Geo Review PDF

Mapping 1. Know the following concepts and how to use them. Compass Bearing is the direction toward which you are headed as shown by a compass Compass Rose is the four cardinal parts of a compass that split the compass into 4 equal parts (N, E, S, W) Latitude is the angular distance of a pl...

Mapping 1. Know the following concepts and how to use them. Compass Bearing is the direction toward which you are headed as shown by a compass Compass Rose is the four cardinal parts of a compass that split the compass into 4 equal parts (N, E, S, W) Latitude is the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth’s equator usually expressed in degrees and minutes. 00 is the equator Longitude is the angular distance of a place east or west of the prime meridian which runs through Greenwich, England and is 00. There are 360 degrees longitude around the earth and 24 hours each day, with each time zone equal to 15 degrees. Each time zone west of 0 degrees is 1 hour behind Greenwich or the Prime Meridian. Each time zone east of 0 degrees is 1 hour ahead. Two sides meet at the International Date Line which is located roughly at 1800 longitude in the Pacific Ocean, where the date changes 1 day forward or backward depending on which way you are travelling (travelling East = forward, travelling West = backward). The International Date Line is not perfectly straight and zig zags east and west of the 1800 meridian at some points. Note that the time zones have shifted to bend or follow national boundaries, so they are not perfectly straight. 2. Canada Map… see exam review sheet for details to be mapped… 3. Be able to label a Compass Rose and use Compass Bearings for directions on a map. 4. What makes a country? If you wanted your property to become its own nation, what would you need to do? 7 facts to know: A country has space or territory that has internationally recognized boundaries (boundary disputes are okay) Has people who live there on an ongoing basis Has economic activity and an organized economy Regulates foreign and domestic trade and issues money Has the power of social engineering like education Has a government that provides public services and police power transportation system for moving goods and people Has a Has sovereignty. No other state should have power over the country’s territory. Has external recognition. A country has been “voted into the club” by other countries. There are 196 independent countries or states around the world and 193 are UN member states. Countries that are not UN members include: 1. Vatican City (Holy See) - status of permanent observers of UN proceedings for political and religious reasons  2. Palestine - status of permanent observers of UN proceedings for political and religious reasons 3. Taiwan’s UN membership is complicated because the country meets most of the criteria of a sovereign state, but is not recognized as independent by most UN member countries. Therefore, Taiwan is both a non-member and a non-country in the eyes of the UN. China claims Taiwan as one of its territories… South Sudan is the newest country in the world and became a country on July 9, 2011. Why are regions like Scotland, Greenland, Antarctica, Wales and Puerto Rico not countries? These regions are part of other countries: Scotland and Wales are part of the United Kingdom Greenland is part of Denmark Puerto Rico is part of the United States of America Antarctica has 7 sovereign states making claims over its land area (Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom) How is Vladimir Putin using this as a way to take over Eastern Ukraine? Vladimir Putin uses this as a way to take over eastern Europe because they don’t recognize Ukraine as a country. Russia is using this as an excuse to invade Ukraine by saying that Ukraine was historically a part of Russia. It hasn’t been recognized by other countries, however, Russia believes it’s actually Russia’s land. 5. Be able to identify the Globe’s main latitude and longitude lines and explain the importance of each. What is it about them that makes these lines significant? Need to know: Equator, tropic of Cancer, tropic of Capricorn, Arctic circle, Antarctica circle. Longitude: prime meridian, international dateline On the 23.5-degree tilt is where there is direct sunlight, on the Arctic circle and Antarctic circle sunlight there is either no sun or only sun. June 21 summer solstice, September 21 equinox, December 21 winter solstice, March 21 Equinox. Equinox: equal day and night 6. Latitude and Longitude Be able to locate points on a latitude and longitude grid Locate and explain the Equator Locate and explain the Prime Meridian Locate and explain the International Date Line Why are 23.5N and 23.5 S important latitude lines? The reason for the location of the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn at roughly 23.5 degrees north and south, respectively, is due to the axial tilt of the Earth. The Earth is tilted 23.5 degrees from the plane of the Earth's revolution around the sun each year. The Earth's 23.5-degree tilt is all-important in changing our seasons. Near June 21st, the summer solstice, the Earth is tilted such that the Sun is positioned directly over the Tropic of Cancer. 