Development and Genetics Questions Part 2
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Questions and Answers

What does the embryonic disc consist of?

  • Mesoderm and ectoderm
  • Epiblast and hypoblast (correct)
  • Neural tube and somites
  • Amnion and chorion
  • Blastocyst and trophoblast

    • What is the role of the amniotic cavity during development?

  • Facilitate implantation
  • Provide nutrients to the embryo
  • Promote gastrulation
  • Surround the developing embryo with a protective fluid bag (correct)
  • Form the placenta

    • Which germ layer forms the epidermis and nervous system?

  • Ectoderm (correct)
  • Hypoblast
  • Neural crest
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm

    • What does the mesoderm eventually form?

    <p>Cardiovascular system and muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures develop from the endoderm?

    <p>Lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primitive streak?

    <p>A band formed by migrating epiblast cells (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During gastrulation, which germ layer lies between the ectoderm and endoderm?

    <p>Mesoderm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the formation of the primitive streak signify?

    <p>Beginning of germ layer differentiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which germ layer does the neural plate form?

    <p>Ectoderm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neural crest responsible for forming?

    <p>Adrenal medulla and sensory neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are somites?

    <p>Distinct segments formed from mesoderm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure develops into the neural tube?

    <p>Neural plate (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mesonephros during development?

    <p>Precursor to permanent kidneys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the gonadal ridges give rise to?

    <p>Testes or ovaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells migrate to the gonadal ridges?

    <p>Primordial germ cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of labor called?

    <p>Dilation stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers uterine contractions during labor?

    <p>Increased oxytocin secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the placental stage of labor?

    <p>Expulsion of the placenta from the uterus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the foramen ovale?

    <p>A structure that allows blood flow between the atria in the fetal heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meconium?

    <p>A mixture of bile, cells, and mucus excreted by the newborn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates milk release during breastfeeding?

    <p>Oxytocin (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates additional milk production?

    <p>Prolactin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a phenotype represent?

    <p>Physical expression of a trait (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a homozygous genotype?

    <p>Two identical alleles for a trait (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of inherited traits called?

    <p>Mendelian genetics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes are in a human gamete?

    <p>23 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inheritance results in the expression of both alleles equally?

    <p>Codominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a polygenic trait?

    <p>Eye color (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inheritance is associated with X-linked traits?

    <p>Sex-linked inheritance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the placenta?

    <p>Exchange nutrients and oxygen between mother and fetus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a karyotype?

    <p>A representation of homologous chromosome pairing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes an individual with one dominant and one recessive allele for a trait?

    <p>Heterozygous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of an individual referred to as?

    <p>Genotype (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inheritance results when the dominant allele does not completely mask the recessive allele?

    <p>Incomplete dominance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic condition is an example of X-linked inheritance?

    <p>Hemophilia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the fetus to the placenta?

    <p>Umbilical cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the yolk sac in humans?

    <p>Produce primordial germ cells and blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Braxton Hicks contractions?

    <p>False labor contractions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes uterine contractions during labor?

    <p>Oxytocin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Apgar score used for?

    <p>Measuring newborn health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth?

    <p>It closes and forms the ligamentum arteriosum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is colostrum?

    <p>The first milk produced by the mammary glands, rich in antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of oxytocin during breastfeeding?

    <p>Action potentials triggered by nipple stimulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to mitochondrial DNA function as a person ages?

    <p>It declines, leading to reduced energy production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physiological change in aging skeletal muscle?

    <p>Loss of muscle fibers (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for cells that migrate to form sensory neurons and melanocytes?

    <p>Neural crest cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ductus venosus do during fetal life?

    <p>Allows blood to bypass the liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the transition from embryo to fetus?

    <p>End of the 8th week (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure provides the primary source of energy to newborns immediately after birth?

    <p>Milk lactose (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does incomplete dominance refer to in genetics?

    <p>The blending of traits from both alleles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Embryonic disc

    The structure encompassing the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, consisting of epiblast and hypoblast.

    Amniotic cavity

    A fluid-filled space surrounding the developing embryo for protection and cushion.

    Ectoderm

    One of the three germ layers, forming epidermis and nervous system.

    Mesoderm

    Germ layer developing into circulatory system and muscles.

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    Endoderm

    Germ layer forming lining of digestive and respiratory tracts.

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    Primitive streak

    Band of migrating epiblast cells initiating germ layer differentiation.

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    Neural plate

    Ectodermal structure that folds to form the neural tube.

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    Neural crest cells

    Cells migrating to form parts of the peripheral nervous system and other tissues.

