Genetics and Development Questions Part 2 PDF

**Section I: Embryonic Disc and Germ Layers** **1. What does the embryonic disc consist of?**\ A) Blastocyst and trophoblast\ B) Epiblast and hypoblast\ C) Neural tube and somites\ D) Mesoderm and ectoderm\ E) Amnion and chorion\ **Correct Answer:** B **2. What is the role of the amniotic cavity d...

**Section I: Embryonic Disc and Germ Layers** **1. What does the embryonic disc consist of?**\ A) Blastocyst and trophoblast\ B) Epiblast and hypoblast\ C) Neural tube and somites\ D) Mesoderm and ectoderm\ E) Amnion and chorion\ **Correct Answer:** B **2. What is the role of the amniotic cavity during development?**\ A) Form the placenta\ B) Provide nutrients to the embryo\ C) Surround the developing embryo with a protective fluid bag\ D) Facilitate implantation\ E) Promote gastrulation\ **Correct Answer:** C **3. Which germ layer forms the epidermis and nervous system?**\ A) Endoderm\ B) Mesoderm\ C) Ectoderm\ D) Hypoblast\ E) Neural crest\ **Correct Answer:** C **4. What does the mesoderm eventually form?**\ A) Digestive tract lining\ B) Nervous system\ C) Cardiovascular system and muscles\ D) Skin epidermis\ E) Neural crest cells\ **Correct Answer:** C **5. What structures develop from the endoderm?**\ A) Brain and spinal cord\ B) Bones and skeletal muscles\ C) Lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts\ D) Skin and sensory organs\ E) Adrenal medulla\ **Correct Answer:** C **Section II: Primitive Streak and Gastrulation** **6. What is the primitive streak?**\ A) A structure formed during cleavage\ B) A band formed by migrating epiblast cells\ C) The beginning of the neural tube\ D) A part of the amniotic cavity\ E) The precursor to the placenta\ **Correct Answer:** B **7. During gastrulation, which germ layer lies between the ectoderm and endoderm?**\ A) Neural crest\ B) Hypoblast\ C) Mesoderm\ D) Amnion\ E) Epiblast\ **Correct Answer:** C **8. What does the formation of the primitive streak signify?**\ A) Completion of gastrulation\ B) Initiation of neural tube development\ C) Beginning of germ layer differentiation\ D) Formation of the blastocyst cavity\ E) Implantation in the uterine wall\ **Correct Answer:** C **Section III: Neural Tube and Somites** **9. From which germ layer does the neural plate form?**\ A) Endoderm\ B) Ectoderm\ C) Mesoderm\ D) Hypoblast\ E) Amnion\ **Correct Answer:** B **10. What is the neural crest responsible for forming?**\ A) Skeletal muscles and bones\ B) Adrenal medulla and sensory neurons\ C) Digestive tract lining\ D) Brain and spinal cord\ E) Epithelial lining of the lungs\ **Correct Answer:** B **11. What are somites?**\ A) Temporary embryonic kidneys\ B) Distinct segments formed from mesoderm\ C) Germ layers that form the placenta\ D) Part of the neural tube\ E) Cells that form the umbilical cord\ **Correct Answer:** B **12. What structure develops into the neural tube?**\ A) Primitive streak\ B) Neural plate\ C) Mesoderm\ D) Endoderm\ E) Trophoblast\ **Correct Answer:** B **Section IV: Mesonephros and Gonadal Ridges** **13. What is the function of the mesonephros during development?**\ A) Precursor to permanent kidneys\ B) Formation of the placenta\ C) Development of the adrenal cortex\ D) Differentiation into the neural crest\ E) Protection of the blastocyst\ **Correct Answer:** A **14. What do the gonadal ridges give rise to?**\ A) Placenta and umbilical cord\ B) Neural tube\ C) Testes or ovaries\ D) Primitive streak\ E) Amniotic cavity\ **Correct Answer:** C **15. Which cells migrate to the gonadal ridges?**\ A) Epiblast cells\ B) Primordial germ cells\ C) Mesodermal cells\ D) Trophoblast cells\ E) Hypoblast cells\ **Correct Answer:** B **Section V: Parturition** **16. What is the first stage of labor called?**\ A) Placental stage\ B) Expulsion stage\ C) Dilation stage\ D) Implantation stage\ E) Gastrulation stage\ **Correct Answer:** C **17. What triggers uterine contractions during labor?**\ A) Release of estrogen\ B) Increased oxytocin secretion\ C) Cortisol secretion by the fetus\ D) Placental progesterone production\ E) Increased prolactin levels\ **Correct Answer:** B **18. What occurs during the placental stage of labor?