Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Lecture Notes PDF

PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY DAY 2 RICA JANE LAPAZ-GAYAGAS, RPH,CPH ALKALI METALS HYDROGEN Inflammable air Lightest and most reactive element LITHIUM Lithos “earth” Lightest metal Depressant and diuretic SE: hyponatremia Lithium B...

PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY DAY 2 RICA JANE LAPAZ-GAYAGAS, RPH,CPH ALKALI METALS HYDROGEN Inflammable air Lightest and most reactive element LITHIUM Lithos “earth” Lightest metal Depressant and diuretic SE: hyponatremia Lithium Bromide – depressant Lithium Carbonate – DOC for mania  ALKALI METALS SODIUM – “Natrium” Primary Extracellular Cation Pale yellow in Co/Mg/Zn (triple acetate)  ALKALI METALS POTASSIUM (kalium) Most abundant intracellular cation Deficiency: hypokalemia – Manifestation: muscles paralysis (Barker’s Syndrome) Most diuretics disrupt the balance of K in the body ALKALI METALS AMMONIUM (NH4) Hypothetical alkali metal CESIUM First element discovered by spectroscopy ALKALINE EARTH METALS BERYLLIUM – Glucinum Most toxic metal Berylliosis: causes granulomas due to inhalation MAGNESIUM Lightest structurally important metal (found in chlorophyll) 2nd most abundant intracellular cation Natural calcium channel blocker Component of Grignard reagent USE: Laxative (PO) Depressant Natural calcium channel blocker Antidote: Calcium gluconate ALKALINE EARTH METALS Calcium Component of HYDROXYAPATITE 2nd most abundant cation in extracellular fluid Important for blood clotting AKA: clotting factor IV Vitamin D is needed for its maximum absorption USE: Coagulation Contraction Release of neurotransmitter Bones-teeth ( 98-99%) Deficiency states: Osteoporosis (density) Osteomalacia (resorption) Rickets (mineralization) Hypocalemia ALKALINE EARTH METALS Strontium SrCl2 – temperature desensitizing agents (Sensodyne) Barium (heavy) Baritosis Epsom Salt BaSO4 – radiopaque for contrast media Ba(OH)2 (baryte) – CO2 absorbent Radium Isolated from pitchblende ore by Curie BORON GROUP/ICOSAGENS Boron Component of borosilicate glass Borate + methanol = green-bordered flame Boric acid (H3BO3) Sal sativum, Hydrogen borate) Ophthalmic antiseptic at 2-4% ( eye-mo green) Sodium tetraborate Borax Gallium Gallium nitrate For correction of hypercalcemia BORON GROUP/ICOSAGENS Aluminum From bauxite or cryolite 3rd most abundant element on earth Toxicity: Shaver’s disease or Bauxite fibrosis CARBON GROUP Carbon Forms: Crystalline Diamond: hardest mineral and purest native form Graphite Amorphous Bituminous: soft coal Anthracite: hard coal Carbon dioxide Respiratory stimulant Component of dry ice Use: elimination of warts Carbon monoxide Respiratory poison (210% greater affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen leading to asphyxia then death) CO poisoning: cherry red color of blood and mucous membrane Tx: 100% oxygen Artificial air ( 80% helium and 20% Oxygen) CARBON GROUP Silicon 2nd most abundant element on earth Widely used as semiconductors and in electronics Toxicity: Silicosis CARBON GROUP Germanium Used as semiconductors and optic fibers Tin (Stannum) Major component of alloys Solder- used for joining pipes and electric circuit Pewter- for decorative material Babbit- for bearing of machinery Stannous fluoride (SnF2) use of dental caries Anticariogenic 8% solution Stannous oxide ( SnO2) Germicide for staph infection CARBON GROUP Lead (Plumbum) Originally used for pipes and plumbing Highly poisonous Toxicity: Plumbism --- Tx: chelation therapy EDTA and Ca Versenate – adults Succimer – kids Lead acetate Sugar of lead, Burrow’s soln Astringent Lead subacetate soln Goulard’s extract Astringent Lead monoxide Litharge Toxic Lead sulfide Galena Greatest ore for lead extraction NITROGEN GROUP Nitrogen Mephitic air, Azote Most abundant gas in air – 71% N2 and 29% O2 Used in gas chromatography Other gas used: Helium NITROGEN GROUP Phosphorous Light carrier, St. Elmo’s fire White Phosphorous – Phosphorous poisoning Tx: Blue vitriol Black Phosphorous – graphite like texture; stable in air Red Phosphorous – non toxic Phosphorous acid (H3PO4) – Orthophosphoric acid Used as buffering agent Hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2) Reducing agent for metals antioxidant NITROGEN GROUP Arsenic (lewsite metal) Toxic properties: used for agriculture Mee’s line | Chemical warfare agent Antidote: BAL (british anti-lewsite)/Dimercaprol First drug of choice for Syphillis Scheele’s green (cupric hydrogen arsenite) Pigment Paris green ( copper acetoarsenite) Pigment and insecticide Fowler’s Solution ( Potassium arsenite) Tx of leukemia Donovan’s solution Arsenic and mercuric iodide Used for dermatologic conditions NITROGEN GROUP Antimony (Stibium) Poison similar to arsenic Used in alloys with Sn and Pb Antimony potassium tartrate Tartar emetic Used for schistosoma and Leishmania infections Bismuth Beautiful meadow, White Mass Produced as a byproduct of Pb refining Alloy: Rose metal Poisoning: dark stool, blue-black gums Antidote: Dimercaprol NITROGEN GROUP Bismuth subsalicylate Pink bismuth Anti-inflammatory Bactericidal Antacid Used for H.pylori infections OXYGEN GROUP Oxygen Dephlogisticated air (Priestly) Empyreal air (Scheele) Most abundant element Container: Green Used for: Gas poisons (CO poisoning) Support in patients with dyspnea OXYGEN GROUP Sulfur Brimstone; shubari; enemy of copper Extracted underground by Frasch Process Antifungal, Scabicide OXYGEN GROUP Selenium Selena; Moon Selenium sulfide Selsun blue Used as 2.5% topically for Seborrhea dermatitis Polonium Found in pitchblende ore Commonly used element in nuclear reactors along with Uranium HALOGENS Fluorine Most electronegative atom Used for: Dental caries Osteoporosis Strongest oxidizing agent Toxicity: Fluorosis Mottled enamel, abnormal bone growth Chlorine Describe as greenish gas Use as water disinfectant Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) Dakin’s Soln ( 0.4-0.5%) Labarraque’s soln (4-6%) HALOGENS Bromine Reddish brown liquid All bromides --- CNS depressants Toxicity: Brominism Skin eruption, psychosis, weakness and headache Antidote: Nacl and NH4Cl Iodine Dark violet solid Found in thyroid hormones Toxicity: IODISM Antidote: starch and Na thiosulfate Deficiency: goiter Potassium tetraiodomercurate K2HgI4 Nessler’s Reagent; test for ammonia (+) orange color NOBLE GASES COINAGE METALS Copper (Cuprum) Only reddish metal, 3rd most malleable, 3rd best conductor Toxicity: Wilson’s disease Antidote: Penicillamine COINAGE METALS Silver (Argentum) Oligodynamic property Germicidal action Toxicity: Argyria Antidote: PNSS Sterling SILVER Most commonly used alloy COINAGE METALS Gold (Aurum, King of all metals) Most malleable Best conductor of electricity Antidote: Dimercaprol Dissolved by: Agua regia Royal water 3 HCl : 1 HNO3 Selenic acid Only single acid that could dissolve gold VOLATILE METALS Zinc Present in Insulin and carbonic anhydrase 2nd most abundant trace elements in humans Deficiency: Parakeratosis Toxicity: Metal fume fever Antidote: NaHCO3 Rinmann’s green (Zincmann’s green) Zn + Na cobaltrinitrite VOLATILE METALS Cadmium Toxicity: Itai-Itai disease Renal insufficiency Painful bones Antidote: BAL/ Dimercaprol Cadmium sulfide All sulfides are BLACK, except: Cadmium – yellow Manganese – pink Zinc – white Arsenic – yellow Antiseborrheic Cadmium chloride Tx of Tinea infection Cadmium sulfate Ophthalmic antiseptic VOLATILE METALS Mercury ( quicksilver, Asoge, Hydrargyrum) Liquid at room temperature Toxicity: Minamata disease Antidote: EDTA Mercuric sulfide (HgS) Cinnabar GROUP 6B Chromium Aka: glucose tolerance factor Glucose deficiency Causes diabetes Chromates: good oxidizing agents Dichromate method redox titration for ethanol Molybdenum Lead-like Ammonium molybdate Reagent for phosphate test Phosphomolybdic acid Used in Sonnenscheim’s reagent Alkaloidal reagent Component of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent Test for phenols GROUP IVB Titanium (Titan, Sons of Earth) Powerful reducing agents Used for surgical implants Titanium dioxide Opacifying agent GROUP 7B Manganese Toxicity: Parkinson-like symptoms Potassium permanganate (Mineral chameleon) Powerful oxidizing agent Used in qualitative testing of alkenes: BAYERS TEST Used as: anti-infective, astringent, cleanser GROUP 7B Technetium First artificially produced element GROUP 8B Iron Most abundant trace element Use: Hematinic Toxicity: GIT distress Cardiac collapse (Hemochromatosis/ Hemosiderosis) Prussian blue stain of the heart Antidote: Dexferroxamine GROUP 8B Cobalt Essential in development of erythrocyte and hemoglobin Component of Vit B12 (Cyanocobalamine) Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia and Pernicious anemia Qualitative test: VOGEL’S RXN Nickle Old Nick’s copper Fossil fuel and fancy jewelry Qualitative test: DIMETHYL GLYOXIME (+) cherry red ppt ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS FLAME TEST MUST KNOWS!!!