Ancient Iberian Civilizations

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Questions and Answers

Who led the Lusitanians in their revolt against the Romans?

  • Hannibal
  • Viriato (correct)
  • Don Pelayo
  • Tautalos

What was the name of the Roman emperor who gained full control of Northern Spain?

  • Constantine
  • Fernando I
  • Charlemagne
  • Augustus (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a famous Spanish philosopher mentioned in the text?

  • Séneca
  • Trajano (correct)
  • Lucio Junio Moderato
  • Marco Valerio Marcial

What was the name of the city that became the Visigoth capital in 484?

<p>Toledo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the Arab domination of Spain?

<p>The Visigoths' internal conflicts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name given to Islamic Spain by the Arabs?

<p>Al-Andalus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event marked the beginning of La Reconquista?

<p>The Battle of Covadonga (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the buffer zone set up by Charlemagne to contain the advance of the Moors?

<p>Spanish March (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following were Germanic tribes that invaded Spain in 409?

<p>Suevos, Vandals, Alans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the city that became the most enlightened city in the Muslim world under the rule of al-Hakem II?

<p>Córdoba (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups united to start the Reconquista?

<p>Christian groups who had fled north (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a famous medieval epic poem about the Spanish character, El Cid?

<p>El Cantar del Mío Cid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these kings united Castilla and León by inheriting the kingdom of Léon?

<p>Fernando I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What battle was a major victory for Don Pelayo?

<p>The Battle of Covadonga (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What city did Jaime I, the Conqueror, conquer in 1233?

<p>Palma de Mallorca (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the Carthaginian General who attacked Sagunto, killing its residents?

<p>Hannibal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the reason behind Muslim leader Tariq Gebel's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula?

<p>To conquer the region for the Islamic empire. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Roman's capture of Hannibal's brother-in-law?

<p>It led to a significant decline in Hannibal's army morale. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of Ibn-Abi Amir's reign as regent for Hisham II during the Moorish domination?

<p>He united the Muslims in Spain and declared war on the remaining Christian regions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the residents of Numancia resist the Roman occupation?

<p>They chose self-immolation rather than surrender to the Romans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the average lifespan of Europeans in the 13th and 14th centuries?

<p>25 years or less (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the name "Gibraltar"?

<p>The mountain of Tariq (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the depiction of a goddess of funerals in the urn described in the passage?

<p>It shows the fusion of Greek and Iberian cultural and religious elements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of text was primarily copied by monks during the medieval period?

<p>Religious texts, such as the Bible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hannibal's army

A 60,000-man army that crossed the Pyrenees to invade Rome.

Siege of Numancia

A major battle where 4,000 citizens resisted a Roman army of 60,000.

El Peñon de Gibraltar

Named after Tariq Gebel, a Moorish leader who invaded with Berber troops.

Hisham II

He became a ruler at age 12, during Moorish domination of Spain.

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Al Mansur

Advisor Ibn-Abi Amir, who gained power during Hisham II's reign.

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Jihad in Spain

A holy war declared against Christians by united Muslims during Moorish rule.

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Monastic book copying

Monks devoted lives to copying religious texts, often gilded.

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Life expectancy in the 13th century

Most Europeans lived only to age 25 due to harsh conditions.

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Prehistoric Man

Early humans predominantly engaged in hunting, with no agriculture.

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Caves of Altamira

Famous caves in Spain known for prehistoric paintings of animals.

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Iberians

Ancient group with Mediterranean roots, known for megalithic structures.

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Celt-Iberian Race

Mix of Celts and Iberians that settled in Spain.

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Phoenicians

Traders from the east known for founding Cádiz and skilled metalwork.

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Roman Invasion

Roman conquest for Spain’s wealth, met with resistance from locals.

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Viriato

Leader of Lusitanians who resisted Roman conquest in Spain.

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Christianity's Arrival

Introduced in the first century AD, replacing pagan beliefs.

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Visigoths

Germanic tribe that conquered northern Spain and established Toledo as capital.

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Al-Andalus

Islamic Spain under Arab control, flourishing culture.

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La Reconquista

Eight-century effort by Christians to reclaim Spain from Moors.

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El Cantar de Mio Cid

Epic poem regarding the exploits of the Cid, a Spanish hero.

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Jaime I

King known as 'the Conqueror' for reclaiming territories from Arabs.

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Tartessos

Legendary city described as wealthy, thought to connect with the Tarshish in the Bible.

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La Dama de Elche

Famous Iberian sculpture, now only partially survived.

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Study Notes

Early Inhabitants

  • Prehistoric humans were hunters (agriculture unknown)
  • Altamira Caves in Santander, Spain, featured early animal paintings

Iberians

  • Originated in the Mediterranean and southern Atlantic regions of Spain
  • Lived primarily along the eastern coast
  • Megalithic stone structures and sculptures are notable examples

Basques

  • Uncertain origins, with an unknown language.
  • Theorised to be descendants of Pyrenean shepherds

Tartessians

  • Originated in the Mediterranean
  • Lived south of Spain, with a capital city (Tartessos) that has not been confirmed or located.

Celts

  • Originated in central Europe.
  • Migrated to the northwestern part of Spain.
  • Formed the Celt-Iberian race in Spain
  • Introduced the concept of a matriarchal society.

Phoenicians

  • Traded extensively to Spain for resources (like silver).
  • Founded Gadir (Cádiz) a strategically important city.
  • Were skilled traders and metalworkers.
  • Established colonies, including Carthage.
  • Carthaginian wars resulted in conflict with Rome for control of Spain.

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