IE-321 C.H.1.pdf

8/21/2024 Fundamentals of Computer Systems IE321 CHAPTER 1 SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT ENG. WALA BALAMASH 1  2...

8/21/2024 Fundamentals of Computer Systems IE321 CHAPTER 1 SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT ENG. WALA BALAMASH 1  2 SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 7th Edition Textbook 8/21/2024 8/21/2024 1.1 The “big ideas” of computing inventions 1.2 The importance of knowing the right word Learning Objectives 1.3 Be able to define basic hardware and software terms 1.4 Be able to define and give examples of “idea” terms SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 3 8/21/2024 1.1 Computation’s 8 Big Ideas 1. Digitizing information 2. Stored-program computers 3. Transistors 4. Integrated circuits 5. Personal computers 6. The Internet SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 7. The World Wide Web and HTTP 8. Layered software 4 8/21/2024 dates + names NOT Big Idea #1: Digitizing Information With us in The dictionary definition of “digital information” says it is “data represented EXAM using numbers.” The breakthrough? Representing information as numbers was not the big breakthrough. Getting a machine to read digital information was the breakthrough. Census data digitized (1890): Herman Hollerith is generally credited with the first “production” application of digital information In 1880 it took 8 years to process the data by hand. invented a machine to tabulate data based on holes punched in cards. SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT Punch cards digitized the process (not a computer, a card reader and stacker) It was used in the 1890 census, allowing its analysis to be completed in one year. 5 Big Idea #2: Stored-Program Computers Tabulating machines were electro-mechanical devices. They were all hardware built out of wires, rollers, and motors. To change the operations that the machine performed required it to be rewired. The electronic computer solved the rewiring problem by using a special device, the central processing unit - > now we don't need to rewive Central processing unit (CPU): changed instructions from “hard,” that is, wires, to “soft,” that is, memory bits. Thus, the name software.  THEORY Big Idea #2: Stored-Program Computers Comes in ↑ Exam Compared to hard instructions, the advantages of soft instructions are huge: Programs can be changed rapidly, simply by loading new instructions into the memory; it’s a feature. Programs can be much more complex, being limited only by the size of the memory—a limitation easily Computations are autonomous, meaning that they can run on their own without a person attending to them to, say, feed in punch cards. Big Idea #2: Stored-Program Computers disadvantages : One significant problem with early computers, and especially the CPU part, was their complexity. It takes many parts, and at the beginning none of them had undergone any reduction in size. Those original computers were huge, filling entire rooms. Electronic circuits in these computers were built from vacuum tubes 3 Use a lot of power Exam comes in theory Burn out quickly Figure 1.4 ENIAC (1946) ENIAC, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, started in 1943 and finished in 1946. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Big Idea #3: Transistors Alternative to vacuum tubes Low power, less heat Extremely reliable Small in size and weight One D problem: lots of assembly required The problem of efficiently assembling computers out of Comes is i EXAM E transistors, resistors, capacitors, and wires was solved by integration “Integrated circuits (ICs) made of silicon-”. It is the “silicon technology” that gave Silicon Valley its name Figure 1.6 > - not used Personally Vacuum Tubes and Transistors In (a), the first transistor made by Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley; (b) a size comparison of a packaged transistor compared to a vacuum tube; and (c), a circuit board with electronic components mounted Big Idea #5: Personal Computers 1973: first personal machine, Xerox’s Alto $40,000 price tag the Alto was the first serious attempt to make a personal machine, for an office worker. It introduced the concepts of a graphical user interface and the mouse desktop The $40,000 price tag was cheap compared to similar computers of the day, but it was too expensive even for companies, and was never sold 1977: “There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in their home.” –Ken Olsen, President of small computer manufacture To compare: how many computers do you have with you today?  wasn't for the Public First * it Big Idea #6: The Internet network of networks The forerunner of the Internet—the ARPANET—sent its first packet in 1969. Though originally used only by research and academic communities. The value of connecting computers together became so clear The key idea was to allow these separate networks to connect together only if they both used a common communication protocol called TCP/IP > - C H.. 3 The main uses of the Internet were originally email and file transfer. Big Idea #7: HTTP and the World Wide Web The idea was to create an online centre—later dubbed a “home page”—where everyone could access the documents, images, and other resources Brings the Internet to the general public HTTP can transfer any file to any computer The first widely used web browser: Mosaic Big Idea #8: Layered Software Development Until 1980 programs had little structure, making them difficult to write and maintain With layered software development, programs at one level apply code for lower levels, and provide more advanced facilities for higher levels Uses a software stack structure Concept used to structure and organize the software in current computer systems Series of layers of programs that implement user applications Each software layer implements operations used to build the layers above Figure 1.8 The Software Stack The software stack for the Android smartphone: The hardware is on the bottom; the apps are on the top The Software Stack in Action: YouTube Videos To watch a YouTube video on your smartphone, you would: use the browser application to get to YouTube the browser app uses the window manager, and several other frameworks the window manager uses media manager, and several other libraries the media manager uses the display drivers, and several other kernel operations 1.2 Knowing the Right Word – Terms of Endearment Learn the right computing terms, and understand how to use them Two practical reasons: 1. To talk with Tech Support for help 2. To learn a new subject  : advantages The Right Words for Help/Tech Support Without the right word(s): The search algorithm of the software’s Help won’t be very helpful Tech Support might not know what you’re talking about 1.3 Basic Hardware and Software Terms Processor Software Algorithm The Right Word: Processor The processor is the computer itself, usually hidden inside the box. connects to various input and output devices the variations between computers depend on: othe devices connected to the processor othe software run by the system The Right Word: Software Software is the collective name for programs Programs contain the instructions which form applications The processor follows the program and carries out the application Software “instructs” the computer hardware by providing the steps needed to perform a task, say, to display a web page or play a game. The computer, using the CPU, follows the program and carries out the instructions extremely rapidly and with great accuracy The Right Word: Algorithm An algorithm is a precise and systematic method for producing a specified result. Programs express algorithms On example of an algorithm: performing long division Other examples? 1.4 Idea Terms Abstract and Abstractions Generalize and Generalizations Operationally Attuned Mnemonic  THEORY EXAM - I >f - Idea Terms: Abstract and Abstractions ↓ ↓ verb process The word has several meanings: In natural language: to remove; can mean to steal “The thief abstracted the pearl necklace” In computing: to abstract also means to remove, but to remove an idea or a process, and it is extracted from some form of information. To abstract is to remove the basic concept, idea, or process from a situation. The removed concept is usually expressed in more general form, called an abstraction Idea Terms: More about Abstractions Many details of the story are less important to understanding the concept An abstraction has meaning beyond the story In computing, abstractions identify the relevant details to be able to apply the abstraction to other cases  Exam T/f Idea Terms: Generalize and Generalization verb Generalize > - To express an idea, concept, or process that applies to many situations – If an idea is true most of the time, we can generalize it Generalization statement > - The statement that sums up the generalized idea Idea Terms: Operationally Attuned Operationally Attuned The ability to apply what we know about how a device or system works to simplify its use Past experience: Loosen a lid by turning it left and tighten it by turning it right Experiences help us to know explicitly With computing, thinking about how computation works makes it simpler to use Idea Terms: Mnemonic Mnemonic (nee-MAH-nik) –An aid for remembering something, like a pronounceable word or phrase –Example: HOMES (the Great Lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior) Summary We’ve learned: 8 of computation’s big ideas The importance of using the right word Definitions for a few common computer terms Definitions for a brief list of “idea” terms