Group IA (Alkali Metals) PDF

Institute of Start Pharmacy GROUP IA (Alkali Metals) Subject : Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Jose Philip G. Maglalang, RPh, MSPharm with Qua...

Institute of Start Pharmacy GROUP IA (Alkali Metals) Subject : Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Jose Philip G. Maglalang, RPh, MSPharm with Qualitative Analysis  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 02 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | LEARNING OBJECTIVE/S Recognize the names of each group in the periodic table Identify the elements and compounds using symbols in each group in the periodic table. Discuss the the pharmaceutical and pharmacological properties of group in the periodic tale  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 03 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | GROUP IA – ALKALI METALS Hydrogen Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Cesium Francium  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 04 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | GROUP IA – ALKALI METALS Characteristics Valence: +1 Appearance: Silvery white They are all soft metals and typically can be cut with a knife. Most reactive metals Hydroxides are strong bases Alkalinity increases with atomic number Degree of solvation decreases with increasing atomic number Pharmaceutically important: H, Li, Na, K  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 05 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | HYDROGEN (H) Inflammable Air Simplest and lightest element Most abundant element in the universe Third most abundant element in earth’s crust, in combination with other elements Storage: Red container Uses: Inflating Balloons No therapeutic use  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 06 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | HYDROGEN (H) Isotopes Protium Most common and abundant isotope of Hydrogen Deuterium Heavy Hydrogen Tritium Radioactive isotopes of a hydrogen  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 07 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | HYDROGEN (H) Compound Water (H2O) Universal solvent Omnipresent Can be classified based on: Oxides Hardness Pharmaceutical/Official Waters  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 08 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | Classifications of Water Oxides Deuterium oxide (D2O) Use as solvent in NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Agua Oxigenada Antiseptic for Vincent stomatitis Overuse: Hairy tongue syndrome  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 09 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | Classifications of Water Hardness Soft water Contains lower levels of calcium and/or magnesium Hard water Contains high concentration of calcium and magnesium ions Temporary Hard water Permanent Hard water  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 10 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | Classifications of Water Pharmaceutical/Official Waters Purified Water, USP Most widely used excipient in pharmaceutical manufacturing Fewer solid impurities than ordinary drinking water Used for preparation of aqueous dosage forms except those for parenteral administration Extemporaneous compounding test reagents  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 11 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | Classifications of Water Pharmaceutical/Official Waters Water for Injection, USP Most frequently used solvent for large scale- manufacture of injections Solvent for parenterals Not required to be sterile but must be pyrogen  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 12 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | Classifications of Water Pharmaceutical/Official Waters Sterile Water for Injection, USP Packaged in single dose containers not larger than 1L or 1L bottles Contraindicated for intravenous administration without additives Must be pyrogen free but has allowable endotoxin level Extemporaneous compounding of parenterals  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 13 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | Classifications of Water Pharmaceutical/Official Waters Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP Sterile water for injection containing one or more antimicrobial agents packaged in prefilled syringes or in vials containing not more than 30mL of the water. Must be used only in parenteral administered in small volumes of IM injection, not for IV administration  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 14 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | LITHIUM (Li) Lightest metal and solid element Preserved by coating with petrolatum or stored under oil Depressant and Diuretic property Flame Test: Carmine Red Flame Toxicity Movement Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Hypothyroidism Pregnancy problems - Ebstein anomaly  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 15 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | LITHIUM (Li) Compounds Lithium Bromide (LiBr) CNS Depressant /Sedative Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3) Most commonly used lithium salt for bipolar disorder Brand Names Eskalith©– Capsule Lithane© – Tablet Quilonium R© – Extended-release tablet  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 16 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Most abundant Extracellular Cation Cation of choice to optimize pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments Flame Test: Persistent Golden Yellow Flame Toxicity: Hypernatremia (Fluid retention)  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 17 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium acetate (NaCH3COO) Uses Diuretic, Urinary alkalinizer, Antacid Alkalinizing agent in Benedict’s Solution  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 18 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) Baking soda, Soda Saleratus, Sal de Vichy, and Soda acid Carbonate Uses Systemic and Urinary Alkalizer Systemic antacid Source of carbonation for effervescent Side effects/Prolonged use: Rebound hyperacidity  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 19 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium borate (Na2B4O7) Borax, Sodium Tetraborate, Sodium Pyroborate, Sodium Biborate Uses Local anti-infective Alkalinizing agent Water-softener Component of Dobell ’s Solution  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 20 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) Forms Anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) Sodium carbonate dihydrate (Na2CO3·2H2O) Sodium carbonate Decahydrate (Na2CO3·10H2O) Uses Antacid and Carbonating Agent  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 21 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium chloride (NaCl) Table salt, rock salt, solar salt, sea salt, dendritic salt Uses Condiment and Preservative Tonicity-adjusting agent Electrolyte Replenisher  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 22 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | Sodium chloride (NaCl) Electrolyte Replenisher NSS (Normal Saline Solution) 0.9 % weight/volume of NaCl in water Green label Ringer’s Solution Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 23 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | Sodium chloride (NaCl) Electrolyte Replenisher LRS (Lactated Ringer Solution) Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium lactate Purple label ORS (oral rehydration salt) Hartmann’s solution Sodium chloride, glucose, potassium chloride and sodium citrate  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 24 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) Uses In vitro Anticoagulant In vivo Laxative Expectorant Shorten the coagulation time Systemic and urinary alkalizer  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 25 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium fluoride (NaF) Reagent: Very corrosive Uses 2% Anticariogenic agent to treat tooth decay Adverse effects Dental fluorosis (molted enamel) Antidote: Calcium gluconate  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 26 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Caustic soda, sosa, lye, soda lye Very deliquescent Uses Alkalizing agent Saponifying agent Reagent to differentiate mercurous salts from mercuric salts  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 27 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) Dakin’s Solution: 4% - 6% sodium hypochlorite Modified Dakin ’s Solution: 0.45% - 0.5% sodium hypochlorite Labarraque’s Solution: 50parts of (2.5%) Dakin’s solution and 50parts of water Topical Solution: 0.025% NaOCl at pH8 Uses Oxidizing agent and bleaching agent  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 28 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium iodide (NaI) Sensitive against moisture and light Uses Source of Iodine Expectorant Solubilizer for Iodine Tincture and Iodine Solution  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 29 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium lactate (NaC3H5O3) Uses Antiketogenic Electrolyte Replenisher Antacid Diuretic  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 30 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium Metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) Sodium pyrosulfite Uses Antioxidant agent in many pharmaceutical formulations especially epinephrine Food preservative and disinfectant  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 31 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) Chile salt peter Uses Oldest known inorganic fertilizer Meat preservative  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 32 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) Uses In vivo: Vasodilator Antidote for cyanide poisoning Toxicity: Nitrite ion (NO2-) – Methemoglobinemia Antidote: Methylene Blue  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 33 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium nitroprusside (Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]·2H2O) Reddish brown crystals or powder Solutions should be protected from light Uses Hypotensive agent/ Vasopressor Sodium polymetaphosphate/metaphosphate Graham’s salt Uses: Water softener and detergent (Calgon©)  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 34 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium phosphate (Na₃PO₄) Monobasic Sodium Phosphate (NaH2PO4) Activates methenamine that converts to ammonia Component of fleet enema Source of phosphorus used prevent or correct hypophosphatemia in patients with restricted or no oral intake  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 35 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium phosphate (Na₃PO₄) Dibasic Sodium Phosphate (Na2HPO4) Component of fleet enema Buffer component Tribasic Sodium Phosphate (Na₃PO₄) No Pharmacologic Use Use: Chemical reagent for cleaning glass apparatus  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 36 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) Glauber’s Salt Uses: Saline laxative and Cathartic Sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) Use: Hypotensive agent Use in cleaners for contact lenses Antioxidant synergist in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 36 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium tartrate (C4H4Na2O6) Uses: Emulsifier Binding agent Primary standard for Karl Fischer Reagent  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 36 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | SODIUM (Na) Compounds Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O) Antichlor, Hypochlor and Photographer’s Hypo Uses: Antidote for cyanide poisoning Reduces Iodine to Iodide in volumetric analysis  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 39 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Most abundant Intracellular Cation Flame Test: Violet Flame Deficiency: Hypokalemia Severe burns Diarrhea Muscle paralysis Toxicity: Hyperkalemia Cardiac arrest Treatment: Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexalate© )  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 40 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Potassium acetate (KCH3COO) Uses Diuretic, Urinary and systmetic alkalinizer, and Antacid  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 41 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Potassium aluminum sulfate (KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O) Potassium Alum, Potash Alum and Tawas Uses Astringent Antiperspirant Deodorant Styptic  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 42 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) Uses Systemic antacid Carbonating agent for effervescent preparation Source of bicarbonate ion Electrolyte Replenisher  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 43 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Potassium bitartrate (KC4H5O6) Cream of tartar, argol, acid potassium tartrate, and creamor Present in grapes (Vitis vinifera) Uses Saline laxative Ingredient on