HSC Modern History Notes - Yehansa

Power & Authority in the Modern World 1919-1946: Nazi/WW2 Survey: an overview of the peace treaties which ended World War I and their consequences Outline peace treaties which ended World Trianon Hungary 1920 War 1?...

Power & Authority in the Modern World 1919-1946: Nazi/WW2 Survey: an overview of the peace treaties which ended World War I and their consequences Outline peace treaties which ended World Trianon Hungary 1920 War 1? Sevres Turkey 1920 Outline the Treaty of Austria 1919 Loss of territory to other European TOV, and it’s Germain nations consequences Landlocked ? No unionship How did the Treaty of Versailles 1919 - Germany TOV Germany forced to sign contribute to “War Guilt Clause” places full blame of WW1 on Germany the rise of → angers German nationalism Hitler? (3m) Billions in war reparations → German bankruptcy Lost territory (eg. Poland) → Becomes the first colonies to Identify TWO be invaded in WW2, “lebensraum” for German public aimed treaties from to be reached 1920s that Reduced military (soldiers w/o work) → spare soldiers were angry & disillusioned → channelled into WW2 rage designed to German public angry, confused & disillusioned reinforce international Weimar Republic inability to restore German publics peace & anger/respond to T.O.V security?(2m → lack of faith in the democratic system arks) → rise of totalitarian/dictatorial Hitler What were Widespread German anger the terms of → Hitler promises to rebuild German nationalism + remove T.O.V the Treaty of → rise of Nazi’s St Germain (3 marks)? OLSER Peace treaties resulted in widespread disillusionment “A treaty almost no-one liked except Britain & France” Outline Peace treaties seems short-sighted & vindictive impacts of peace treaties → broken regimes of Germany, Russia, Austria on greater → peace treaties were ‘redrawing maps’ of Europe europe?  → imbalance of European powers → cause rage in Assess the dictators effectiveness of peace France → sought revenge against Germany, spike in treaties in French nationalism from WW1 promoting peace around Britain → acknowledges Germany not fully at fault, wanted Europe? to maintain economically strong Europe Japan → faces racist sentiments + undermined → sparks anger → overflow into totalitarian & militant dictatorships MACMILLAN - CHALLENGED THIS VIEW Argues peace treaties were realistic given context (acknowledged the many factors outside of peacemakers control eg. ethnic nationalistic tension) The rise of dictatorships after WW1 the conditions that enabled dictators to rise to power in the interwar period 20 year interwar period Low education → easily influenced/swain (simple solutions to complex problems) → rise of dictators Outline/assess conditions that Ruined businesses/economies due to geographical closeness to war → enabled the need to rebuild whilst in debt rise of dictators? Unfair T.O.V outcomes → inter political/geographical disdain → want for “restored glory” Europe-wide factors (eg. the depression) Extremes → extreme left or right Propaganda + censorship Educational impacts + youth organizations an overview of the features of the dictatorships that emerged in Russia, Italy, Japan RUSSIA (1) GERMANY (2) JAPAN (3) ITALY (4) Communist Fascist Fascist Fascist Totalitarian Totalitarian Traditional Authoritarian Differentiate values between respecting the features of emperor + dictatorships militant gov. arising post WW1? Militarist Militarist Militarist Pseudo-racial Pseudo-racial Pseudo racial theory Theory theory Anti-western Wrecked by Not respected Cheated by ideas T.O.V by the West T.O.V embraced Cult of Cult of Inbuilt respect Low cult of Personality Personality of the Emperor personality (Stalin) (Hitler) (no need for (Mussolini - not cult of as strong) personality) Terror (MKVD, Fear (Gestapo, Genuine loyalty Some support, Gulag) = concentration) to the emperor declining dominant + rewards → popularity feature built obedience Enforcing of traditional & Critics exiled, Purges SA + SS + militant values Secret police + Concentration propaganda, Secret Policee physicial Some genuine assaults on support due to civilians anti-Tsar ideology March on Rome Propaganda Propaganda Propaganda Propaganda enforcing pro-war/traditio nal values The Nazi regime to 1939 the rise of the Nazi party and Hitler in Germany and the collapse of the