The History of Spain PDF

Primitive Era ❖​ Spain today is a product of diverse groups that ​ They invaded, & brought their own languages, customs, and characteristics. ​ Spain is a product of Central Europe and Africa ❖​ Prehistoric Man ​ ​ Caves of Altamira have well-known prehistoric p...

Primitive Era ❖​ Spain today is a product of diverse groups that ​ They invaded, & brought their own languages, customs, and characteristics. ​ Spain is a product of Central Europe and Africa ❖​ Prehistoric Man ​ ​ Caves of Altamira have well-known prehistoric paintings. ❖​ The Iberians ​ Iron Age ​ First group of people to whom there is information about ​ Not much is known about their history ​ They have a Mediterranean origin, and they extended throughout the southeast region ​ Short people with dark skin ​ covered (Levante to Mediodía) and took over part of southern France ❖​ Tartessians ​ Mediterranean invaders ​ Extended from the eastern coast of Spain ❖​ Basques ​ Time of arrival and origin unknown ​ Generally thought to have arrived at the same time as the Iberians ​ Basque language possible outgrowth of Iberian ​ Some believe Basques are descendants of Pyrenear shepherds ​ Similarities in their language and Iberian language ❖​ Celtics and Iberians came together to form the Celt-iberian people. ❖​ The Celtics ​ Central European origen ​ They entered the peninsula from the north around the year 1000 B.C. ​ First invaded in the 8th and 6th century B.C. ​ ◆​ Entered through the eastern end of the Pyrenees ​ Red-headed people and tall ​ Established in the Castilian meseta ​ This is where they united with the Iberians ❖​ The Phenicians (fenicios) ​ Great navigators and merchants (comerciantes) from the north of Africa ​ They established colonies in the south of the peninsula ​ They were a very advanced (avanzada) culture ​ Introduced Spain to the art of writing, money, and working metals ​ Founded many commercial centers ​ Málaga and Cádiz (Gadir) ​ Gadir was the focal point of the empire ​ Carthage was one of their colonies ​ Established in North Africa in 814 B.C. ❖​ The Greeks (Griegos) ​ The 7th Century B.C. ​ Attracted to Spain for vast metal deposits ​ Considered fabulous for the 7th century ​ 600 B.C. founded the colony of Massalia (Marseilles) south of France ​ Had an excellent geographic position and so, became the focal point of Greek commerce in the Mediterranean ​ Colonization intensified ​ After Battle of Alalia (535 B.C.) ​ Cut off routes of the Tartessians. ​ Founded colonies of Emporion (Ampurias), Akra-Leuke (Alicante), & Alonis (Benidorm) ​ People of commerce & established several colonies on the east coast ​ They introduced Spain to olives and grapes ❖​ The Carthaginians (Cartaginese) ​ Entered in the 6th Century B.C. to help the Phenicians in the wars against the celt-Iberians ​ Established themselves in the southern and southeast regions of Spain ​ Restricted Greeks to the coastal areas north of Alicante ​ Later they turned against the Phoenicians ​ Defeated them and claimed a great part of the peninsula ​ Later, they had met their match from the Mediterranean ​ The Romans ​ Romans had conquered Italy and wanted to dominate the rest of the Mediterranean. ◆​ Carthaginians reacted causing the Punic or Carthaginian War (264-241 B.C.) ❖​ Carthaginian (Punic) War (264-241 B.C.) ​ Carthaginian General Hannibal (aníbal) ​ Attacked Sagunto on East Coast ​ Killed all inhabitants ​ From this- organized an army mostly composed of Iberians ◆​ They continued across the Alps, defeating the Romans on the bank of the Trebia (213) and Cannae (216) ​ Carthaginians had a horrible defeat in Zama, ending their domination in the Mediterranean ❖​ Celt-iberian fighting ​ Fought with the Carthaginians as much as they fought with the Romans ​ Jealous of their independence, preferred to die before surrendering ​ Ex of heroism: site of Sagunto (219 B.C)- lasted nine months ​ Under the hand of Hannibal (famous general)- the Carthaginians finally entered the city finding no more than ruins and death ❖​ Lusitanians (Portuguese and Spanish Celt-iberians) ​ While Hannibal entered Italy, Roman armies were penetrating Spain. ​ Gadir supported invasion of the Romans because of the atrocities committed by the Carths. General in Gadir ​ Romans were only interested (at first) in gaining the natural resources of Spain by enslaving inhabitants. ​ Led to revolt by the Lusitanians ​ Viriato- an