Geography Quiz: Processes and Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What generates waves in a tsunami triggered by a volcanic eruption?

  • Earthquake shocks under the ocean
  • Wind patterns in the area
  • Atmospheric shock waves from the eruption (correct)
  • Subduction of tectonic plates

Which climate type is characterized by narrow annual temperature range and mild weather?

  • Continental Climate
  • Tropical Climate
  • Desert Climate
  • Maritime Climate (correct)

What process is responsible for creating unique landforms as glaciers move across landscapes?

  • Glaciation (correct)
  • Erosion
  • Deposition
  • Weathering

Which type of rock forms from the cooling of magma on the Earth's surface?

<p>Extrusive Igneous Rock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes weathering?

<p>Physical and chemical breakdown of rocks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of soil develops primarily where leaching is the dominant process?

<p>Wet Soil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the process of deposition in geological terms?

<p>Laying down of sediment carried by natural forces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do sedimentary rocks form from?

<p>Erosion of minerals and fossils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the function of Latitude?

<p>It indicates the distance from the equator in degrees and minutes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the International Date Line?

<p>It results in a date change when crossing it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a requirement for a territory to be recognized as a country?

<p>Possessing a diverse population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is represented by the Compass Rose on a map?

<p>It depicts the four cardinal directions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term sovereignty imply for a country?

<p>It indicates the country can regulate its own laws without external interference. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are time zones around the world determined?

<p>Based on the distance from the prime meridian. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about a country's economic activity is correct?

<p>Having a structured economy is essential for country status. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is crucial for a territory to gain international recognition as a country?

<p>It must be acknowledged by other states. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the earth’s volcanoes are located in the Ring of Fire?

<p>90% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rock is formed from magma cooling underground?

<p>Intrusive igneous rock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason fossils are found in sedimentary rock?

<p>Sediment layers trap and preserve plants and animals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Canadian Shield regarding its rock type?

<p>It contains igneous rock. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological feature is created by the movement of the earth's plates?

<p>Volcanoes and earthquakes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which landform is associated with sedimentary rock?

<p>Appalachian Mountains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often is a catastrophic earthquake estimated to occur in the Ring of Fire?

<p>Every 300 to 800 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rock can be formed through time, heat, and pressure?

<p>Metamorphic rock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Taiwan considered a non-member and non-country in the eyes of the UN?

<p>It is not recognized as independent by most UN member countries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the regions listed that are not considered independent countries?

<p>Scotland, Greenland, Antarctica, Wales, and Puerto Rico (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Vladimir Putin justifying Russia's invasion of Ukraine?

<p>Claiming Ukraine is historically part of Russia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 23.5-degree tilt of the Earth's axis?

<p>It influences the length of days and seasons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which latitude line represents the location of direct sunlight during the summer solstice?

<p>Tropic of Cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Prime Meridian?

<p>To establish a base reference for measuring longitude. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs on the equinoxes?

<p>There is equal day and night. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn located at approximately 23.5 degrees north and south?

<p>They are due to the Earth's axial tilt. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the number of deaths exceeds the number of births?

<p>Natural population decrease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is net migration calculated?

<p>Immigration rate minus emigration rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the immigration rate in a country is 8/1000 and the emigration rate is 5/1000, what is the net migration?

<p>3/1000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups typically contributes to the dependency load?

<p>Children under 15 and adults over 65 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for immigrants in the skilled trades class?

<p>A valid job offer in Canada (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immigration class accepts individuals who have previously worked in Canada under a temporary program?

<p>Canadian experience class (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the population growth rate?

<p>Natural Increase Rate plus Net Migration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these occupations is considered in the skilled worker class for immigration to Canada?

<p>Medical technicians (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically considered the replacement rate for a population?

<p>2.1 children per woman (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a demographic trap?

<p>A condition where a country’s growth rate hinders its social and economic development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of the Demographic Transition Model does the birth rate remain high while the death rate declines dramatically?

<p>Early transition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a fragile state?

<p>A poor country unable to respond to critical crises. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries is most likely in the early transition stage?

<p>Niger (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary strategy for alleviating extreme poverty?

<p>Reducing birth rates through education and healthcare. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage of the Demographic Transition Model is the majority of the developing world currently in?

<p>Late transition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the post-transition stage?