Weimar Republic COLLAPSE OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC Post ww1 soldiers/German nationalist dissatisfied with Weimar Republic (belief that Republic was backstabbing German Nationalism (built of Jews, didn’t serve “pure” Germans) Inability to balance new factionalism and political issues arising in the Outline 1920’s ----> collapse reasons for the ---> vast uptake of political parties (ranging from KPD (German collapse of the Communist Party), SPD (Social Democratic Party), NSDAP) weimar republic? POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL Vast arising uptake Growth of theories of Increasing German (KPD → SPD → fascism and Nationalism NSDAP) communism → angry about loss of german territory to poland under T.O.V → Youth raised to be patriotic (must work + die for their nation) --> built of communists, Jews, signed the T.O.V ---> belief that the T.O.V was a “wretched peace treaty” ---> condemned Germany to suffer RISE OF THE NAZI’s The Hitler Program → 25 point program for creation of Nazi state & soc. We demand the union of Germans to form a greater Germany” “We demand land and territory for the nourishment of our people - lebensraum or living space” Outline the rise of the Nazi’s, and key “Non citizens…must be subject to laws for aliens” ideological proinciples outlines in the RISE OF HITLER: Hitler Program? Hindenburg (made him chancellor → rise to power) Those who treated him well in jail → likely agreed with hitlers policies → his behaviour (and Mein Kampf beliefs) were condoned Great Orator ---> promised restoration of germanic national pride German people bitter about T.O.V → people of Germany supported Hitler 1. Great Depression hit → affect middle class families Showcases 2. Used article 48 → override democracy + instil authoritarian steps taken in government the ride of 3. Nazi’s started violent protests ---> attack socialists & republicans Hitler? 4. Propaganda was the key to Nazi Party’s success (Goebbels ---> communicated messages & images of adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party) To what extent was The Munich Putsch 1923: the rise of hitler credited NSDAP + Hitler group coup d'etat Beer Hall + overthrow to Hitler government himself, or → Increase popularity → created stage for Hitler & his nationalist was he speeches influenced by → Mein Kampf written external factors, nidivudals Utilised terror (Gestapo) as authority (power over the german and people to instil ultra german nationalist sentiments) ideologies? the initial consolidation of Nazi power 1933–1934 Briefly outline the role of the Munich Putsch Account for the ease with which Hitler and the Nazis were able to consolidate their power by August 1934? (10-15 marks) Outline key events in the initial consolidation of Nazi power? How did the Nazis come to power? the nature of Nazi ideology STICK (Terror + CARROT PROPAGANDA Repression) (Goebbels) Opponents killed in Peoples community + Simple solutions to  concentration camps Volkameinshaft complex problems (repetitive, simple, SS used for Hitlers Governments buy emotional) personal gain farmer’s produce Fear of organisations Removal of Controlled Radio forced conformity communism = gained love of the middle Targeted education Death heads run class (Propaganda aimed concentration camps at youth ---> anti Welfare + Holidays semitic) eg. Hitler for workers eg. Youth Strength through Joy Covering up of mass Propaganda used for murder (holocaust inspiration (eg. Youth denial) parades/camps, films, parades) P ++ Nationalism Fuhrerprinzip: Tyrannical + Totalitarian Fuhrer leadership Outline the Rejection of Internationalism nature of Nazi ○ Anti ToV ideology, ○ Rejected Diplomacy including methods of Aggressive Foreign Policy control and ○ Pulled out of international reward? treaties, only agreed with certain countries (eg. Italy) E Autarky (Entirely economically self sufficient) ○ Wanted to stop depending on other countries - against internationalism ONLY wanted pure German economic sufficiency M Lebensraum (living space) ---> German nation expansionist to create more space for German Aryan race Outline and idnetiify political, economic, militant and social ideologies of Annex other countries the Nazi Highly trained + extensive military regime? S Social Darwinism (Aryan race as superior) How did these Anti semitism ideologies