23.5 degrees north latitude. This situated the northern hemisphere in a more direct path of the Sun's energy. Located at approximately 23.5 degrees south latitude, or 23.5 degrees south of the equator, this circle marks the southernmost point on Earth where the sun is directly overhead at noon. 7. Time zones Calculate the dijerences between time zones Number of time zones in Canada and the world Number of degrees per time zone Explain why time zones are not perfectly parallel - give an example Chapter 1 Canada's population pattern 1. Population density = The average number of people living in a particular place. It is calculated by dividing the population of a place by the area of the place. Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) = an urban area in Canada with a population over 100 000. A CMA is centered around a city and generally extends beyond the borders of the city. Community = a group of people who share common characteristics, such as their history, culture, beliefs, or simply the space where they live. You can belong to more than one community. Continuous ecumene = the part of the country where there is continuous, permanent settlement. An example is the north shore of Lake Ontario from Hamilton east to Toronto and east to Oshawa Discontinuous ecumene = The part of the country where there are significant patches of settlement. Example = rural towns with farms in between Survey system = a grid system used to locate and identify parcels of land and roads. Dispersed population = a population spread evenly across the land; common in agricultural areas. Concentrated population = a population-focused in areas with specific resource industries, such as mines or paper mills. Linear population = a population settled along a line, such as a coastline, river, or highway, railway line 2. Why is Canada’s population distribution so uneven? Why do people live where they do? List and describe the five main factors. Canada’s population is uneven because the country has large wild and thinly populated areas in the north, with large urban places in relatively small areas of the country where most Canadians live. Southern areas of Canada had land that is more accessible historically by water and the natural topography allowed for settlement and farming. In these areas, cities became established over time. In contrast, the far north is rocky, barren, very cold and inhospitable in winter, making it dijicult to settle. Need 5 main factors…. 1. Climate - Canada - south 2. Landform - good for farming 3. Economy 4. Resources (gold mine) 5. Freshwater - transport - life 3. What is population density and how is it calculated? Why is this an important statistic? What does it tell us about nations? The world? Population density = The average number of people living in a particular place. It is calculated by dividing the population of a place by the area of the place. It is generally expressed as the number of people per square kilometre. Population density is important because it allows us to compare how large our population is per square kilometre compared to other countries you are studying. Density shows how many people live in close proximity in the study areas and it tells us how crowded the land area is with people. Canada has a relatively small population for the size of the country, whereas the US and China, are slightly smaller in land mass but have much higher populations and therefore higher population densities (Canada 37M people, US 334M, China, 1.443B). The US population is approximately 9 times dense than Canada and China’s population is almost 40 times denser than Canada's. 4. Be able to read an Isodemographic map and what it’s telling us? What will a global isodemographic map look like in AD 2100? How do you know? Provide reasons for your projection. An isodemographic map shows each country’s size on the map based on its population and not it's a land area (which is the base for most maps). The isodemographic of the world shows how significant each country's population is in relation to other countries. Asia, Europe and South America will most likely have the highest populations throughout the world. Chapter 2 Landforms and geology 1. Plate tectonics = the theory that the earth's outer shell is made up of individual plates that move, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and the formation and destruction of areas of the crust. Fault lines = fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form of creep. Weathering = physical and chemical breakdown of rocks at or near the surface of the earth Erosion = is the geological process in which the earth's materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water. Deposition = the laying down of sediment carried by the wind, flowing water, the sea or ice. Glaciation = As glaciers move across a landscape, they alter the terrain and carve out unique formations. This process is called glaciation and is responsible for many of the most recognizable landscapes on Earth. Convection currents = use the mass motion of a fluid such as water, air, or molten rock to transfer heat from one location to another. Coniferous/Deciduous trees = The deciduous trees have leaves that fall oj yearly. Coniferous trees bear cones and have needles or scales that do not fall oj. Landform regions = a feature on Earth's surface that is part of the terrain. Four major types of landforms: Mountains, hills, plateaus and plains. Tectonic plate movement under Earth can create landforms by pushing up mountains and hills. Minor landforms include buttes, canyons, valleys, and basins. Convergent, divergent, and transform plates = convergent plates are tectonic