally active, convenient to the patient ➔ Spanish name platina = silver ★ Milder toxicity ➔ Dissolves in aqua regia ★ No cross-resistance ➔ Used in the preparations of crucibles, ★ Not approved by FDA dishes, and platinum wires ➔ More expensive jewelry than gold IRON PLATINUM BLACK ➔ Latin name: Ferrum - Strong ★ Finely divided form ➔ Widely used metal (low production ★ Catalyst in fuel cells cost, high strength, steel: Fe + C) ➔ Chalybeate water (iron-containing ORGANOPLATINUM COMPOUNDS water) CISPLATIN ➔ Magnetite - Fe3O4, Hematite - Fe2O3, ★ Anticancer agent Pyrite - FeS2 “fool’s gold” ★ Binds to DNA and causes cross-linking, ➔ Astringent which triggers the programmed cell ➔ Styptic – stops bleeding when applied death (apoptosis) to wound ★ Discovered by rosenberg in 1965 ➔ Hematinic – stimulate RBC production serendipitously ➔ Black Stool – common side effect of ★ Side effects: nausea, vomiting, iron preparation nephrotoxicity, dose-limiting ➔ In the human body: an essential trace ★ Ototoxicity – loss of high-frequency element hearing ◆ Haemoglobin: oxygen-transport ★ Peripheral neuropathy – damage to metalloprotein in RBC nerves of the peripheral nervous ◆ Myoglobin: facilitates O2 use system and storage in muscles ★ Myelosuppression – bone marrow ◆ Cytochromes: transport suppression. Reduces the patients electrons and ATP synthesis WBC count and makes them ➔ Iron-Deficiency anemia (lethargy and susceptible to infections weakness – iron supplementation) CARBOPLATIN ★ 2nd generation Pt-based anticancer ELEMENTAL IRON drug ★ pure iron that is resistant to oxidation. PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ★ Rusting (ferric oxide) is probably due FERROUS AMMONIUM SULFATE to impurities. ★ “Mohr’s salt” FERROUS SALTS (Fe2) ★ Used as indicator in Ag titrations ★ Divalent, reduced form POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE ★ Colorless in anhydrous form ★ Red prussiate of potash ★ Green in hydrate form POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE ★ Reducing agents ★ Yellow prussiate of potash FERRIC SALTS (Fe3) FERROUS FERRICYANIDE ★ Trivalent, oxidized form ★ Turnbull’s blue ★ Yellowish to brown in anhydrous FERRIC FERROCYANIDE ★ Oxidizing agents ★ Prussian blue ★ Give red ppt with tannins ★ Antidote for Thallium poisoning FERRIC AMMONIUM CITRATE ★ 8x less effective than ferrous sulfate COBALT FERRIC CACODYLATE ➔ German word - der Kobold = goblin or ★ Treatment of anemia requiring iron gnome and arsenic ➔ Pinkish white metal FERRIC CHLORIDE ➔ Stimulate hematopoiesis – formation ★ Astringent, styptic, hematinic of blood cellular components FERRIC OXIDE ➔ Parenteral: bp lowering, capillary ★ Red and yellow form damage ★ Colorant, simulate skin color (ex: ➔ Oral: vomiting and diarrhea calamine) FERROUS CARBONATE COBALTOUS OXIDE ★ Ferrous carbonate mass – “vallet’s ★ “Rinman’s green” mass” ★ Paint pigment ★ Ferrous carbonate pills – “chalybeate COBALTO-COBALTIC OXIDE pills” “ferruginous pills” ★ Astringent antiseptic powder ★ Hematinic COBALTOUS CHLORIDE FERROUS SULFATE ★ Basis for invisible or sympathetic inks ★ Most common, least expensive ★ Turns blue when warmed ★ Common side effect: gastric discomfort RHODIUM ★ FeSO4 5H2O – green vitriol ➔ Alloy of Rh + Pt → harder, more durable FERROUS GLUCONATE than Pt alone ★ Less gastric irritation than ferrous sulfate. OSMIUM ★ Least amount of elemental iron ➔ Heaviest, densest element FERROUS FUMARATE OSMIUM TETROXIDE ★ Most expensive ★ “Osmic acid” ★ Highest amount of elemental iron ★ Used for hardening and coloring FERRIC HYDROXIDE (black) histological specimens ★ “Dialyzed iron” ★ Antidote for arsenic poisoning PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY HYDROGEN LITHIA WATER ➔ “Inflammable air” ★ With lithium carbonates or chlorides ➔ Water-producing (A. Lavoisier) SALINE WATER ➔ An essential constituent of all acids ★ Purgative water H2 GAS ★ With Na and Mg sulfates + NaCl ★ Colorless, tasteless, and odorless gas SULFUR WATER ★ Burns with a pale blue non-luminous ★ With hydrogen sulfide flame SILICEOUS WATER ★ A reducing agent with Pd., Ni or Pt as ★ With alkali silicates catalyst ★ Obtained by ○ Electrolysis of water containing caustic soda ○ Fractionation of water gas ○ Passing steam over incandescent iron ○ Reaction of some metals (Na, K) with water ★ Uses: ○ In haber process for nitrogen fixation ○ Inflating balloons ○ Production of high temperature with oxygen ○ Hydrogenation of edible oils PROTIUM (Hydrogen-1) ★ Most abundant, naturally-occuring DEUTERIUM (Hydrogen-2) ★ Naturally-occuring TRITIUM (Hydrogen-3) ★ A radioactive tracer DEUTERIUM OXIDE ★ “Heavy water” ★ Used as tracer compound MINERAL WATER ★ Natural spring or well waters ALKALINE WATER ★ With Na and Mg sulfates + NaHCO3 CARBONATED WATER ★ Charged with CO2 under pressure CHALYBEATE WATER ★ With iron characterized by ferruginous taste