**\ A) Expulsion of the baby\ B) Closure of the foramen ovale\ C) Expulsion of the placenta from the uterus\ D) Dilation of the cervix\ E) Formation of the umbilical cord\ **Correct Answer:** C **Section VI: Newborn Adaptations** **19. What is the foramen ovale?**\ A) A structure that allows blood flow between the atria in the fetal heart\ B) A structure that connects the pulmonary trunk and aorta\ C) A duct that supplies oxygen to the fetus\ D) A part of the umbilical cord\ E) A channel for maternal blood to the placenta\ **Correct Answer:** A **20. What is meconium?**\ A) A mixture of bile, cells, and mucus excreted by the newborn\ B) The first milk produced by the mother\ C) The fluid surrounding the embryo\ D) The waste product filtered by the mesonephros\ E) A protective layer over the fetus\ **Correct Answer:** A **Section VII: Lactation** **21. What stimulates milk release during breastfeeding?**\ A) Progesterone\ B) Prolactin\ C) Oxytocin\ D) Estrogen\ E) Fetal cortisol\ **Correct Answer:** C **22. What hormone stimulates additional milk production?**\ A) Estrogen\ B) Progesterone\ C) Oxytocin\ D) Prolactin\ E) FSH\ **Correct Answer:** D **Section VIII: Genetics** **23. What does a phenotype represent?**\ A) Genes an organism possesses\ B) Physical expression of a trait\ C) Chromosomal abnormalities\ D) Karyotype analysis\ E) Chromosomal pairings\ **Correct Answer:** B **24. What is a homozygous genotype?**\ A) One dominant and one recessive allele\ B) Two identical alleles for a trait\ C) A dominant allele only\ D) A recessive allele only\ E) A combination of polygenic traits\ **Correct Answer:** B **25. What is the study of inherited traits called?**\ A) Cytogenetics\ B) Genomics\ C) Mendelian genetics\ D) Codominance\ E) Polygenics\ **Correct Answer:** C **26. How many chromosomes are in a human gamete?**\ A) 22\ B) 23\ C) 44\ D) 46\ E) 48\ **Correct Answer:** B **Section IX: Types of Inheritance** **27. What type of inheritance results in the expression of both alleles equally?**\ A) Mendelian dominance\ B) Codominance\ C) Incomplete dominance\ D) Polygenic inheritance\ E) Sex-linked inheritance\ **Correct Answer:** B **28. What is an example of a polygenic trait?**\ A) Eye color\ B) Hemophilia\ C) Blood type\ D) Sickle cell anemia\ E) Huntington's disease\ **Correct Answer:** A **29. Which type of inheritance is associated with X-linked traits?**\ A) Polygenic inheritance\ B) Autosomal dominance\ C) Sex-linked inheritance\ D) Codominance\ E) Incomplete dominance\ **Correct Answer:** C **Section X: Additional Questions** **30. What is the primary function of the placenta?**\ A) Produce hormones for lactation\ B) Exchange nutrients and oxygen between mother and fetus\ C) Protect the embryo from mechanical damage\ D) Store genetic material\ E) Provide structural support\ **Correct Answer:** B ### Section X: Additional Questions **30. What is the primary function of the placenta?**\ A) Produce hormones for lactation\ B) Exchange nutrients and oxygen between mother and fetus\ C) Protect the embryo from mechanical damage\ D) Store genetic material\ E) Provide structural support\ **Correct Answer:** B ### Section X: Genetics (Continued) **31. What is a karyotype?**\ A) A representation of homologous chromosome pairing\ B) A map of all chromosomes in an organism\ C) A diagram of dominant and recessive traits\ D) A Punnett square for predicting traits\ E) A process to analyze DNA mutations\ **Correct Answer:** B **32. What term describes an individual with one dominant and one recessive allele for a trait?**\ A) Homozygous dominant\ B) Heterozygous\ C) Homozygous recessive\ D) Codominant\ E) Polygenic\ **Correct Answer:** B **33. What is the genetic makeup of an individual referred to as?**\ A) Phenotype\ B) Allele frequency\ C) Genotype\ D) Chromosomal count\ E) Gene pool\ **Correct Answer:** C **34. What type of inheritance results when the dominant allele does not completely mask the recessive allele?**\ A) Codominance\ B) Incomplete dominance\ C) Mendelian dominance\ D) Polygenic inheritance\ E) X-linked inheritance\ **Correct Answer:** B **35. What genetic condition is an example of X-linked inheritance?