plates that are pushing together, divergent plates are plates that are pulling away from each other, and transform plates and plates that are rubbing against each other. Igneous/metamorphic/sedimentary rock Igneous rocks are made from magma. Magma that cools underground forms intrusive rocks; magma that cools on the earth’s surface as lava forms extrusive rocks. Metamorphic rocks form when other types of rocks change into new ones. They form deep underground. They require a lot of time, heat and pressure to form. A sedimentary rock is formed from eroded pieces of mineral, rocks, and fossils building up in layers through deposition 2. Know about plate tectonics, fault lines and why most volcanoes and earthquakes happen where they do. Plate tectonics causes volcanoes and/or earthquakes and other natural disasters because of the movement of the earth’s plates. Sometimes the magma escapes which causes volcanoes, sometimes the magma doesn't escape and just the movement of the plates can cause earthquakes. Fault lines or hot spot areas where the plates are moving the most are likely to experience the most natural disasters. 3. What impact does the Ring of Fire have on Canada? The Ring of Fire is located along the edges of the Pacific Ocean and runs along the BC coastline in Canada. It has 90% of the earth’s volcanoes and 70% of the earth’s earthquakes in this region. Areas of coastal BC including Vancouver are at risk for a catastrophic earthquake and/or tsunami. In BC, schools prepare for earthquakes with students participating in drills so they know what to do in case of an earthquake. Research suggested that a devastating magnitude 9.0 earthquake should occur roughly every 300 to 800 years. The last major earthquake was recorded in 1700, so now 322 years later British Columbians are taking the earthquake risk very seriously. 4. Know why the earth's plates move. The heat from rising magma and magma below the plates causes them to move. 5. Know the rock cycle and be able to describe it in your own words. What types of rocks have fossils in them? Why? Fossils are found in sedimentary rock. When tiny bits of rocks and minerals (called sediment) join together over millions of years, they become sedimentary rock. Plants and animals that become sandwiched in this sediment eventually turn into fossils. How are Igneous rocks formed? What is a sedimentary rock? What is a metamorphic rock? Give examples of each. Igneous rocks are made from magma from deep underground. Magma that cools underground forms intrusive rocks; magma that cools on the earth’s surface as lava forms extrusive rock. Metamorphic rocks form when other types of rocks change into new ones. They form deep underground. They require a lot of time, heat and pressure to form. Sedimentary rocks are formed from eroded pieces of minerals, rocks, and fossils building up in layers through deposition 6. Types of rock are a major factor in Canadian landforms. What kinds of rock exist in each landform? As a result, what resources do we find in each landform? For example, oil, potash, gold, lumber, lobster, potatoes, good farmland (i.e. wheat), etc. Rock types in each landform: Appalachian Mountains = sedimentary Canadian Shield = igneous Hudson Bay Lowlands = sedimentary Arctic lowlands = sedimentary Western cordillera = igneous Interior plains = all three igneous metamorphic sedimentary St. Lawrence Lowlands = sedimentary Resources in each landform: Appalachian Mountains = coal and fish. Zinc, lead, potash, salt, asbestos, copper and gold Canadian Shield = nickel, gold, silver, and copper Hudson Bay Lowlands = copper, zinc, gold and nickel  Arctic lowlands = oil and natural gas, large quantities of minerals including iron ore, copper, nickel, zinc phosphates and diamonds Western cordillera = gold, copper, iron, silver, lead and zinc Interior plains = oil, natural gas, coal, forests, and farmland St. Lawrence Lowlands = iron-ore, zinc, coal, silver, copper and lead, as well as the great lakes themselves 7. Be able to identify landforms on a map of Canada 8. What resources are found in each landform of Canada? What economic activity happens in the various Canadian landforms? Why? Appalachian Mountains = coal and fish. Zinc, lead, potash, salt, asbestos, copper and gold Canadian Shield = nickel, gold, silver, and copper Hudson Bay Lowlands = copper, zinc, gold and nickel  Arctic lowlands = oil and natural gas, large quantities of minerals including iron ore, copper, nickel, zinc phosphates and diamonds Western cordillera = gold, copper, iron, silver, lead and zinc Interior plains = oil, natural gas, coal, forests, and farmland St. Lawrence Lowlands = iron-ore, zinc, coal, silver, copper and lead, as well as the great lakes themselves For example, why is there so little farming in the Canadian Shield (think both landform and climate)? Canadian Shield = igneous rock, does not have fertile soil and the fertile soil was scraped away due to glaciation in the last ice age, so the ground is rocky and hard to farm Canadian Shield climate is generally very cold particularly in the far north, making farming dijicult 9. Where did the March 11, 2011 tsunami occur? What caused it? What were the consequences? What does this mean for people living in British Columbia (Pacific Ring of Fire)? On March 11, 2011, Japan experienced the strongest earthquake in its recorded history the earthquake struck below the North Pacific Ocean The Tohoku earthquake caused