old shepherd (pastor) led them and directed them against the Romans for eight years (147-139) ◆​ Defeated several Roman generals ◆​ Vertelio’s defeat at Tribola (Sierra de Ronda) caused Serviliano, the Roman consul, to sign a treaty. ​ Peace ended when the Consul (Quinto Servilio Cepión) bribed a group of Lusitanos to kill Viriato in his sleep. ​ Tautalos (Viriatos successor) was then forced to give in to the Romans ​ Same time- Romans also defeated the Celt-iberian City of Numanicia ◆​ Their city fought bravely for several years until its loss in 122 BC. ❖​ The Romans ​ After Lusitianians- romanization almost complete ​ Only needed to collect the northern part ​ Emperor Augustus (26 B.C.) attacked three fronts  ◆​ Austurias, Galicia, Cantabria ​ Soon all of Spain became pacified as they were victorious each time ​ Spain contributed greatly to the Roman Empire ​ The Spanish emperors of the Roman Empire ◆​ Adriano, Trajano, & Teodosio ​ Great philosophers ◆​ Seneca & Lucio Junio Moderato & poet Marco Valerio Marcial ​ They defeated the carths in 202 B.C. in the Púnicas wars (Guerras Púnicas) ​ After this, the Romans decided to conquer the whole peninsula and its inhabitants, ​ Inhabitants offered some resistance ​ Ex of Spanish heroism: El Sitio de Numanicia (133 B.C.)- lasted more than 15 months. ​ They stayed in Spain for six centuries ​ Was the most significant time for Spanish cultural formation ​ Roman presence can still be seen in the construction ​ Romans created a base of their language, system of laws, economic and social structure, many public works, grande carts, bridges, and aqueducts. ​ They founded cities, schools, theatres, and outdoor amphitheaters. (anfiteatros al aire libre) ​ Aqueduct in Segovia, Amphitheater in Mérida & many bridges ​ Christianity during this time took over & began the Hispanic-roman language. ❖​ Christianity’s Arrival in Spain ​ First century A.D.- typically thought to be due from St. James, a missionary. ​ Was received well and gained momentum until 313 AD ​ Constantine’s Edict of Milan ◆​ Banned all forms of persecution against Christians ​ This secured the religion in Spain ​ Driven from Italy, (great invasion of 406), the barbarian tribes from the north (suevos, vandalos, and Alanos) moved against Galicia in 409 ❖​ Visigods ​ Northern Germanic tribe ​ Entered with an able political direction (Ataulgo 410-415) ​ Occupied the French Catalonia, then took over Vandalos  ◆​ Then conquered Catalonia with Barcelona and all of the Tarraconense Provincia, and then finally conquered all of northern Spain ​ The entire Peninsula was under their control (584-585 AD) under King Leovigildo. ​ This was a milestone because this type of unification was not achieved again till the Catholic Kings. ​ Toward 5th century A.D.- Roman Decline ​ Visigods invaded Spain and ended Roman dominance ​ Established their government in Toledo ​ Their Dominican lasted for almost four centuries ​ Roman influence continued ​ The Visigoths adopted the Hispanic-roman language, laws, and costumes ​ Catholicism is now triumphing throughout Spain ​ The church became a large power among the federal kings ❖​ The Moors ​ The Muslims (Arabs, moors, beréberes) entered in the the year 711 ​ The battle of Guadalete- defeated the soldiers of King Rodrigo ​ Final Visigod king ​ The moors were able to dominate all of the peninsula ​ Not including some northern regions ​ The year 718, Don Pelayo with a small army of visogods, defeated the moors in Covadonga (Austrias) ​ This started the “Reconquista Era” ​ A constant battle between the Moors and the Christians that lasted almost 8 centuries until 1492 ❖​ Arabic Influence ​ Thanks to this influence, Spain became a more advanced and cultured society in all of Europe. ​ Arabs brought their architecture, systems of irrigation that are still used today, and art ​ From all parts, students arrived in Córdoba to study medicine, math, and science ​ Córdoba was the Arabic capital ​ The Christain King of León- Alfonso X (called el Sabio ​ reunited his court with his wiseness (sabio) between the Jews, Arabic, and Christians ​ There they studied and taught ​ Much of what is known about medieval Spain comes from there ❖​ Moor Control ​ The first 3 centuries, they lived in mostly peace ​ Later arrived invaders from North Africa and the Christian kings that were starting to unite to reconquer their lands ​ El Cid, (Rodirgo Díaz de Vivar) ◆​ Lived in the 11th century and became distinguished from the battle between the Moors and the Christians ◆​ Was feared by the moors, which is how he got his name ​ “El Cid” means “senor” in Arabic ◆​ In 1094, conquered the city of Valencia and ruled there until 1099 at his death. ​ An epic poem about his feats was created ​ (el Poema del Cid)- one of the masterworks of Spanish literature ❖​ Arab Domination ​ Tribal conflicts during the Visigoth period had easy entry for the organized Arab armies to overtake the peninsula. ​ They had rapid conquest of the Spanish territory ​ A few months in 711 AD ◆​ Shows the dysfunction of the Visigoth Spain ​ Had dominated by the end of the year and Spain became under the rule of the Caliphs of Damascus. ​ In 716, Al-Hurr led his arab forces to France to gain more territory, but resistance stopped the mission. ​ 929- Adberradman III separated Spain from Damascus domination ​ Then he proclaimed it the Caliphate of Cordova ​ Christians and the Jews had gained the freedom to worship ◆​ Jews and Arabs worked together to improve medicine and botany ◆​ Greek philosophy and culture were introduced ​ Cordova become most enlightened city in the world ​ Despite wealth of culture in Cordova, dissent grew in the north ◆​ Christians began to unite to start the reconquest ◆​ While containing the Christians, Cordova also had to withstand attacks from Damascus- who wanted to regain territory. ❖​ La Reconquista ​ Began in Asturias & lasted 8 long centuries  ​ Was not quick because the inhabitants could not unite and were governed by their own regions, rather than a sole nation ​ When Arabs were defeated by the Christians in the battle of Covadonga in 718 ​ Don Pelayo was responsible for victory and named king of Asturias ​ Muslim Spain had been going through many disputes which resulted in separated kingdoms ​ “Taifas” ​ Most important in Seville, Granada, Málaga, Badajoz, & Almería ◆​ Lack of unity caused invasions from the Muslim Almohades of North Africa ◆​ They were finally checked by King Alfonso VIII and other Christian kings in the battle of las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 ​ 200 years after Covadonga- Asturian Monachary felt secure enough to move the court to léon under Don García (910-914) ​ This signified the southward expansion of Christianity in Spain, ​ León was the undisputed capital ​ Condados (counties) of Castilla were never on good relations with León ​ United against the monarchy and declared Castilla independent in 951 ◆​ Castilla was not very strong, so their nobles were supposed to marry those of Navarra to strengthen their claim to independence ​ 1496 ​ Isabel- Princess of Castilla married Fernando- Prince of Aragón ​ When she became queen of Castilla and him King of Aragon. They were the most powerful king and queen ​ Called Los Reyes Católicos ​ The Christian Spaniards remained unified for the first time. ​ The Arabic empire only remained the king of Granada. ◆​ (governor of Boabdíl and “el Ultimo rey Moro”) ​ Reyes Católicos conquered Granada in 1492, ending la Reconquista ❖​ Union of Castilla and León ​ Reign of Fernando I (1035) ​ Disputes with León caused a war between Fernando and Bermudo III of León ​ Bermundo died in battle of Támara (Proinve of Palencia),  ◆​ His kingdom passed to Fernando- this united Castilla and León ​ Fernando III (1217-1253), ruler of a new kingdom- ​ Led troops to victory in some very important battles against Arabs ​ Even captured Córdoba (1236) ◆​ Wanted to preserve culture there, so he sent some of the recovered documents to Uni of Salamanca (founded by his father) ​ Leon y Castilla and Navarra were united, but smaller kingdoms like Aragón and Cataluña were not. ​ They were united by royal marriages, which opened cataluñian markets gave Christians a stronger foothold against Islam ​ Jaime I the Conqueror (1216-1276) conquered the Balearic islands (1235) ​ Wanted to also conquer Valencia- chief stronghold of the Arabs ​ The Siege of Valencia lasted six years and was won when a squadron of Turkish ships sent to defend the city was destroyed by Aragonese vessels (1238) ❖​ Los Reyes Católicos ​ Reunited the other independent regions under their crown ​ Created “La Santa Hermanad” ​ A “institución encargada de proteger a la población” and reorganize the La inquisición ​ Inquisición mission was to maintain a unified religion ◆​ In 1492- expelled all Jews from Spain