<p>Birth rates are significantly above death rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a Compass Rose?

The four cardinal directions (North, East, South, West) that divide a compass into four equal parts.

What is a Compass Bearing?

The direction you are heading, as shown by a compass.

What is Latitude?

The angular distance of a place north or south of the equator, measured in degrees and minutes.

What is Longitude?

The angular distance of a place east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured in degrees.

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What defines a country?

A recognized boundary, a population, economic activity, a government, and sovereignty.

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What is Sovereignty?

The power of a nation to govern itself without interference from other states.

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What is External Recognition?

The international recognition of a country's independence by other nations.

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What is the International Date Line?

The line at roughly 180 degrees longitude where the date changes. Going east means moving forward in time, and going west means moving backward.

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The Ring of Fire

A region encircling the Pacific Ocean known for high volcanic and earthquake activity. It is the location of 90% of the world's volcanoes and 70% of its earthquakes.

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Earthquake

A sudden and violent shaking of the ground caused by the movement of tectonic plates.

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Tsunami

A large wave caused by an earthquake or underwater volcanic eruption.

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Plate Tectonics

The process by which the Earth's plates move, driven by the heat from the Earth's core.

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Igneous Rocks

Rocks formed from cooled magma or lava.

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Sedimentary Rocks

Rocks formed from the accumulation and cementation of sediments over a long period.

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Metamorphic Rocks

Rocks formed when existing rocks are transformed by heat and pressure.

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Rock Cycle

A process that involves the formation, breakdown, and reformation of rocks.

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Maritime Climate

A type of climate characterized by cool summers and cool winters, with even precipitation and a narrow annual temperature range. This climate is influenced by proximity to oceans.

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Weathering

The physical and chemical breakdown of rocks at or near the Earth's surface.

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Erosion

The process of transporting eroded materials by natural forces like wind or water.

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Deposition

The process of depositing eroded materials, like sand, silt, or rocks, in a new location.

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Glaciation

The process of glaciers carving out unique formations as they move across a landscape.

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What is the Equator?

The line that circles the Earth at 0 degrees latitude, dividing the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

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What is the Prime Meridian?

The line that circles the Earth at 0 degrees longitude, passing through Greenwich, England, and dividing the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

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Why are the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn at 23.5 degrees?

The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn are located at approximately 23.5 degrees north and south of the equator, respectively. These lines represent the furthest points north and south where the sun can be directly overhead.

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What are the Arctic and Antarctic Circles?

The Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle are located at approximately 66.5 degrees north and south of the equator, respectively. These lines mark the boundaries of the polar regions where the sun may not rise above the horizon for a period during the winter solstice, or may not set for a period during the summer solstice.

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Why aren't Scotland, Greenland, Wales, and Puerto Rico countries?

The status of a region as a country is determined by international recognition, sovereignty, and self-governance. Regions like Scotland, Greenland, Wales, and Puerto Rico are not considered independent countries because they are part of larger sovereign nations, and don't meet all the criteria for statehood.

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How did Russia justify its invasion of Ukraine?

Russia's military invasion of Ukraine in 2022 sparked a global crisis as it used historical narratives and manipulated claims of disputed territories to justify the invasion. Russia's rhetoric centered around the historical and cultural ties between Ukraine and Russia.

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Why is Taiwan's UN membership complicated?

Taiwan's status as a country is ambiguous due to the claim of sovereignty by China. While Taiwan meets most of the criteria for a sovereign state, it is not recognized as independent by most UN member countries. This makes Taiwan a non-member and non-country in the eyes of the UN.

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Natural Population Decrease

The number of deaths exceeds the number of births in a given population.

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Immigration Rate

The number of immigrants entering a country per year per 1000 people.

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Emigration Rate

The number of emigrants leaving a country per year per 1000 people.

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Net Migration

The difference between the immigration rate and the emigration rate.

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Population Growth Rate

The total population growth rate, which combines natural increase rate with net migration.

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Dependency Load

The percentage of a population that is not working, typically those under 15 and over 65.

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Lifespan

The average number of years a human lives in a specific country.

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Skilled Worker Class

This class admits skilled workers based on a points system. If one person qualifies, their family can also immigrate. The government identifies in-demand skills such as engineers, doctors, and nurses.

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Replacement Rate (RR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

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Population Implosion

A dramatic decrease in a country's population, the opposite of a population explosion.