a tsunami more than 15,500 people died, severely crippled the infrastructure of the country, and thousands of destroyed homes, businesses, roads, and railways 10. What happened in Tonga on Jan 15, 2022? Why did it happen there? volcano in Tonga produced a massive eruption The volcano triggered a transoceanic tsunami with waves up to 15m high which were generated by an atmospheric shock wave produced during the volcanic explosion and the interaction between very hot magma and the seawater 11. Which areas of Canada have coniferous trees? Deciduous trees? Mixed Forests? Physical Geography Chapters 2 (a little bit), 3, & 4 Grade 9 Chapters 2 & 3: Landforms, Geology, Climate, Vegetation, Soil, & Human Activity 1. Know the terms from both chapters. Remember, you do not need to memorize definitions, but you should know the concepts and what these terms mean in context. Part of demonstrating geographic knowledge is good to use geographic terms. Maritime Climate A Maritime Climate is characterized by cool summers and cool winters, with a narrow annual temperature range and few extremes due to maritime influence. They are characterized by mild weather, even levels of precipitation, and a narrow annual range of temperature. Weathering Weathering is the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks at or near the surface of the earth Erosion Erosion is the geological process in which the earth's materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water. Deposition A deposition is the laying down of sediment carried by the wind, flowing water, the sea or ice Glaciation As glaciers move across a landscape, they alter the terrain and carve out unique formations. This process is called glaciation, and it is responsible for many of the most recognizable landscapes on Earth. Characteristics of Landform Regions Igneous/Sedimentary/Metamorphic Rock Igneous rocks are made from magma. Magma that cools underground forms intrusive rocks; magma that cools on the earth’s surface as lava forms extrusive rocks. Metamorphic rocks form when other types of rocks change into new ones. They form deep underground. They require a lot of time, heat and pressure to form. Sedimentary rock is formed from eroded pieces of minerals, rocks, and fossils building up in layers through deposition Wet Soils and Dry Soils Wet soil is soil that develops where leaching is the dominant soil-forming process. Dry soils are soils that develop where calcification is the dominant soil-forming process. Climate regions, Landform regions and Vegetation Regions Did you mean where the regions r or what they mean Landform regions (Chapter 2 page 50) Climate Regions (Chapter 3 page 64)  Vegetation regions (Chapter 3 page 72)  Continental Climate Continental climate is the climate in areas far from an ocean. The annual temperature range is large and precipitation is low. Climate Graph A graph that summarizes climate data for a particular location.  Factors for Dijerent Climates - LOWERN o Latitude o Ocean currents o Wind, air masses and jet streams o Elevation o Relief o Near water 2. Types of rock are a major factor in Canadian landforms. What kinds of rock exist in each landform? As a result, what resources do we find in each landform? (i.e Potash, gold, good farmland, etc.) Rock types in each landform: Appalachian Mountains = sedimentary Canadian Shield = igneous  Hudson Bay Lowlands = sedimentary Arctic lowlands = sedimentary Western Cordillera = igneous Interior plains = all three igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary St. Lawrence Lowlands = sedimentary Resources in each landform: Appalachian Mountains = Coal and fish. Zinc, lead, potash, salt, asbestos, copper and gold Canadian Shield = nickel, gold, silver, and copper Hudson Bay Lowlands = copper, zinc, gold and nickel Arctic lowlands = oil and natural gas, large quantities of minerals including iron ore, copper, nickel, zinc phosphates and diamonds Western Cordillera = gold, copper, iron, silver, lead and zinc Interior plains = oil, natural gas, coal, forests, and farmland St. Lawrence Lowlands = iron-ore, zinc, coal, silver, copper and lead, as well as the Great Lakes themselves 3. Be able to identify landforms on a map of Canada 4. Be able to read and compare climate graphs. What does it say about a particular area? 5. What are the 6 main factors that influence climate? The six main factors that influence climate are in and an acronym of LOWERN. Six major factors determine the climate that exists in any particular location. These factors are based on where you are. Factors are: Latitude Ocean currents Wind, air masses and jet streams Elevation relief Near water 7. Vancouver and Winnipeg are about the same distance from the Equator but have very dijerent climates. Explain the various reasons why. Vancouver is near the ocean (maritime climate) which keeps the temperature warmer in winter because water helps regulate the temperature. The water heats and cools at a slower rate than the air does, so Vancouver’s temperature is more moderate than Winnipeg's. Winnipeg is a Continental location, which means it is not near any major body of water and because of this it is colder in winter Vancouver is also west of the mountains, so Vancouver has high precipitation as water moves oj the Pacific Ocean, gets trapped by the mountains and precipitates in the Vancouver area. In contrast, Winnipeg gets less precipitation because it is not near a major body of water or mountains. 