History of Spain - Detailed Outline PDF

I.​ Early Inhabitatntd A.​ Prehistoric Man 1.​ Hunters (agriculture was virtually unknown) 2.​ Caves of Altamira (Las Cuevas de Altamira) in the northern province of Santander, known for its paintings of early life (like depictions of...

I.​ Early Inhabitatntd A.​ Prehistoric Man 1.​ Hunters (agriculture was virtually unknown) 2.​ Caves of Altamira (Las Cuevas de Altamira) in the northern province of Santander, known for its paintings of early life (like depictions of animals, painted in color) B.​ Iberians (los íberos) 1.​ Mediterranean origin (and southern Atlantic) 2.​ Settled mostly on the eastern coast of Spain 3.​ The origin of their language is still a mystery; also known for megalithic stone structures (Menorca) and sculptures, like the famous Dama de Elche C.​ Basques (los vascos) 1.​ Uncertain origin (language is also undeciphered) 2.​ Believed to be descendants of Pyrenean shepherds D.​ Tartessians (los tartessianos, tartessienes, or tartessios) 1.​ Mediterranean origin 2.​ Settled mostly on the southern coast of Spain 3.​ “Tartessos” is a mythical capital city that has never been confirmed or located E.​ Celts (los celtas) 1.​ Central European origin; settled in the northwest of Spain 2.​ Invaded Spain in the 8th-6th centuries BC through the East Pyrenees 3.​ United with Iberians to form the Celt-Iberian race (la raza celtíbera) 4.​ Brought the idea of a matriarchal society (women/mothers in charge) to the region F.​ Phoenicians (los fenicios) 1.​ Came to Spain for commercial reasons (especially silver) from the east 2.​ Founded the city of Gadir (Cádiz = fortified place) the focal point of the Mediterranean empire (situated on an island just offshore) 3.​ Legacy was skilled metalworking (gold jewelry) and literacy 4.​ Founded Carthage (colony in northern Africa) a)​ Eventually, they installed themselves in Southern Spain b)​ Carthaginian (Punic) War (las Guerras Púnicas) (264-241 BC) was a battle with Rome for control of the whole Meditteranean region (1)​Hannibal (Aníbal), a Carthaginian general, attacked and killed residents of Sagunto (el Sitio de Sagunto) (2)​Organized an army with the Iberians and attacked across France and the Alps to wage war on Italy  (3)​After many victories, Carthaginian rule ended with the defeat at Trebia G.​ Greeks (los griegos) 1.​ Came to Spain for metal deposits 2.​ Founded colony of Massalia (Marseilles, France) 3.​ After Battle of Alalia (535 BC), cut off routes of the Tartessians 4.​ Founded colonies a)​ Emporion (Ampurias) → major trading post b)​ Akra-Leuke (Alicante) c)​ Alonis (Benidorm) II.​ Roman Influence (los romanos) A.​ Invasion 1.​ Initially wanted to plunder Spain’s natural resources (gold, silver, copper) and enslave people, but found difficulties with the hot and bleak climate 2.​ Sparked revolt by Lusitianians (Portuguese and Spanish Celt-Iberians) a)​ Viriato (also known as Viriathus), an old shepherd, led them in eight years of long, drawn-out attacks against the Romans (147-139 BC) b)​ Viriato killed in his sleep by Lusitanians who were bribed by Romans c)​ Tautalos, Viriato’s successor, gave in to Roman demands 3.​ Romans defeated the Celt-Iberian city of Numancia [el Sitio de Numancia] (122 BC) a)​ (of the 4,000 survivors, many killed themselves to avoid capture) 4.​ The Roman War had the ironic effect of forcing its enemies to combine forces 5.​ Roman emperor Augustus (26 BC) attacked to gain full control of Northern Spain; and established colonaie (Roman towns) a)​ Asturias (northern Spain) b)​ Galicia (northwestern Spain) c)​ Cantabria (extreme northern Spain by France) B.​ Effects on the Culture of Spain 1.​ Roman writers gave the name “Hispania” to the region “Hispaniae” 2.​ Spain became pacified under Roman rule (began minting coins) 3.​ Famous Spanish emperors: Adriano, Trajano, Teodosio 4.​ Famous Spanish philosophers: Séneca and Lucio Junio Moderato 5.​ Famous Spanish poet: Marco Valerio Marcial  6.​ Architecture: aqueduct of Segovia, amphitheater of Mérida, bridge of Córdoba 7.​ Language shifts to Latin (providing an eventual link to the rest of Europe) III.​ Christianity [el cristianismo] A.​ Arrived in the first century AD and replaced paganism B.​ Associated with Saint James (Santiago), the missionary (one of Jesus’ disciples) C.​ Money diverted from civic projects to the church D.​ Constantine’s Edict of Milan (313 AD) banned all persecution against Christians IV.​ Control of Spain A.​ Barbarian invaders (Germanic tribes) [las tribus germánicas] from north arrivedn (Suevos (Suebi)/ Vándalos (Vandals)/ Alanos (Alans)) in 409 B.​ Visigoths [los visigodos] (410-415) conquered and took over all of northern Spain 1.​ Toledo became the Visigoth capital city in 484 2.​ King Leovigildo ruled the entire peninsula (584-585) 3.