Ch 1 Geography Quiz Review.pdf

Geography Review Types of Maps Political: Indicate provincial, territories and capital but no physical features. Physical: Indicate mountains, rivers and lakes. Road: Google Maps, major highways and buildings Topographic: Use contour lines, and is complex to understand in the first look. Thematic: F...

Geography Review Types of Maps Political: Indicate provincial, territories and capital but no physical features. Physical: Indicate mountains, rivers and lakes. Road: Google Maps, major highways and buildings Topographic: Use contour lines, and is complex to understand in the first look. Thematic: Focus on one theme/topic ; votes in Canada. Mr. Help stands for M: Movement R: Region HE: Human Environment Interaction L: Location P: Place Difference between Absolute Location and Relative Location Absolute Locations are clear and precise meaning they use a specific place on the earth's surface, they are represented using grids, have longitude and latitude(coordinates and use a global address. An example can be 225 Webb Drive, Mississauga, On L5B4P2 Relative Location is where a place is in relation to another place. They use directional words or cardinal directions, like north, northeast etc.. An example can be, my house is five minutes away from square one by walking straight and taking a right. Plate Tectonics Discovered by J. Tuzo Wilson in 1968 There are 15 major plates and 60 minor plates They move 2-5 cm a year. Volcanic Eruptions cause the convergent and divergent plates to move. Transform plates only experience earthquakes, no volcanic activity. The most frequent and powerful earthquakes and volcanoes occur around the edge of the Pacific Plates , which we call the Pacific Ring of Fire. Divergent Boundaries (Pull apart, the word diverse) Convergent Boundaries (Collide together, the word conserve) Transform (slide past each other in opposite directions) Example is San Andreas Fault. Important Terms Subduction: Occurs when an oceanic plate runs into a continental plate and slides beneath it. Erosion: Earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water Weathering: Breaks down or dissolves rock, but does not involve movement. Deposition: Laying down of sediment carried by wind, flowing water, the sea or ice. Mid-ocean ridge: Created by the spreading of the sea floor where two plates are diverging. Convection Currents: the movement of magma that makes the tectonic plates move. Short-Answer Key: Alfred Wegener Theory + Evidence Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift proposed that the continents were once part of a supercontinent called Pangaea and have since drifted apart to their current positions. He supported this idea with several pieces of evidence, which included: Evidence - Jigsaw Fit Wegener noticed that the continents seemed to fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, particularly the coastlines of South America and Africa. This observation suggested that the continents were once connected and later drifted apart over time. Evidence - Same Fossils Wegener found that identical fossils of certain plants and animals were discovered on continents now separated by oceans. For instance, fossils of the reptile Mesosaurus were found in both South America and Africa. This suggested that these continents were once connected, allowing the organisms to live across them before drifting apart. Evidence - Ice Sheets Evidence of glacial deposits from ancient ice sheets was found in now tropical regions like South America, Africa, India, and Australia. Wegener proposed that these areas were once located closer to the South Pole and covered by ice sheets before drifting to their present positions. Evidence - Mountains of Similar Structure Wegener observed that mountain ranges on different continents shared similar rock types and geological structures. For example, the Appalachian Mountains in North America and the Caledonian Mountains in Scotland and Scandinavia have comparable rock formations. This suggested that these continents were once part of the same landmass before separating. These pieces of evidence led Wegener to hypothesize that the continents were once united and have slowly moved to their current locations through continental drift. Still some people refused to believe him until J.Tuzo Wilson, a Canadian Geologist came up with the idea of plate tectonics in 1968. Landform Regions Name Important Things Western Cordillera Highland Geologically young Weathering and Erosion used to shape mountains from alpine glaciers Fishing and Mining Innuitian/Arctic Cordillera High Land Convergent Plate Boundaries Very remote area  Has fossil fuels and natural resources but too expensive to get there. Appalachian Mountains Highland Oldest Highland Landform Known for tourism and farming. Arctic and Hudson Bay Lowlands Lowland Very Few Human settlements Coal deposits are located but it is challenging to be extracted because of the location. Canadian Shield Shield Covers half of canada Oldest landform region Has the most sedimentary rocks Note good for farming, it has very little soil. Interior Plains Lowland In the West Known for oil deposits and farmland. Sediments deposited by glaciers Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands Lowland 50% of population lives here Conflict between urbanization and wilderness; The Toronto Greenbelt Area Debate Has big cities, and manufacturing industries. Also has farming. Important Area and needs protection since only 12% of Canada’s land is suitable for farming. Fill in the Blanks The Canadian Shield covers over half of Canada and is the oldest landform region. It was created by ancient volcanic activity. As lava melts it forms igneous rock mountains but over hundreds of millions of years, the area has been eroded to its current topographic appearance of relatively low relief (flat). Erosion of the Canadian Shield through the wearing away, abrasion, scraping away, grinding down, crumbling of the rock by wind, rain, water, ice and snow meant that sediments broke off and were swept