8. Why is the climate in the GTA the way it is? What are the main factors that influence the climate in this area? The GTA’s climate can be explained by considering LOWERN: Latitude - GTA is located at 43.65° N, which is relatively far north of the equator and results in us having 4 seasons Ocean currents - GTA is not located near an Ocean, which means we do not have a maritime climate, so temperature variance between winter and summer is more extreme Wind, air masses and jet streams - Because the GTA is located new the Great Lakes, the prevailing winds pick up evaporation and create a frequent pattern of precipitation in the area Elevation relief - 76 m above sea level, so the temperature is not influenced by elevation like in mountain  Near water - We are surrounded by the Great Lakes, specifically Lake Ontario. Because of the lake, there is more evaporation resulting in more precipitation helping to support vegetation and wildlife 9. What does it mean to use resources sustainably? It means that we use natural resources in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long- term decline of biological diversity. This means that we maintain the potential to meet the needs of present and future generations. 10. Why is soil so important to life? What impact does it have on where people live? Why is erosion a key concern when it comes to our soils? Soil is so important to life because it ajects so many aspects of our life. For starters, it grows food. Good and healthy soil means good and healthy food. And on top of that soil takes co2 out of the air meaning that it could solve the problem of global warming. If we were to regenerate all of the soil we could easily decline and put a stop to climate change. It has an impact on where people live because the healthier the soil is the easier it is to access certain things. For instance, if the soil is healthy you know that there is water in the area for you to drink and use in your home. It also means you will be able to access and or grow food. Many people move to have better opportunities for jobs. The soil is no dijerent in order for farms to work they have to have good soil to work with. Erosion is a concern when it comes to our soils because it reduces the amount of land that is available to grow food and support livestock on. This directly impacts the ability for people to live in the area. In addition, eroded soil also reduces the positive CO2 reduction benefit that good soil brings, so the environment is less healthy if the soil is eroded. 11. What impact does soil have on climate change? What are regeneration and its drawback? (think Kiss the Ground documentary). Soil regeneration is simply the process of improving the quality of your soil by adding organic matter, which helps to improve drainage, water retention, and nutrition for your plants. And on top of that soil takes co2 out of the air meaning that it could solve the problem of global warming. If we were to regenerate all of the soil we could easily decline and put a stop to climate change. It has an impact on where people live because the healthier the soil is the easier it is to access certain things. For instance, if the soil is healthy you know that there is water in the area for you to drink and use in your home. It also means you will be able to access and or grow food. Many people move to have a better opportunities for jobs. The soil is no dijerent in order for farms to work they have to have good soil to work with. Regeneration is the process of improving the quality of soil by adding organic matter. 12. Use the plants and soils in my class as an example of regeneration and the nutrient cycle. 13. Which areas of Canada have Coniferous trees? Deciduous trees? Mixed Forest? Chapter 4: 1. Know the terms & concepts from this chapter Total stock All parts of the natural environment including energy, living organisms, and nonliving materials. For example, sunlight, trees, and water are all part of the total stock. Natural resources Things found in the total stock that people find useful.  Non-renewable resources Resources that are limited and cannot be replaced once they are used up (coal, natural gas) Flow resources Resources that are replaced by natural actions and must be used when and where they occur or be lost (i.e. water, sunlight, wind) Other resources Resources that do not fit into the other three categories Renewable resources Resources that can be regenerated if used carefully (trees, fish) Waste diversion The process of diverting waste from landfills. Conservation The wise use of resources Leachate Water that has percolated through a solid and leached out some of the constituents. Methane Methane is a gas that is found in small quantities in the atmosphere. 2. What resources are found where in Canada? What landforms? Why? Energy resources include natural gas, crude oil, crude bitumen (oil sands) and coal. Mineral resources include gold-silver, nickel-copper, copper-zinc, lead-zinc, iron, molybdenum, uranium, potash and diamonds. Timber reserves include timber stocks that are physically accessible and available for harvesting. Appalachian Mountains Canadian Shield Hudson Bay Lowlands Arctic lowlands Western Cordillera Interior plains St. Lawrence Lowlands 3. What are Canada’s primary resources for export? (refer to PowerPoint notes). 