HSC Modern History Notes - Yehansa PDF

Power & Authority in the Modern World 1919-1946: Nazi/WW2 Survey: an overview of the peace treaties which ended World War I and their consequences Trianon Hungary 1920 Sevres Turkey 1920 Treaty of Austria 1919 Loss of territory to other Germain...

Power & Authority in the Modern World 1919-1946: Nazi/WW2 Survey: an overview of the peace treaties which ended World War I and their consequences Trianon Hungary 1920 Sevres Turkey 1920 Treaty of Austria 1919 Loss of territory to other Germain European nations Landlocked No unionship Treaty of Versailles 1919 - Germany Germany forced to sign “War Guilt Clause” places full blame of WW1 on Germany → angers German nationalism Billions in war reparations → German bankruptcy Lost territory (eg. Poland) → Becomes the first colonies to be invaded in WW2, “lebensraum” for German public aimed to be reached Reduced military (soldiers w/o work) → spare soldiers angry & disillusioned → channelled into WW2 rage German public angry, confused & disillusioned Weimar Republic inability to restore German publics anger/respond to T.O.V → lack of faith in the democratic system → rise of totalitarian/dictatorial Hitler Widespread German anger → Hitler promises to rebuild German nationalism + remove T.O.V → rise of Nazi’s OLSER Peace treaties resulted in widespread disillusionment “A treaty almost no-one liked except Britain & France” Peace treaties seems short-sighted & vindictive → broken regimes of Germany, Russia, Austria → peace treaties were ‘redrawing maps’ of Europe → imbalance of European powers → cause rage in dictators  France → sought revenge against Germany, spike in French nationalism from WW1 Britain → acknowledges Germany not fully at fault, wanted to maintain economically strong Europe Japan → faces racist sentiments + undermined → sparks anger → overflow into totalitarian & militant dictatorships MACMILLAN - CHALLENGED THIS VIEW Argues peace treaties were realistic given context (acknowledged the many factors outside of peacemakers control eg. ethnic nationalistic tension) The rise of dictatorships after WW1 the conditions that enabled dictators to rise to power in the interwar period 20 year interwar period Low education → easily influenced/swain (simple solutions to complex problems) → rise of dictators Ruined businesses/economies due to geographical closeness to war → need to rebuild whilst in debt Unfair T.O.V outcomes → inter political/geographical disdain → want for “restored glory” Europe-wide factors (eg. the depression) Extremes → extreme left or right Propaganda + censorship Educational impacts + youth organizations an overview of the features of the dictatorships that emerged in Russia, Italy, Japan RUSSIA (1) GERMANY (2) JAPAN (3) ITALY (4) Communist Fascist Fascist Fascist Totalitarian Totalitarian Traditional Authoritarian values respecting the emperor + militant gov. Militarist Militarist Militarist  Pseudo-racial Pseudo-racial Pseudo racial theory Theory theory Anti-western Wrecked by Not respected Cheated by ideas T.O.V by the West T.O.V embraced Cult of Cult of Inbuilt respect of Low cult of Personality Personality the Emperor (no personality (Stalin) (Hitler) need for cult of (Mussolini - not personality) as strong) Terror Fear (Gestapo, Genuine loyalty Some support, (MKVD, concentration) + to the emperor declining Gulag) = rewards → built popularity dominant obedience Enforcing of feature traditional & Critics exiled, SA + SS + militant values Secret police + Purges Concentration propaganda, physicial Secret assaults on Policee civilians Some genuine March on Rome support due to anti-Tsar ideology Propaganda Propaganda Propaganda Propaganda enforcing pro- war/traditional values The Nazi regime to 1939 the rise of the Nazi party and Hitler in Germany and the collapse of the Weimar Republic COLLAPSE OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC Post ww1 soldiers/German nationalist dissatisfied with Weimar Republic (belief that Republic was backstabbing German Nationalism (built of Jews, didn’t serve “pure” Germans) Inability to balance new factionalism and political issues arising in the 1920’s ----> collapse ---> vast uptake of political parties (ranging from KPD (German Communist Party), SPD (Social Democratic Party), NSDAP) POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL Vast arising uptake Growth of theories of Increasing (KPD → SPD → fascism and German  NSDAP) communism Nationalism → angry about loss of german territory to poland under T.O.V → Youth raised to be patriotic (must work + die for their nation) --> built of communists, Jews, signed the T.O.V ---> belief that the T.O.V was a “wretched peace treaty” ---> condemned Germany to suffer RISE OF THE NAZI’s The