Uniting “racially pure” Germans as a come about, peoples community (Volkameinschaft) and what were Ghettoism + clearing of minority pop. the ongoing effect of these rising the role of prominent individuals in the Nazi state ideological FIGURE ROLE SIGNIFICANCE FATE movements? JOSEPH Propaganda Controlled all Media + He + family all GOEBBLS Minister setup radio + targeted suicide education Loudspeakers + radio of Fuhrer speeched What were the Created Fuhrer Myth key features of (cult of personality/hero the Nazi regime of fatherland) that emerged; how did they Cinema +theatre establish and controlled (eg. The maintain power? Eternal Jew) Outline key ideologies of the Nazi’s? HERMANN Command of Formed the Gestapo Tried for war GORING the SA crimes Established (nuremberg concentration camps trials) ---> took poison Part of the Night of the before Outline key Long Knives (30th June execution Nazi 1934) individuals? Commander of the Air Explain key Force individuals' role in HENRICH Leader of Protected internal Arrested + consolidating HIMMLER the SS security for country + took poison Nazi ideology and spreading maintaining racial purity Nazi power? Control of police Built SS as a larger org (small body → powerful corps) RUDOLF Deputy Edited Mein Kampf Sentenced to HESS Fuhrer life + died Appearing beside Hiter Making speeches Signing legislation (eg. Nuremberg Laws 1935) ROBERT Head of Trade unions banned → Trial for war LEY German replaced with crimes + Labour Front DAF/German Labour suicide Front Facilitare war prep. ERNST SA Chief of Early years influential Victim of ROHM Staff Night of Long Wanted german army to Knives be incorporated into SA Seen as threat by Hitler Enforced discipline the various methods used by the Nazi regime to exercise control, including laws, censorship, repression, terror, propaganda, cult of personality Nuremberg Laws 1935 (early Nazi Consolidation of Power) Purity of the Aryan Race/Social Darwinism protected Eg. s1 forbids marriage between Germans & Jews Some Nazi support was driven by fear & coercion Systems of terror + repression established  1920’s - 1934 1933-1939 German ParaMilitary Org. Close “Bodyguards” of Hitler - Not deemed as a criminal - IS Systemised + org (thugs/street violence) organised criminal org - Devoted to - Devoted to Hitler ideology/Rohm - Pure race - Post WW1 soldiers - Black uniforms - Brown shirts Able to wield violence on a large scale (seen as internal threat to Genocide on a mass scale Hitler) Inhumane Savage methods (Jew Inntimate minorities mass execution → gas vans → gas showers) Raid Meetings Run Concentration Camps Anti political acts (eg. social (Death’s Head) democrats) Influence elections through fear How did the 1934 Night of the Long Knives Nazis diminish (Rohm/Key SA executed → opposition and Fuhrer established as key Head exercise of State with significant authority) control? To what extent GESTAPO: Wing of the SS did Nazi rule rely Secret Police on coercion? Surveillance/Informance strategies to spy on public Anti-Hitler/disloyal individuals were captured Captured Allied Spies during WW2 Outine methods of Nazi repression and HIMMLER (Leader of the SS) terror? “The best political weapon is the weapon of terror. Cruelty commands respect” Outline the significance and effect of Censorship: Controlling narratives available towards the public. these Cancel opposing viewpoints from entering public consciousness methods? + propaganda How did the Nazi’s view Editorial Law: banned opposition newspapers (eg. Jewish newspapers) terror as a Newspapers required to be shown to executives before means of publishing control?  1933 Book Burning - removal of all books with anti-Nazi sentiment +25,000 Outlines the eg. Einstein/other Jewish authors roles of the SA, SS & Propaganda: information to persuade people to a certain POV Gestapo? T + R apparatus effectiveness No necessarily need for complete censorship due to propaganda’s effectiveness ART: Aryan vs Degenerate Art Exhibitions separated and contrasted each other: ○ 1937 Degenerate Art Display vs Great German Art Exhibition Degenerate art = incompatible with Nazi ideology + ideas of Fuhrerprinzip eg. Dada, Impressionism, Expressionism, Surrealism etc Placed near art of mentally ill/horror like - highlight sinful nature of anti-Aryan art Aryan art = classical ideals, Wagner, Greco-roman inspired