4. What are Fossil Fuels? What do we use this for? Why are they found in sedimentary rock and not Igneous rock? (refer to Rock Cycle) Fossil fuel is a generic term for non-renewable energy sources such as coal, coal products, natural gas, derived gas, crude oil, petroleum products and non-renewable wastes. These fuels originate from plants and animals that existed in the geological past (for example, millions of years ago). Fossil fuels are used in the generation of electricity, used in transportation as fuel for automobiles and jets. The by-product of oil is used to produce chemicals, plastics, lubricants, tars, waxes, medicines etc. Also, many fertilizers, as well as pesticides, are made from either oil or its by-product. Sedimentary rock is the only rock that builds up over time and can build around these fossil fuels. It is also the only rock that is always on the exterior of the earth. 5. When is something considered a “resource”? How does this apply to the Mica rock? I showed you in class (the glass-looking rock) Will be asked when is something considered a resource but won't specifically be asked about mica rock. 6. How can governments apply either a “carrot” or a “stick” to get people and companies to use resources in more sustainable ways? Carrot = Incentives to be more sustainable Education that companies/people can save money by reducing waste (i.e. paperless billing, publishing fuel economy of cars) Create recycling programs with municipal recycling and compost materials Legislation and regulation to encourage sustainable business practices (i.e. Canadian EnerGuide program) Government grants and loans for the development of new sustainable technologies Tax rebates for saving resources Stick = punishment for polluting Taxes, fines or penalties for polluting or being wasteful Regulations and minimum standards for products (automobile fuel economy requirements) 7. Recently, governments in Canada have implemented a “Carbon Tax” to help reduce CO2 emissions. Is this a “carrot” or a “stick” approach to sustainability? Do you think it will work? Why or why not? Are there better ways to deal with increasing greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere? A carbon tax aims to make individuals and companies pay the full social cost of carbon pollution. In theory, the tax is a “stick” approach that will reduce pollution and encourage more environmentally friendly alternatives. However, critics argue a tax on carbon will increase costs for businesses and reduce levels of investment and economic growth. A carbon tax could discourage the use of fossil fuels and encourage a shift to less- polluting fuels, thereby limiting the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that are by far the most prevalent greenhouse gas. Do you think it will work? Why or why not? Are there better ways to deal with increasing greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere? Canada is a wealthy nation, with lots of taxes, so a carbon tax may not work because people will just pay the tax and get on with their lives. Also, a carbon tax on fossil fuels is often regressive in its impact- hurting poorer people relatively more than richer ones. Even when it might be progressive, poorer people still sujer a welfare loss when prices rise, making their consumption basket more expensive. A carbon tax is only one part of the solution and we need to encourage investment into green alternatives so they become cheaper and make polluting habits are more expensive. Also, we need to invest in things like reforestation, sustainable farming practices, and other environmentally friendly practices to improve our world, not just reduce pollution. 8. Resources are not, they become. What does that mean? It means that resources are taken from the earth and used to fulfill the purposes we need them for. 9. What are the three categories of Natural Resources? Give examples for each. Perpetual renewable resources - Sunlight, wind, geothermal heat, tides, and flowing water Intermediate renewable resources - freshwater, soil, crops and trees for timber Non-renewable resources - oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy 10. In your opinion, what five things can a student and the school can do that will increase resource sustainability the most? Give examples to develop your argument. Unit 1 Review: Human Geography Chapter 10 1. Know the terms you were introduced to in this chapter. Memorization of definitions is not the goal, but good use and understanding of these terms are. 2. Know the following calculations: Birth rate - the number of births in a population per year per 1000 people Death rate - the number of deaths in a population per year per 1000 people Natural Increase - the birth rate minus the death rate. So, natural population increase is a positive natural change, when the number of live births is larger  than the number of deaths during the time period considered. Natural population decrease is the opposite, a negative natural change when the number of deaths exceeds the number of births Immigration Rate - the number of immigrants moving to a country per year per 1000 people Emigration Rate - the number of emigrants moving from a country per year per 1000 people Net Migration - immigration rate minus emigration rate o Immigration Rate > Emigration Rate = Population Increase o Immigration Rate < Emigration Rate = Population Decrease Population Growth rate - The Natural Increase Rate + Net Migration o Examples: o If Canada’s Natural Increase Rate is 3.7/1000 + Canada’s Net Migration 6/1000, then population growth rate is 9.7/1000 Dependency Load - the percentage of the population that is not working, typically kids under 15 and adults over 65. These people are dependent on the rest of society to support them because they are not contributing to the economy Lifespan - the average number of years a human lives in a country 3. a. What is Canada’s dependency load (percentage)? How do you know? Show your calculations? b. What is the dependency load of a nation like Kenya? Prove with facts and calculations. 