baking powder to raise dough  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 44 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Potassium bromide (KBr) Uses Depressant Sedative Used for preparation of sample for IR (infra-red) analysis  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 45 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) Potash, Pearl ash, Salt of tartar, Salt of wormwood Uses Antacid, carbonating agent, carbonate source  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 46 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Potassium chlorate (KClO3) Bertholate Salt Uses Strong oxidizing agent Component in Toothpaste, Gargle, Mouthwash  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 47 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Potassium chloride (KCl) Kalium Chloratum and Kali Chloridum Drug of choice: Hypokalemia Uses Electrolyte replenisher Component of lethal injection Contraindication IV bolus/push Allowed Oral and IV infusion  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 48 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Potassium citrate (K₃C₆H₅O₇) Uses Prevention of kidney stones Diuretic, Expectorant, Diaphoretic Potassium gluconate (C6H11KO7) Uses Electrolyte replenisher More advantageous over KCl  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 49 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Potassium hydroxide (KOH) Caustic potash, lye potash, potassa Strong base Very corrosive Uses Saponifying agent (soft soap)  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 50 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Potassium iodide (KI) Kalium Jodatum Uses Antifungal Prevention of goiter Treatment of hyperthyroidism Expectorant Solubilizing agent for iodine in Lugol’s Solution and Strong Iodine Tincture  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 51 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) Mineral chameleon Strong oxidizing agent Uses Antiseptic (product recalled) Antidote: oxalic acid Antidote for Strychnine Poisoning  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 52 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Potassium nitrate (KNO3) Saltpeter, Salitre, Niter, and Salt prunella Uses Diuretic and meat preservative  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 53 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O6) Rochelle salt and Sal signette Uses Saline laxative Sequestering agent Component of Fehling ’s B solution  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 54 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Sulfurated Potash (K₂S₂O3·K₂Sx) Composed of Potassium polysulfide and potassium thiosulfide Liver of sulfur, Hepar sulfuris, potassa sulfurata Uses Used in preparation of White Lotion Moisturizer  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 55 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | POTASSIUM (K) Compounds Potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) Uses Hypotensive agent Potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) K2[HgI4] Nessler’s Reagent Uses Alkaline solution used to detect Ammonia  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 56 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | CESSIUM (Cs) & Rubidium (Rb) CESSIUM First element discovered by means of Spectroscope Catalyst in polymerization of resin forming material RUBIDIUM Similar in behavior to potassium No application in pharmacy and medicine this time  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 57 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | CESSIUM (Cs) Compound Cesium Chloride (CsCl) Use Used in density gradient centrifugation of DNA  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 58 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | AMMONIA (NH3) & AMMONIUM (NH₄⁺) Hypothetically alkali metal/ Pseudo-alkali metal ion Water soluble Synthesis: Haber’s Process Pharmacologic action: Diuretic Buffer Expectorant Anticariogenic  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 59 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | AMMONIA (NH3) & AMMONIUM (NH₄⁺) Compounds Ammonium acetate (NH4CH3COO) Spirit of Mindererus Uses Buffer component and Styptic Ammonium bromide (NH4Br) Uses Central depressant and Sedative  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 60 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | AMMONIA (NH3) & AMMONIUM (NH₄⁺) Compounds Ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3) Sal volatile, Hartshorn, Preston Salt, Baker's Ammonia, and Ammonium Sesquicarbonate Uses Ingredient of Aromatic Ammonia Spirit Basis of smelling salts Expectorant and Antacid Respiratory stimulant  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 61 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | AMMONIA (NH3) & AMMONIUM (NH₄⁺) Compounds Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) Muriate of ammonia, Sal ammoniac Contraindication: Impaired hepatic function When reacted w/ Caustic Pencil = White Ppt Uses Treatment for Brominism Expectorant, Diuretic, Urinary Acidifier  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 62 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | AMMONIA (NH3) & AMMONIUM (NH₄⁺) Compounds Ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) Uses Used to separate bismuth from copper & cadmium Ammonium Complexes Copper: Blue *Cadmium: Colorless *Bismuth: White hydroxide  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 63 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | AMMONIA (NH3) & AMMONIUM (NH₄⁺) Compounds Ammonium iodide (NH4I) Uses Source of iodide, expectorant, antifungal 16° ammonia Household ammonia Uses Disinfect household and commercial surfaces  Institute of | PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH 64 Pharmacy QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | AMMONIA (NH3) & AMMONIUM (NH₄⁺) Compounds Strong Ammonia Solution Ammonia Hydroxide and Stronger Ammonia Water 27 to 31% w/w of NH3 Highly caustic Uses Circulatory stimulant by inhalation  Institute of Finish Pharmacy REFERENCES Strohfeldt, K. A. (2014). Essentials of Inorganic Chemistry: For Students of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry. Germany: Wiley. Stoker, H. (2012). General, Organic and Biological Chemistry, 6 th Ed. Alfonso, G. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 20th Ed. Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Company, 2006. United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary. Vol 1,2 and 3, latest edition MANOR REVIEW CENTER HANDOUT (2016)