Visual artists forces into complete censorship + Gleichschaltung Define Censorship, and how did the Nazi’s use KERSHAW: censorship as - Nazi’s wanted to win people over to the idea of Nazism as a means of salvation/quasi -religion (not just terrorise into submission) control? - Hitler’s personality alone was not enough to gain German popularity - “The Hitler cult became the pivot of the propaganda effort” Cult of Personality: Institutionalised quasi-religious glorification of a specific individual ---> charismatic leader cults Define propaganda , and how did The Fuhrer Myth the Nazi’s use censorship as Hitler as a powerful demagogue + mighty defender against a means of Germany’s enemies control? “Embodiment of Germany” “Saviour of the German people” “above criticism” - anti semitism/racial purity Anti communist → appealed to public, believed Nazi’s restored laws & order Formation of a German empire (nostalgic Greco-Roman inspired art/architecture eg. Berlin Olympics ) As Churches became regulated, hitler acted as god-like figure Other Nazi’s blamed for destruction - “If only Hitler knew, he would stop them”, “I love Hitler, don’t like the Nazis” ○ Lower level/local Nazi’s blamed Why did Nazi’s rely on Propaganda? Outline the Cult of Personality established, and its role as a method of control?  the impact of the Nazi regime on life in Germany, including cultural expression, religion, workers, youth, women, minorities including Jews CULTURAL Censorship + propaganda played a large role EXPRESSI Non-German Art ---> deemed Degenerate Art ON (separated from Great German Art Exhibition)  1933 Book Burning → censored cultural expression by Jewish & Communist writers Incorporate Swastika into architecture FILM: Eternal Jew = unacceptable Leni Riefenstahl “Olympia” = popular Cultural expression was deemed a distraction from supreme Nazi authority/Nazism ideology Culture moved towards replicating Roman empire/classical ideals! RELIGION Desire to worship state over religion Cult of Personality = similar to quasi religious sentiment (Nazified Lord's Prayer, own 12 commandments, own Bible (original bible becomes a banned book) What impact New Reich Religion did the Nazi dictatorship Existing religions had to align w/ nazi values have on or be prosecuted German society? (5 concordat with church ensured religion marks) swore allegiance to Nazi principles (secularism established) Identify the impact of Nazi Protestant churches suppressed,Jehovah’s regime on Witnesses persecuted, judaism banned etc Cultural Expression? BURLEIGH: Nazi sought to remove Jewish elements for Christianity Identify the WORKERS Essential for Nazi lebensraum ideology impact of Nazi ○ Needed to produce military supplies regime on for war religion? PROS CONS Job security post Low Employment depression Benefits (eg. cheap Low worker freedom of holidays, concerts etc) choice  YOUTH Schools play a pivotal part in achieving volksgemeinschaft (development of Aryan peoples community) Raised people that believed in Nazi conservatism/ideologies ○ Boys raised as political soldiers ○ Girls raised to be domestic servants + healthy bodies - restoring “golden age” mentality ---> Lebensborn programs encouraged voluntarily Development of aggression + militant training “These young people will learn how to think Germann & Act German” Compulsory but many joined enthusiastically for power & friendship + community patriotism (carrot/volkchameinsaft) Disliked parents could possibly be reported to the Gestapo WOMEN “Kinder, Küche, Kirche” Children (kids to continue Nazi ideology), Kitchen (domestic duties) , Church (modesty) C Children Lebensborn (camps to produce racially pure Identify the aryan children (eugenic ideology) impact of Nazi ---> women undergo medical tests to ensure regime on Jewish Blood youth? ---> 20,000 bred ---> ostracised in post-Hitler Germany H Home A Appearance Encourage child-bearing/domestication role ----> no makeup ----> child-bearing hips ---> peasant clothes  R Rewards Motherhood Cross ---> reward for mothers w/ most children → incentive to produce Fuhrer Identify the Children impact of Nazi regime on women? M Marriage E Employment Removed from civil service overtime (previous rights under Weimar reduced) D Domestic Removed from employed jobs (eg university rights) ------> domestication MINORITIE S (eg. Communists + main political