Hitler Program → 25 point program for creation of Nazi state & soc. We demand the union of Germans to form a greater Germany” “We demand land and territory for the nourishment of our people - lebensraum or living space” “Non citizens…must be subject to laws for aliens” RISE OF HITLER: Hindenburg (made him chancellor → rise to power) Those who treated him well in jail → likely agreed with hitlers policies → his behaviour (and Mein Kampf beliefs) were condoned Great Orator ---> promised restoration of germanic national pride German people bitter about T.O.V → people of Germany supported Hitler 1. Great Depression hit → affect middle class families 2. Used article 48 → override democracy + instil authoritarian government 3. Nazi’s started violent protests ---> attack socialists & republicans 4. Propaganda was the key to Nazi Party’s success (Goebbels ---> communicated messages & images of adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party) The Munich Putsch 1923: NSDAP + Hitler group coup d'etat Beer Hall + overthrow government → Increase popularity → created stage for Hitler & his nationalist speeches → Mein Kampf written Utilised terror (Gestapo) as authority (power over the german people to instil ultra german nationalist sentiments) the initial consolidation of Nazi power 1933–1934  the nature of Nazi ideology STICK (Terror + CARROT PROPAGANDA Repression) (Goebbels) Opponents killed Peoples community + Simple solutions to in concentration Volkameinshaft complex problems camps (repetitive, simple, Governments buy emotional) SS used for farmer’s produce Hitlers personal Removal of communism Controlled Radio gain = gained love of the Fear of middle class Targeted education organisations (Propaganda aimed at forced conformity Welfare + Holidays for youth ---> anti semitic) workers eg. Strength eg. Hitler Youth Death heads run through Joy concentration Covering up of mass camps Propaganda used for murder (holocaust inspiration (eg. Youth denial) parades/camps, films, parades) P ++ Nationalism Fuhrerprinzip: Tyrannical + Totalitarian Fuhrer leadership Rejection of Internationalism ○ Anti ToV ○ Rejected Diplomacy Aggressive Foreign Policy ○ Pulled out of international treaties, only agreed with certain countries (eg. Italy) E Autarky (Entirely economically self sufficient) ○ Wanted to stop depending on other countries - against internationalism ONLY wanted pure German economic sufficiency M Lebensraum (living space) ---> German nation expansionist to create more space for German Aryan race Annex other countries Highly trained + extensive military S Social Darwinism (Aryan race as superior) Anti semitism Uniting “racially pure” Germans as a peoples community (Volkameinschaft) Ghettoism + clearing of minority pop.  the role of prominent individuals in the Nazi state FIGURE ROLE SIGNIFICANCE FATE JOSEPH Propaganda Controlled all Media He + family all GOEBBLS Minister + setup radio + suicide targeted education Loudspeakers + radio of Fuhrer speeched Created Fuhrer Myth (cult of personality/hero of fatherland) Cinema +theatre controlled (eg. The Eternal Jew) HERMANN Command of Formed the Tried for war GORING the SA Gestapo crimes (nuremberg Established trials) ---> took concentration poison before camps execution Part of the Night of the Long Knives (30th June 1934) Commander of the Air Force HENRICH Leader of Protected internal Arrested + took HIMMLER the SS security for country poison  + maintaining racial purity Control of police Built SS as a larger org (small body → powerful corps) RUDOLF Deputy Edited Mein Kampf Sentenced to life HESS Fuhrer + died Appearing beside Hiter Making speeches Signing legislation (eg. Nuremberg Laws 1935) ROBERT Head of Trade unions Trial for war LEY German banned → replaced crimes + suicide Labour Front with DAF/German Labour Front Facilitare war prep. ERNST SA Chief of Early years Victim of Night of ROHM Staff influential Long Knives Wanted german army to be incorporated into SA Seen as threat by Hitler Enforced discipline the various methods used by the Nazi regime to exercise control, including laws, censorship, repression, terror, propaganda, cult of personality Nuremberg Laws 1935 (early Nazi Consolidation of Power) Purity of the Aryan Race/Social Darwinism protected Eg. s1 forbids marriage between Germans & Jews Some Nazi support was driven by fear & coercion Systems of terror + repression established  1920’s - 1934 1933-1939 German ParaMilitary Org. Close “Bodyguards” of Hitler - Not deemed as a criminal org - IS Systemised + (thugs/street violence) organised criminal - Devoted to ideology/Rohm org - Post WW1 soldiers - Devoted to Hitler - Brown shirts - Pure race - Black uniforms Able to wield violence on a large scale (seen as internal threat