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Demographic Trap

A situation where a country's rapid population growth hinders its economic and social development.

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Fragile State

A poor country that struggles to cope with crises affecting food, healthcare, or other essential services.

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NGO (Non-Governmental Organization)

A non-profit organization that aims to achieve social, environmental, or political goals.

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Pre-transition Stage

A stage in the Demographic Transition Model where birth and death rates are high, but similar. Population growth is slow.

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Early Transition Stage

A stage in the Demographic Transition Model where birth rates remain high while death rates drop significantly, leading to rapid population growth.

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Late Transition Stage

A stage in the Demographic Transition Model where death rates continue to decline and birth rates start to decrease.

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Study Notes

Mapping

  • Compass Bearing is the direction a compass points
  • Compass Rose has the four cardinal directions (N, E, S, W) and parts in between
  • Latitude measures angular distance north or south of the equator, expressed in degrees and minutes
  • Equator is 0° latitude
  • Longitude measures angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian
  • Prime Meridian runs through Greenwich, England, and is 0° longitude
  • 360 degrees of longitude around the Earth
  • 24 hours in a day
  • Each 15-degree longitude zone represents 1 hour time difference from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
  • International Date Line is roughly at 180° longitude, zig-zagging to follow countries
  • Time zones follow national boundaries

What makes a Country?

  • Internationally recognized boundaries
  • Permanent population
  • Organized economy
  • Regulates trade and issues currency
  • Government providing public services (education, police, transportation)
  • Ability to make international agreements
  • Sovereignty—no other country has power over the territory
  • External recognition by other countries

Other Countries and Regions

  • Palestine and Taiwan are not fully recognized by all countries as independent countries
  • Scotland and Wales are part of the United Kingdom
  • Greenland is part of Denmark
  • Puerto Rico is part of the United States
  • Antarctica has several countries claiming parts of it

Population Density

  • Population density is the average number of people living in a particular area
  • It is calculated by dividing the population by the area
  • Often expressed as people per square kilometre

Latitude and Longitude

  • Latitude measures north-south position from the equator
  • Longitude measures east-west position from the Prime Meridian
  • Important lines are equator, tropic of cancer, tropic of capricorn, Arctic circle, Antarctica circle, and the Prime Meridian
  • 23.5 degree tilt of earth causes direct sunlight on arctic and antarctic circles
  • June 21 summer solstice, Sept. 21 equinox, Dec. 21 winter solstice, March 21 equinox

Canada's Population Pattern

  • Population density varies across Canada
  • Main factors influencing population distribution include climate, landforms, resources, economy, freshwater, and transportation
  • Southern areas are more densely populated

Types of Rock

  • Igneous rocks form from cooled magma
  • Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure changes on other types of rocks
  • Sedimentary rocks form from eroded pieces of material
  • Types and locations of rocks in Canada affect resources found

Plate Tectonics

  • Earth's surface is made of plates
  • Movement of these plates causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and other natural disasters
  • The Ring of Fire is a string of volcanoes and earthquake sites along the Pacific Ocean, with 75% of all active volcanoes on Earth

Rock Cycle

  • Igneous rocks can become sedimentary, which can become metamorphic, and any of the three can become igneous again through heat, pressure and time

Canada's Landforms and Resources

  • Different Canadian landforms have different types of rock, and this determines the resources in these areas.
  • Examples include Appalachian Mountains (sedimentary—coal, fish, minerals, copper, zinc, potash, salt, asbestos), Canadian Shield (igneous—nickel, gold, silver, copper), Hudson Bay (sedimentary—metals, copper, zinc), Arctic Lowlands (oil, natural gas, minerals), Western Cordillera (igneous—gold, copper, iron, lead, zinc), Interior Plains (sedimentary/metamorphic—oil, natural gas, coal, forests, farmland), St. Lawrence Lowlands

Climate

  • Maritime climates are near water and have mild temperatures
  • Continental climates are far from water and have more extreme temperatures.
  • Factors influencing climate: latitude, ocean currents, wind, elevation, and near water

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Description

This quiz covers a range of topics in geography, including the processes that create landforms, the characteristics of different climates, and the fundamentals of how time zones operate. Test your knowledge on volcanic eruptions, soil formation, weathering, and the essence of sovereignty in nations.

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