4. Know the various ways people can migrate to Canada. Be able to provide INFORMED opinions about these programs – how many come through each program per year, the pros and cons of Canada’s immigration system, etc.  Skilled worker class - potential skilled workers are judged on a points system. If one person qualifies, the family is admitted. The government has identified skills needed in Canada like engineers, business executives, doctors, nurses and medical technicians - # TBD?? Skilled trades class - immigrants with trades skills in short supply in Canada like electricians, plumbers, machinists, loggers and mine workers - a pass or fail system rather than a points system. Requirements include having a job ojer in Canada, having strong enough language skills to do the job, having 2 more years of experience in the trade and being qualified to do the job by Canadian standards - # TBD?? Canadian experience class - accept immigrants who have legally worked in Canada under a temporary program for at least 1 year. It is a pass-or-fail system, but the applicant does not require a job ojer in Canada - # TBD?? Start-up Visa - an immigrant must want to start a business in Canada. Applicants must meet 4 criteria to be accepted: o Show approved Canadian investors will fund their business idea o Must demonstrate a high degree of proficiency in English or French o They must have at least one year of post-secondary education o They must have enough of their own money to support themselves until the proceeds from their business can support them Temporary Foreign Worker - Canada grants work permits for temporary foreign workers. o This program is very controversial o Supporters say it is essential to the operation of many kinds of business o Critics claim that it allows companies to hire foreign workers when they could employ Canadian residents o At the end of the work contract, you must return to your home country or you could apply for a Canadian experience class and possibly stay  Family class - citizens or permanent residents of Canada are allowed to sponsor close family members who want to move to Canada. o The sponsor agrees to be financially responsible for the person being sponsored o Depending on the relationship, the length of the financial commitment varies from 3 - 10 years Refugee Class - under international law all countries have a responsibility to accept legitimate refugees. o refugees are people who move to another country because they fear for their safety in their home country o Each refugee claim is judged on its merits 5. Know how the immigration points system works. You will likely be given a scenario on the test and you’ll need to make the point calculation. You do NOT need to memorize the points chart – I’ll provide it ☺ 6. Know WHERE immigrants settle in Canada. Be familiar with the percentages. Why in these places? Vancouver (40%) Calgary (26.6%) Quebec-Gatineauu/hamiltonLondonn/St.Catharines-niagara (21.2%) Montreal (22.6%) Toronto (46%) Reasons why:  Most immigrants to Canada come from large cities so they are most comfortable living in large cities in Canada. The large CMAs have large and growing economies. New immigrants need to find jobs, and most go where job prospects are good. Many immigrants have family members and friends who previously came to Canada, and most of these people are in large cities. It is easier to make the transition to life in Canada. Large cities provide formal and informal support for this process. 7. Know push and pull factors and how they apply to immigration. Push factors: These could be fairly trivial, such as the weather. They could also be serious - the threat of war, poor environmental conditions, or desperate economic problems. Pull factors: attractive pull factors might include economic and educational opportunities and political stability. Having relatives or friends in another country is a very important pull factor. 8. Russia, as many eastern European nations, has a negative population growth rate. What does that mean? Why is it a concern? Why is this happening, and what is Russia trying to do about it? What do you think should be done? 9.Be able to read and make sense of graphs. What are they telling you, what PATTERNS and TRENDS do you notice? What does that mean for the future of Canada? the world? INQUIRY” What further QUESTIONS arise when studying the graph? What graph? Global Population, Density, and Distribution Chapter 11 & 1 Review Chapter 11 summarized by Hans Rosling: Global Population 1. Know the terms from 11. Remember, you do not need to memorize definitions, but you should know the concepts and what these terms mean in context. Part of demonstrating geographic knowledge is good to use geographic terms. Total fertility rate - the average number of children born to a woman in her lifetime Demographic transition model - a model used to describe the change from a high birth rate and high death rate