rivals Jews) ---> first to be in Dachau Jehovah’s witnesses → religiously outcast JEWS: - Systematic genocide → holocaust - Dehumanisation + propaganda → oppression from the state + non-Jews P E S 1935 1938: Night of 1933 - banned Nuremberg Broken Glass jews from Laws: (Kristallnacht) theatre, ---> Jewish literature, film -removes businesses/hou music etc Jewish right to ses broken German citizenship -Jews not allowed to marry Aryans Army Law: expelled Identify the Jewish officers impact of Nazi from the army regime on minorities? opposition to the Nazi regime Outline oppositions to the Nazi regime across German society at the time? Assess the effectiveness of the opposition to the Nazi regimes? How “real” or effective do you think Effectiveness? cooperation/r Propaganda, T+R = people were scared into submission ---> esistance to ineffective the Nazis Opposition was not united ---> ineffective was? (5 marks) KERSHAW: - Inability to organise opposition = ineffective Paid with their life an overview of the search for peace and security 1919–1946: – the ambitions of Germany in Europe and Japan in the Asia-Pacific ❖ Expanded territory ❖ racially motivated militarism ❖ Influence of nationalism ❖ Geographical + economic security ❖ Racial Inferior subdication GERMANY IN EUROPE JAPAN IN ASIA-PACIFIC Establish “New Order of Expand empire throughout Europe” asia-pacific (conquering Manchuria 1831) Ideological principles → Imperialist + living space  lebensraum + social principles Darwinism Systematic genocide + exterminate racial unworthy Final plan” Supremacy of the Aryan China deemed racial race imperior Aim to create the Aim to become dominant expansive pan-German Pacific power over the US state (bombing of Pearl Harbour) EFFECT OF THE PEACE TREATIES? Japan → faces racist sentiments + undermined (no racial equality clause) sparks anger → overflow into totalitarian & militant dictatorships – the intentions and authority of the League of Nations and the UN Post WW1 ---> Paris Peace Conference ----> Jan 1920 establishment of IGO “The League of Nations” LoN INTENTIONS: ❖ Maintain world peace ❖ Prevent wars ❖ Settle international disputes through diplomacy Moral sanctions Economic sanctions Military sanctions 58 member states - provided system of collective security throughout tumultuous interwar period Lloys George Georges Clemenceau Woodrow Wilson AUTHORITY: Dissenting nations were able to call out LoN military inability to make military sanctions Absence of the US (most powerful nation at the time) ---> blow to Leagues authority + prestige Rise of dictators → weakened LoN internationalist ideologies  Smaller nations unable to be saved from aggression Independant goals + ideas → decisions to be made unanimously Unanimous decisions required (therefore aggression could continue until decision was made) - takes a long time 1945: UN = another IGO INTENTIONS ❖ International cooperation ❖ Diplomacy & order Allied four = US, UK, USSR, China UN Charter (1945) ---> France, US UK, USSR, China became SC permanent members AUTHORITY Inability to operate in Cold War environment Non-legally enforceable decisions + impact of SS Conflict in Europe 1935-1945 Survey Growth of European tensions, including: – the collapse of collective security – Abyssinia, the Spanish Civil War – Britain, France and the policy of appeasement – significance of the Nazi–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Focus of study German foreign policy, including: – aims and strategy of German foreign policy to September 1939 – impact of Nazi ideology on German foreign policy to September 1939 Course of the European war, including: – German advances: the fall of Poland, the Low Countries and France – the air war and its effects: The Battle of Britain and the Blitz, the bombing of Germany – Operation Barbarossa, the Battle of Stalingrad and the significance of the Russian campaign – Battle of El Alamein and the significance of the conflict in North Africa to the European War Civilians at war, including: – social and economic effects of the war on civilians in Britain, Germany and the Soviet Union – the nature and effects of the Holocaust in the Nazi-occupied territories End of the conflict, including: – ‘D’ Day and the liberation of France – Russian counter-offensives 1944 – final defeat 1944–1945 (ACHMH133) – Nuremberg War Crimes trials