to the nearby bodies of water where they piled up. With the immense pressure (weight) the sediments become sedimentary rocks. These areas make up 3 lowland regions in Canada. The Lowlands make up 3 different landform regions in Canada: Great Lakes – St Lawrence Lowlands (South/East), Hudson’s Bay / Arctic Lowlands (North), and Interior Plains (West) Fossil Fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's sedimentary rock layers over hundreds of millions of years Highland regions are created by the folding and faulting of sedimentary material and tectonic activity. There are 3 highland regions: Appalachian Mountains (East), Innuitian Mountains (North), and Western Cordillera (West). Appalachian Highlands are the oldest highland region in Canada. Tectonic activity folded and faulted sedimentary material into high peaks but millions of years of erosion have reduced the Appalachian’s high jagged into large rolling hills. Innuitian Mountains are barren due to the extreme cold conditions. The remoteness of the region makes any development too costly and difficult. They are often referred to as “icy watchtowers” The Western Cordillera is geologically young. They were formed when the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate collided at a convergent plate boundary. Since these plates are still moving, the region is the most active earthquake region in Canada. Mountains run in a north-south direction causing problems for transportation routes that must run in an east-west direction. Continental Drift Theory of continents moving around the world Alfred Wegner Author of 1915 Pangaea theory Canadian Shield The oldest landform region in Canada Western Cordillera The youngest highland region in Canada J. Tuzo Wilson Geographer who proved Wegener right in 1968 Igneous When magma cools, it turns into ___ rock Plate Tectonics 1968 theory that there were "plates" under the crust of the earth moving around continents 75 Number of plates Magma Another name for Lava Core Hottest part of the earth Divergent Tectonic plates moving away from each other Metamorphic Rock With heat and pressure igneous rock can be turned into another kind of rock Transform Tectonic plates moving side by side Erosion The wearing down of landforms and rock by ice, rain, snow, and wind Interior Plain Lowland landform region which is to the west of the Canadian Shield Convergent Tectonic plates moving towards each other Upper Mantle Area of the earth where the plates are found Fossil Fuels Term for buried remains of living organisms Canadian Shield landform regions in Canada where sedimentary rock is most evident Lower Mantle Area of the earth where the convection currents happen Convection Currents The movement of magma which makes the tectonic plates move Melt sediments can __ to turn back into magma Crust The layer of the earth that people live on Subduction When one plate goes under the other plate Pacific Ring Of Fire Where most earthquakes and volcanoes occur 1. We live on the crust of the earth 2. Convection Currents move the tectonic plates 3. The Canadian Shield covers over half of Canada and is the oldest landform region. 4. Divergent plate boundary is when plates move away from each other 5. Wearing away, abrasion, scraping away, grinding down, crumbling of the rock by wind, rain, water, ice and snow which makes sediments break off. – Erosion 6. Wegener said Ice Sheets covered parts of southern Africa, India, Australia and South America about 250 million years ago. 7. As lava cooled it formed igneous rock. 8. Transform plate boundary is when plates move side by side each other in opposite directions 9. The Lowlands make up 3 different landform regions in Canada: Great Lakes – St Lawrence Lowlands (south, east), Hudson’s Bay / Arctic Lowlands (north), and Interior Plains (west) 10. Wegener said there was a jigsaw like fit between South America and Africa 11. With the immense pressure (weight) the sediments become sedimentary rock. 12. Highland regions are created by the folding and faulting of sedimentary material and tectonic activity. 13. J. Tuzo Wilson developed the theory of Plate Tectonics (1968) 14. The Western Cordillera is geologically young. The region is the most active earthquake region in Canada. 15. There are three highland regions: Appalachian Mountains (east), Innuitian Mountains (north), and Western Cordillera (west). 16. Convection currents happen in the lower mantle. 17. Convergent plate boundary is when plates move towards each other. 18. Tectonic Plates are in the Upper Mantle. 19. The Canadian Shield was created by ancient volcanic activity. 20. Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of Continental Drift. 21. Wegener found fossils of the same plants and animals on both continents. 22. Fossil Fuels is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's sedimentary rock layers over hundreds of millions of years. 23. There are fifteen major plates 24. Wegener found Mountains of similar in age and structure in both sides of the Atlantic Ocean 25. Pangaea means “all land” in greek.  26. There are sixty minor plates 27. There are three landforms; Lowlands, Highlands and Shield Rock Cycle Igneous Rocks: Have Intergrown crystals, Vesicular Texture and Glassy Texture. Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted Sediments, Layered Sediments and Evidence of Life (Fossils) Metamorphic Rocks: Banded Crystals Igneous: Formed by solidification of Magma Sedimentary: Formed by accumulation and cementation of minerals Metamorphic: Whose original mineralogy and texture has been changed due to pressure, temperature or gain or loss of chemical components but this DOES NOT involve melting. Granite Igneous Conglomerate Sedimentary Shale Rocks Sedimentary Marble Metamorphic Slate Metamorphic Gypsum Sedimentary Magma x Cooling = Igneous Rock Sedimentary/Igneous/ Metamorphic x Melting = Magma Sediments x Compacting/ Compression = Sedimentary Rocks Igneous/ Sedimentary/ Metamorphic x Weathering and Erosion = Sediments Igneous/ Sedimentary x Heat and Pressure = Metamorphic Rocks