to Hitler) Inntimate minorities Genocide on a mass scale Raid Meetings Inhumane Savage methods (Jew mass execution → gas Anti political acts (eg. social democrats) vans → gas showers) Influence elections through fear Run Concentration Camps (Death’s Head) 1934 Night of the Long Knives (Rohm/Key SA executed → Fuhrer established as key Head of State with significant authority) GESTAPO: Wing of the SS Secret Police Surveillance/Informance strategies to spy on public Anti-Hitler/disloyal individuals were captured Captured Allied Spies during WW2 HIMMLER (Leader of the SS) “The best political weapon is the weapon of terror. Cruelty commands respect” Censorship: Controlling narratives available towards the public. Cancel opposing viewpoints from entering public consciousness + propaganda Editorial Law: banned opposition newspapers (eg. Jewish newspapers) Newspapers required to be shown to executives before publishing 1933 Book Burning - removal of all books with anti-Nazi sentiment +25,000 eg. Einstein/other Jewish authors Propaganda: information to persuade people to a certain POV T + R apparatus effectiveness No necessarily need for complete censorship due to propaganda’s effectiveness ART: Aryan vs Degenerate Art Exhibitions separated and contrasted each other: ○ 1937 Degenerate Art Display vs Great German Art Exhibition Degenerate art = incompatible with Nazi ideology + ideas of Fuhrerprinzip eg. Dada, Impressionism, Expressionism, Surrealism etc Placed near art of mentally ill/horror like - highlight sinful nature of anti-Aryan art Aryan art = classical ideals, Wagner, Greco-roman inspired Visual artists forces into complete censorship + Gleichschaltung KERSHAW: - Nazi’s wanted to win people over to the idea of Nazism as salvation/quasi -religion (not just terrorise into submission) - Hitler’s personality alone was not enough to gain German popularity - “The Hitler cult became the pivot of the propaganda effort” Cult of Personality: Institutionalised quasi-religious glorification of a specific individual ---> charismatic leader cults The Fuhrer Myth Hitler as a powerful demagogue + mighty defender against Germany’s enemies “Embodiment of Germany” “Saviour of the German people” “above criticism” - anti semitism/racial purity Anti communist → appealed to public, believed Nazi’s restored laws & order Formation of a German empire (nostalgic Greco-Roman inspired art/architecture eg. Berlin Olympics ) As Churches became regulated, hitler acted as god-like figure Other Nazi’s blamed for destruction - “If only Hitler knew, he would stop them”, “I love Hitler, don’t like the Nazis” ○ Lower level/local Nazi’s blamed  the impact of the Nazi regime on life in Germany, including cultural expression, religion, workers, youth, women, minorities including Jews CULTURAL Censorship + propaganda played a large role EXPRESSION Non-German Art ---> deemed Degenerate Art (separated from Great German Art Exhibition) 1933 Book Burning → censored cultural expression by Jewish & Communist writers  Incorporate Swastika into architecture FILM: Eternal Jew = unacceptable Leni Riefenstahl “Olympia” = popular Cultural expression was deemed a distraction from supreme Nazi authority/Nazism ideology Culture moved towards replicating Roman empire/classical ideals! RELIGION Desire to worship state over religion Cult of Personality = similar to quasi religious sentiment (Nazified Lord's Prayer, own 12 commandments, own Bible (original bible becomes a banned book) New Reich Religion Existing religions had to align w/ nazi values or be prosecuted concordat with church ensured religion swore allegiance to Nazi principles (secularism established) Protestant churches suppressed,Jehovah’s Witnesses persecuted, judaism banned etc BURLEIGH: Nazi sought to remove Jewish elements for Christianity WORKERS Essential for Nazi lebensraum ideology ○ Needed to produce military supplies for war PROS CONS Job security post Low Employment depression Benefits (eg. cheap Low worker freedom holidays, concerts etc) of choice YOUTH Schools play a pivotal part in achieving volksgemeinschaft (development of Aryan peoples community)  Raised people that believed in Nazi conservatism/ideologies ○ Boys raised as political soldiers ○ Girls raised to be domestic servants + healthy bodies - restoring “golden age” mentality ---> Lebensborn programs encouraged voluntarily Development of aggression + militant training “These young people will learn how to think Germann & Act German” Compulsory but many joined enthusiastically for power & friendship + community patriotism (carrot/volkchameinsaft) Disliked parents could possibly be reported to the Gestapo WOMEN “Kinder, Küche, Kirche” Children (kids to continue Nazi ideology), Kitchen (domestic duties) , Church (modesty) C Children Lebensborn (camps to produce racially pure aryan children (eugenic ideology) ---> women undergo medical tests to ensure Jewish Blood ---> 20,000 bred ---> ostracised in post-Hitler Germany H Home A Appearance Encourage child- bearing/domestication role ----> no makeup ----> child-bearing hips ---> peasant clothes  R Rewards Motherhood Cross ---> reward for mothers w/ most children → incentive to produce Fuhrer Children M Marriage E Employment Removed from civil service overtime (previous rights under Weimar reduced) D Domestic Removed from employed jobs (eg university rights) ------> domestication MINORITIES (eg. Jews) Communists + main political rivals ---> first to be in Dachau Jehovah’s witnesses → religiously outcast JEWS: - Systematic genocide → holocaust - Dehumanisation + propaganda → oppression from the state + non-Jews P E S 1935 1938: Night of Broken 1933 - Nuremberg Glass (Kristallnacht) - banned Laws: --> Jewish jews from businesses/houses theatre, -removes broken literature, Jewish right film music to German etc citizenship -Jews not allowed to marry Aryans Army Law: expelled Jewish officers from the army  opposition to the Nazi regime Effectiveness? Propaganda, T+R = people were scared into submission ---> ineffective Opposition was not united ---> ineffective KERSHAW: - Inability to organise opposition = ineffective Paid with their life an overview of the search for peace and security 1919–1946: – the ambitions of Germany in Europe and Japan in the Asia-Pacific ❖ Expanded territory ❖ racially motivated militarism ❖ Influence of nationalism ❖ Geographical + economic security ❖ Racial Inferior subdication GERMANY IN EUROPE JAPAN IN ASIA-PACIFIC Establish “New Order of Expand empire throughout Europe” asia-pacific (conquering Manchuria 1831)  Ideological principles Imperialist + living space → lebensraum + social principles Darwinism Systematic genocide + exterminate racial unworthy Final plan” Supremacy of the China deemed racial imperior Aryan race Aim to become dominant Aim to create the Pacific power over the US expansive pan-German (bombing of Pearl Harbour) state EFFECT OF THE PEACE TREATIES? Japan → faces racist sentiments + undermined (no racial equality clause) sparks anger → overflow into totalitarian & militant dictatorships – the intentions and authority of the League of Nations and the UN Post WW1 ---> Paris Peace Conference ----> Jan 1920 establishment of IGO “The League of Nations” LoN INTENTIONS: ❖ Maintain world peace ❖ Prevent wars ❖ Settle international disputes through diplomacy Moral sanctions Economic sanctions Military sanctions 58 member states - provided system of collective security throughout tumultuous interwar period Lloys George Georges Clemenceau Woodrow Wilson AUTHORITY: Dissenting nations were able to call out LoN military inability to make military sanctions Absence of the US (most powerful nation at the time) ---> blow to Leagues authority + prestige Rise of dictators → weakened LoN internationalist ideologies Smaller nations unable to be saved from aggression Independant goals + ideas → decisions to be made unanimously  Unanimous decisions required (therefore aggression could continue until decision was made) - takes a long time 1945: UN = another IGO INTENTIONS ❖ International cooperation ❖ Diplomacy & order Allied four = US, UK, USSR, China UN Charter (1945) ---> France, US UK, USSR, China became SC permanent members AUTHORITY Inability to operate in Cold War environment Non-legally enforceable decisions + impact of SS Conflict in Europe 1935-1945 Survey Growth of European tensions, including: – the collapse of collective security – Abyssinia, the Spanish Civil War – Britain, France and the policy of appeasement – significance of the Nazi–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Focus of study German foreign policy, including: – aims and strategy of German foreign policy to September 1939 – impact of Nazi ideology on German foreign policy to September 1939 Course of the European war, including: – German advances: the fall of Poland, the Low Countries and France – the air war and its effects: The Battle of Britain and the Blitz, the bombing of Germany – Operation Barbarossa, the Battle of Stalingrad and the significance of the Russian campaign – Battle of El Alamein and the significance of the conflict in North Africa to the European War Civilians at war, including: – social and economic effects of the war on civilians in Britain, Germany and the Soviet Union  – the nature and effects of the Holocaust in the Nazi-occupied territories End of the conflict, including: – ‘D’ Day and the liberation of France – Russian counter-offensives 1944 – final defeat 1944–1945 (ACHMH133) – Nuremberg War Crimes trials