Development and Genetics Questions Part 2
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Questions and Answers

What does the embryonic disc consist of?

  • Mesoderm and ectoderm
  • Epiblast and hypoblast (correct)
  • Neural tube and somites
  • Amnion and chorion
  • Blastocyst and trophoblast

    • What is the role of the amniotic cavity during development?

  • Facilitate implantation
  • Provide nutrients to the embryo
  • Promote gastrulation
  • Surround the developing embryo with a protective fluid bag (correct)
  • Form the placenta

    • Which germ layer forms the epidermis and nervous system?

  • Ectoderm (correct)
  • Hypoblast
  • Neural crest
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm

    • What does the mesoderm eventually form?

    <p>Cardiovascular system and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures develop from the endoderm?

    <p>Lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primitive streak?

    <p>A band formed by migrating epiblast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During gastrulation, which germ layer lies between the ectoderm and endoderm?

    <p>Mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the formation of the primitive streak signify?

    <p>Beginning of germ layer differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which germ layer does the neural plate form?

    <p>Ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neural crest responsible for forming?

    <p>Adrenal medulla and sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are somites?

    <p>Distinct segments formed from mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure develops into the neural tube?

    <p>Neural plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mesonephros during development?

    <p>Precursor to permanent kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the gonadal ridges give rise to?

    <p>Testes or ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells migrate to the gonadal ridges?

    <p>Primordial germ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of labor called?

    <p>Dilation stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers uterine contractions during labor?

    <p>Increased oxytocin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the placental stage of labor?

    <p>Expulsion of the placenta from the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the foramen ovale?

    <p>A structure that allows blood flow between the atria in the fetal heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meconium?

    <p>A mixture of bile, cells, and mucus excreted by the newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates milk release during breastfeeding?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates additional milk production?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a phenotype represent?

    <p>Physical expression of a trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a homozygous genotype?

    <p>Two identical alleles for a trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of inherited traits called?

    <p>Mendelian genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes are in a human gamete?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inheritance results in the expression of both alleles equally?

    <p>Codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a polygenic trait?

    <p>Eye color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inheritance is associated with X-linked traits?

    <p>Sex-linked inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the placenta?

    <p>Exchange nutrients and oxygen between mother and fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a karyotype?

    <p>A representation of homologous chromosome pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes an individual with one dominant and one recessive allele for a trait?

    <p>Heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of an individual referred to as?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inheritance results when the dominant allele does not completely mask the recessive allele?

    <p>Incomplete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic condition is an example of X-linked inheritance?

    <p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the fetus to the placenta?

    <p>Umbilical cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the yolk sac in humans?

    <p>Produce primordial germ cells and blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Braxton Hicks contractions?

    <p>False labor contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes uterine contractions during labor?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Apgar score used for?

    <p>Measuring newborn health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth?

    <p>It closes and forms the ligamentum arteriosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is colostrum?

    <p>The first milk produced by the mammary glands, rich in antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of oxytocin during breastfeeding?

    <p>Action potentials triggered by nipple stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to mitochondrial DNA function as a person ages?

    <p>It declines, leading to reduced energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physiological change in aging skeletal muscle?

    <p>Loss of muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for cells that migrate to form sensory neurons and melanocytes?

    <p>Neural crest cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ductus venosus do during fetal life?

    <p>Allows blood to bypass the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the transition from embryo to fetus?

    <p>End of the 8th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure provides the primary source of energy to newborns immediately after birth?

    <p>Milk lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does incomplete dominance refer to in genetics?

    <p>The blending of traits from both alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Section I: Embryonic Disc and Germ Layers

    • The embryonic disc consists of the epiblast and hypoblast.
    • The amniotic cavity surrounds the developing embryo, creating a protective fluid bag.
    • The ectoderm forms the epidermis and nervous system.
    • The mesoderm forms the cardiovascular system and muscles.
    • The endoderm forms the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts.

    Section II: Primitive Streak and Gastrulation

    • The primitive streak is a band of migrating epiblast cells.
    • The formation of the primitive streak signifies the start of germ layer differentiation.
    • During gastrulation, the mesoderm lies between the ectoderm and endoderm.

    Section III: Neural Tube and Somites

    • The neural plate forms from the ectoderm.
    • The neural crest differentiates into skeletal muscles and sensory neurons.

    Section IV: Mesonephros and Gonadal Ridges

    • The mesonephros is a precursor to permanent kidneys.
    • The gonadal ridges give rise to testes or ovaries.
    • Primordial germ cells migrate to the gonadal ridges.

    Section V: Parturition

    • The first stage of labor is the dilation stage.
    • Uterine contractions are triggered by the release of oxytocin.
    • The placental stage involves the expulsion of the placenta.

    Section VI: Newborn Adaptations

    • The foramen ovale is a structure that allows blood flow between the atria in the fetal heart.
    • Meconium is a mixture of bile, cells, and mucus excreted by the newborn.

    Section VII: Lactation

    • Milk release during breastfeeding is stimulated by oxytocin.
    • Prolactin stimulates additional milk production.

    Section VIII: Genetics

    • A phenotype represents the physical expression of a trait.
    • A homozygous genotype has two identical alleles for a trait.
    • Incomplete dominance is when the dominant allele does not completely mask the recessive allele.

    Section IX: Types of Inheritance

    • Codominance is a type of inheritance where both alleles are expressed equally.
    • Eye color is an example of a polygenic trait.
    • Sex-linked inheritance is associated with X-linked traits.

    Section X: Additional Questions

    • The placenta exchanges nutrients and oxygen between the mother and fetus.

    Section X: Genetics (Continued)

    • A karyotype is a representation of homologous chromosome pairing, a map of all chromosomes in an organism.
    • An individual with one dominant and one recessive allele for a trait is heterozygous.

    Section XI: Development and Birth

    • The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta, providing nutrients and removing waste products.
    • The yolk sac helps in the development of the embryo and forms primordial germ cells and blood cells.

    Section XII: Newborn and Lactation

    • The ductus arteriosus closes after birth creating the ligamentum arteriosum.
    • Colostrum is the initial milk produced by the mammary glands, rich in antibodies.

    Section XIII: Aging and Death

    • Mitochondrial DNA function declines with age, reducing energy production.
    • Skeletal muscle loses fibers with age.

    Section XIV: Additional Concepts

    • Neural crest cells migrate to form sensory neurons and melanocytes.
    • The ductus venosus allows blood to bypass the liver in the fetus.

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