​ Such unification was not equaled again until the 15th century C.​ Arab domination [los moros o árabes] 1.​ East access for Arab control (North Africa) due to rivalry/conflict among Visigoths 2.​ Spain was put under the rule of the Caliphs of Damascus in 711; the new Islamic Spain was called “al-Andalus”; the Berbers were the country’s new leaders and many Spaniards converted to Islam; those who remained Christian were called “mozárabes” or Arab-like as they dressed and acted like the Arabs 3.​ Muslim Abderrahman III separated Spain from the domination of Damascus (929); the Moors are what Christians called the Muslim people 4.​ Córdova becomes the “most enlightened city” in that part of the world (al-Hakem II was a great lover of books—he is said to have had a library of 400,000) V.​ La Reconquista A.​ Groups of Christians who had fled north to avoid persecution from the Moors united for the “reconquest” of the peninsula B.​ Began with Don Pelayo’s victory at the Battle of Covadonga [la batalla de Covadonga] (718) in northern Spain (he was later named king of Asturias) C.​ La Reconquista lasted eight centuries D.​ Charlamagne [Carlomagno] set up the “Spanish March” as a buffer zone to contain the advance of the Moors (8th century) E.​ Internal disputes in Spain resulted in the formation of kingdoms (taifas) F.​ Court moved to Léon under the reign of Don Garcia (910-914)  G.​ Counties [condados] of Castilla untied against Léon (declaring independence in 951) VI.​ Castilla and Léon A.​ Fernando I of Castilla (1053) fought Bermundo III of Léon B.​ When Bermudo III died, his kingdom was passed to Fernando, united Castilla and Léon 1.​ Led troops into battle against the Arabs 2.​ El Cantar (o El Poema) del Mío Cid (Poem of the Cid) is one of the greatest epics of medieval European literature (composed around 1207) 3.​ Captured Córdoba (1236) and sent its documents to the University of Salamanca C.​ Marriages united the other kingdoms (Aragón and Cataluña) D.​ Jaime I, “the Conquerer (1216-1276) conquered the Balearic Islands (1233) 1.​ Followed by the conquest of Valencia, the stronghold of the Arabs 2.​ The siege lasted six years Supplementary facts/stories/legends ​ Ancient Greek writers and historians described the citizens of Tartessos as very wealthy, but legends say the residents were so frugal that they at one meal a day and drank only water; this is possibly the city in the Bible known as Tarshish (where Jonah was headed when the whale swallowed him) and also the setting for the fables of the three-headed man monster Geryon with his herds of cattle; archeologists place it near modern Cádiz while others feel it is farther east ​ La Dama de Elche was originally a full-length sculpture, but only the top part survives. It depicts a goddess of funerals and has a small space in the back intended to hold a funeral urn with ashes. This is an example of how Greek and Iberian cultures combined ​ Hannibal led a 60,000-man army through the Pyrenees, eventually acquiring his legendary group of war elephants on his way to Rome. Hannibal never defeated the Romans in his 13-year mission. Stories tell of the Romans capturing his brother-in-law and tossing his head into Hannibal’s camp to crush the morale of his troops ​ The most difficult resistance to the Romans came in the Spanish city of Numancia. It took a 60,000-member Roman army to defeat its 4,000 citizens. After the final siege, the few citizens that survived hurled themselves into the flames of their homes rather than give in to the Romans ​ El Peñon de Gibraltar received its name from the Moorish leader Tariq Gebel (Gebel=Mount, Tariq = Gibraltar) when he had 7,000 of his Berber troops landed on the peninsula. Legends discuss the possible motivation for this invasion as stemming from an earlier mini-invasion by Muslim count Julián (he sent a “hit squad” to Spain seeking revenge for the rape of his daughter by Vsigoth King Roderick [el rey Rodrigo]) ​ During the Moorish domination, Hisham II came to power when he was 12 (in 976); ruling as regent for him was his advisor Ibn-Abi Amir (aka “Al Mansur” or “the victorious”). Amir used his influence to gain power and loyalty with the military; he united the Muslims to declare a jihad (holy war) on the regions of Spain that were still Christian. Christians were persecuted heavily so many of them moved north to safety. ​ Printed books were rare and usually found only in monasteries. Many monks spent their entire lives copying religious texts such as the Bible (some sources would take as long as a year to make a copy which would often be gilded with gold leaf) ​ The average age of most Europeans who lived in the 13th and 14th centuries was usually no longer than 25 years (because of strenuous work, surviving the harsh environment, and a very poor diet).