demographic pattern to a low birth rate and low death rate pattern Subsistence farming - farming is done with the primary goal of feeding one’s family rather than selling agricultural products for income Replacement rate (RR) - the total fertility rate that will result in a stable population. The RR is usually considered to be 2.1 children per woman Population implosion - a dramatic decline in population; the opposite of a population explosion Demographic trap - the situation in which a country’s population growth rate is so high that the country is not able to develop economically and socially Fragile state - a poor country that is not able to respond to crises that might occur in its food supply, healthy care, or other critical systems NGO (non-governmental organization) - a private, not-for-profit organization that works to achieve particular social, environmental, or political goals 2. Know the information from the Don’t Panic, the Truth about Population presentation by Hans Rosling. If needed, watch it again. 3. Know the pre-transition, early transition, late transition and post-transition stages of the Demographic Transition Model. What is happening in each stage? What nations would be in each transition stage? What stage is the world in now? Where will it be in 2100? Where is Canada currently? How do you know? Pre-transition - the birth and death rates are high but similar. An average woman has 6-10 children in her life, or even more. Most children don't reach adulthood. The population grows little, if at all. Early transition - the birth rate remains high while the death rate drops dramatically. The result is a population explosion Only a few very poor countries, mainly in dry areas of northern Africa, are still in stage two. Examples are Chad and Niger Late transition - the death rate drops to below 10 per 1000, while the birth rate drops quickly Traditional attitudes favouring large families gradually change, especially in cities. This is partly because raising children has become more costly. Most of the developing world is now in the late transition phase. Post-Transition - the death rate and birth rate stabilize at about the same level slightly below 10 per 1000. Another way to look at this is by comparing the total fertility rate to the replacement rate. In theory, the TFR and RR should be the same in stage 4 at about 2.2. The result would be a stable population. 4. How can poverty be defined? What are key ways in which the world can move people out of extreme poverty? Poverty is the state of being extremely poor. Solve the demographic trap by providing education and health care, particularly birth control to help slow population growth so it can become more economically manageable. Provide financial assistance to poorer countries either through: a. Direct governmental aid (also known as Ojicial Development Assistance ODA) is used for education, health care and food security programs implemented by the poor country’s government, or b. Donations to Non-governmental Organizations NGOs who work in poor countries to directly improve living conditions on the ground 5. THINKING: If Canada implemented a one-child policy like China did for 30 years, what would be the demographic impact on our nation? Would it be positive? Negative? Both?  With a one-child policy population in Canada would decrease, but not significantly because Canada’s birth rate in 2020 was 1.4 births per woman, which means the population is not replacing itself Canada’s population growth comes more from Net Migration, so the country could increase its immigration to still have population growth Overall, a one-child policy would slow economic growth in Canada, but likely not be catastrophic because Canada already has a low birth rate and could replace births with additional immigration 6. What will be the main challenges the world will face over the next 80 years? How can Canada improve and help so that we face these challenges with success? The global population will continue to increase over the next 80 years, which will add strain to our global resources, increase pollution and the risk of food shortage Because of the high population increase, we could start to experience demographic traps. Countries already facing these overpopulation problems leading to poverty will almost become non-functional and countries that are wealthier and not in overpopulation problems will start to experience the demographic trap. 7. Be familiar with stats like Life Expectancy, Infant and Child Mortality, Fertility Rates, and Literacy Rates. Life expectancy is the number of years a person can expect to live. By definition, life expectancy is based on an estimate of the average age members of a particular population group will be when they die. Infant and child mortality is the death of an infant before his or her first birthday.  The fertility rate is total (births per woman) Long definition. The total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with age- specific fertility rates of the specified year. The literacy rate is the proportion of the adult population aged 15 years and over which is literate, expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population, total or for a given sex, in a given country, territory, or geographic area, at a specific point in time, usually mid-year 8. Be able to interpret population pyramids and graphs, understand them and apply the information. Get pictures online. What graphs