**\ A) Sickle cell anemia\ B) Hemophilia A\ C) Cystic fibrosis\ D) Huntington\'s disease\ E) Albinism\ **Correct Answer:** B ### Section XI: Development and Birth **36. What structure connects the fetus to the placenta?**\ A) Chorionic villi\ B) Umbilical cord\ C) Amnion\ D) Yolk sac\ E) Trophoblast\ **Correct Answer:** B **37. What is the primary purpose of the yolk sac in humans?**\ A) Provide nutrients to the developing embryo\ B) Assist in forming the amniotic cavity\ C) Produce primordial germ cells and blood cells\ D) Form the placenta\ E) Protect the embryo from external forces\ **Correct Answer:** C **38. What are Braxton Hicks contractions?**\ A) Contractions that expel the baby during labor\ B) Contractions that expel the placenta\ C) False labor contractions\ D) Regular and increasingly strong contractions\ E) Contractions caused by the fetal hypothalamus\ **Correct Answer:** C **39. Which hormone promotes uterine contractions during labor?**\ A) Estrogen\ B) Progesterone\ C) Oxytocin\ D) Prolactin\ E) Cortisol\ **Correct Answer:** C **40. What is the Apgar score used for?**\ A) Evaluating the placenta\ B) Assessing fetal development\ C) Measuring newborn health\ D) Monitoring uterine contractions\ E) Diagnosing genetic abnormalities\ **Correct Answer:** C ### Section XII: Newborn and Lactation **41. What happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth?**\ A) It closes and forms the ligamentum arteriosum\ B) It forms the umbilical cord\ C) It connects the left and right atria\ D) It provides oxygenated blood to the fetus\ E) It forms the foramen ovale\ **Correct Answer:** A **42. What is colostrum?**\ A) The first stool passed by the newborn\ B) A hormone involved in milk production\ C) The first milk produced by the mammary glands, rich in antibodies\ D) A layer surrounding the amniotic cavity\ E) The initial fetal waste product\ **Correct Answer:** C **43. What stimulates the release of oxytocin during breastfeeding?**\ A) Increased levels of prolactin\ B) Action potentials triggered by nipple stimulation\ C) The presence of meconium\ D) Blood flow to the mammary glands\ E) Maternal cortisol secretion\ **Correct Answer:** B ### Section XIII: Aging and Death **44. What happens to mitochondrial DNA function as a person ages?**\ A) It remains unchanged\ B) It declines, leading to reduced energy production\ C) It increases to meet higher energy demands\ D) It adapts to improve oxygen use\ E) It becomes more efficient in cell division\ **Correct Answer:** B **45. What is a common physiological change in aging skeletal muscle?**\ A) Increase in fiber density\ B) Loss of muscle fibers\ C) Rapid growth of new muscle fibers\ D) Increased elasticity of connective tissues\ E) Decreased mitochondrial activity\ **Correct Answer:** B ### Section XIV: Additional Concepts **46. What is the term for cells that migrate to form sensory neurons and melanocytes?**\ A) Neural crest cells\ B) Somites\ C) Hypoblast cells\ D) Mesodermal cells\ E) Cytotrophoblasts\ **Correct Answer:** A **47. What does the ductus venosus do during fetal life?**\ A) Connects the fetus to the placenta\ B) Allows blood to bypass the liver\ C) Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood\ D) Forms the amniotic sac\ E) Provides nutrients to the fetus\ **Correct Answer:** B **48. What is the term for the transition from embryo to fetus?**\ A) Gastrulation\ B) Neurulation\ C) Day 60 of development\ D) End of the 8th week\ E) Fertilization\ **Correct Answer:** D **49. What structure provides the primary source of energy to newborns immediately after birth?**\ A) Amniotic fluid\ B) Colostrum\ C) Milk lactose\ D) Umbilical vein\ E) Stored fat\ **Correct Answer:** C **50. What does incomplete dominance refer to in genetics?**\ A) A dominant allele completely masking a recessive allele\ B) Two alleles being expressed equally\ C) The blending of traits from both alleles\ D) A recessive trait being completely unexpressed\ E) A polygenic trait influenced by multiple genes\ **Correct Answer:** C