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    Somites

    Distinct segments of mesoderm forming skeletal muscles and vertebrae.

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    Mesonephros

    An embryonic kidney-like structure, preceding the permanent kidneys.

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    Gonadal ridges

    Structures that develop into the testes or ovaries.

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    Primordial germ cells

    Specialized cells that migrate to the gonadal ridges, crucial in forming reproductive tissue

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    Dilation stage

    The first stage of labor, characterized by uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix.

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    Oxytocin

    Hormone stimulating uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection.

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    Placental stage

    Stage of labor involving the expulsion of the placenta from the uterus.

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    Foramen ovale

    Fetal structure allowing blood flow between atria in the heart.

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    Meconium

    First stool of a newborn, consisting primarily of swallowed amniotic fluid and digestive track cells

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    Colostrum

    Early form of breast milk, rich in antibodies.

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    Phenotype

    Observable physical or biochemical trait, determined by genotype.

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    Homozygous genotype

    Possessing two identical alleles for a particular trait.

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    Karyotype

    Visual representation of the chromosome pairs in a cell.

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    Heterozygous

    Possessing two different alleles for a trait.

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    Incomplete dominance

    Dominant allele doesn't fully mask the recessive allele, creating intermediate traits.

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    Umbilical cord

    Connects the fetus to the placenta.

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    Yolk sac

    Temporary structure within the embryo, producing primordial germ cells and blood vessels.

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    Braxton Hicks contractions

    Irregular, mild uterine contractions that occur throughout pregnancy, not part of labor.

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    Apgar score

    Assessment method for evaluating the health status of newborns.

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    ductus arteriosus

    A fetal vessel that connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta, closing after birth.

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    Study Notes

    Section I: Embryonic Disc and Germ Layers

    • The embryonic disc consists of the epiblast and hypoblast.
    • The amniotic cavity surrounds the developing embryo, creating a protective fluid bag.
    • The ectoderm forms the epidermis and nervous system.
    • The mesoderm forms the cardiovascular system and muscles.
    • The endoderm forms the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts.

    Section II: Primitive Streak and Gastrulation

    • The primitive streak is a band of migrating epiblast cells.
    • The formation of the primitive streak signifies the start of germ layer differentiation.
    • During gastrulation, the mesoderm lies between the ectoderm and endoderm.

    Section III: Neural Tube and Somites

    • The neural plate forms from the ectoderm.
    • The neural crest differentiates into skeletal muscles and sensory neurons.

    Section IV: Mesonephros and Gonadal Ridges

    • The mesonephros is a precursor to permanent kidneys.
    • The gonadal ridges give rise to testes or ovaries.
    • Primordial germ cells migrate to the gonadal ridges.

    Section V: Parturition

    • The first stage of labor is the dilation stage.
    • Uterine contractions are triggered by the release of oxytocin.
    • The placental stage involves the expulsion of the placenta.

    Section VI: Newborn Adaptations

    • The foramen ovale is a structure that allows blood flow between the atria in the fetal heart.
    • Meconium is a mixture of bile, cells, and mucus excreted by the newborn.

    Section VII: Lactation

    • Milk release during breastfeeding is stimulated by oxytocin.
    • Prolactin stimulates additional milk production.

    Section VIII: Genetics

    • A phenotype represents the physical expression of a trait.
    • A homozygous genotype has two identical alleles for a trait.
    • Incomplete dominance is when the dominant allele does not completely mask the recessive allele.

    Section IX: Types of Inheritance

    • Codominance is a type of inheritance where both alleles are expressed equally.
    • Eye color is an example of a polygenic trait.
    • Sex-linked inheritance is associated with X-linked traits.

    Section X: Additional Questions

    • The placenta exchanges nutrients and oxygen between the mother and fetus.

    Section X: Genetics (Continued)

    • A karyotype is a representation of homologous chromosome pairing, a map of all chromosomes in an organism.
    • An individual with one dominant and one recessive allele for a trait is heterozygous.

    Section XI: Development and Birth

    • The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta, providing nutrients and removing waste products.
    • The yolk sac helps in the development of the embryo and forms primordial germ cells and blood cells.

    Section XII: Newborn and Lactation

    • The ductus arteriosus closes after birth creating the ligamentum arteriosum.
    • Colostrum is the initial milk produced by the mammary glands, rich in antibodies.

    Section XIII: Aging and Death

    • Mitochondrial DNA function declines with age, reducing energy production.
    • Skeletal muscle loses fibers with age.

    Section XIV: Additional Concepts

    • Neural crest cells migrate to form sensory neurons and melanocytes.
    • The ductus venosus allows blood to bypass the liver in the fetus.

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