GE ELEC 1 Module 2.pdf

Living in the IT Era GE ELEC 3 Module 2 HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS Definition of a Computer  Programmable Machine: A computer is a device that can be programmed to perform various tasks.  Electronic Device: It manipulates information (data) and has the ability to store, retriev...

Living in the IT Era GE ELEC 3 Module 2 HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS Definition of a Computer  Programmable Machine: A computer is a device that can be programmed to perform various tasks.  Electronic Device: It manipulates information (data) and has the ability to store, retrieve, and process this data.  Data Manipulation: A computer executes instructions (programs) to manipulate data.  Calculation Aid: It assists humans in performing computations and calculations. Principal Characteristics of a Computer 1. Specific Instruction Response:  Responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. 2. Pre-recorded Execution:  Executes a pre-recorded list of instructions efficiently. 3. Data Management:  Quickly stores and retrieves large amounts of data. Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives Education Business Healthcare Marketing Science Retail and Arts and Trade Government Publishing Entertainment Banking and Communication COMPUTER Finance Social and Navigation Booking Transport Working from Romance Military Vacations Home Security and Weather Robotics Surveillance Forecasting Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives  Business:  Store and maintain accounts, manage projects, track inventory, and create reports.  Enable internal and external communication (e.g., email) and promote business interaction.  Education:  Provide audio-visual packages, interactive exercises, and remote learning opportunities.  Access educational resources online and monitor student performance through online exams.  Healthcare:  Digitize medical information for easier access to patient data.  Analyze complex information for diagnostics and control medical equipment.  Retail and Trade:  Facilitate online buying and selling, allowing sellers to reach wider markets.  Enable price comparisons, reviews, and direct trading through various platforms. Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives  Government:  Enhance service quality and efficiency in city planning, law enforcement, and tourism.  Store information, promote services, and facilitate communication for administrative tasks.  Marketing:  Analyze data for precise marketing campaigns and create websites and promotional materials.  Generate social media campaigns and enable direct customer communication via email and chat.  Science:  Support research, data collection, and sharing among specialists globally.  Control and maintain spacecraft and operate advanced technologies.  Publishing:  Design a variety of publications (newsletters, magazines, novels) and produce hard-copy and e-books.  Market publications and track sales effectively. Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives  Arts and Entertainment:  Create drawings, graphic designs, and digital art.Edit, copy, and print photographs.  Assist writers in content creation and editing.  Produce, record, and edit music.Capture, edit, and watch videos.  Facilitate gaming experiences.  Communication:  Enable real-time communication through services like Skype.  Connect families with audio and video calls.  Support remote business meetings and interviews.  Include built-in microphones and webcams for easy use.  Maintain traditional methods like email. Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives  Banking and Finance:  Perform online banking tasks like checking balances and transferring money.  Access stock market information and manage investments.  Store and analyze customer account data for marketing purposes.  Transport:  Automate vehicles, trains, planes, and boats for safety and navigation.  Monitor system health and highlight maintenance issues.  Customize settings like seat adjustments and climate control for individuals.  Advanced Navigation Systems:Integration  Systems:Integration of computer technology with GPS for precise location tracking.  Easily pinpoint exact locations on maps.  Monitor movement direction in real-time.  Access information on nearby amenities and points of interest. Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives  Working From Home:  Facilitate remote work by accessing data and communicating without commuting.  Allow managers to monitor productivity remotely.  Military:  Used for training and analyzing intelligence data.  Control smart technologies like drones and guided missiles.  Provide geospatial information and enhance communication.  Aid in targeting enemy forces with precision.  Social and Romance:  Enable real-time chatting and sharing via social media.  Facilitate connections through dating sites and apps.  Support interest-based online groups and forums.  Allow blogging for sharing views and experiences. Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives  Booking Vacations:  Study timetables and examine route options for travel.  Purchase tickets for planes, trains, or buses.  Explore and book accommodations, including hotels and services like Airbnb.  Research and book guided tours and events online.  Weather Forecasting:  Process vast amounts of meteorological data from satellites and sensors.  Perform complex calculations to predict weather patterns. Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives  Security and Surveillance:  Monitor people and goods using biometric technology and computer systems.  Implement face-recognition technology to identify threats.  Auto-scan license plates with speed cameras.  Enhance private security systems with advanced technologies.  Robotics:  Combine computers with engineering to create machines for various tasks.  Use robots in manufacturing, exploration, law enforcement, military, and healthcare. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Earliest Computers  Human Computers:  Originally, calculations were performed by humans known as "computers.“  These individuals specialized in computing mathematical expressions.  Specialized Skills:  The calculations were complex and required years of training in mathematics.  Services of human computers were often expensive due to their specialized skills.  Etymology:  The term "computer" was first recorded in 1613, referring to a person performing calculations.  The usage of the term persisted in this context until the mid-20th century. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods  Tally Sticks  Abacus An ancient memory aid used to record and A mechanical device used to aid in document numbers, quantities, or messages. performing mathematical calculations. Invented: In Babylonia around 2400 B.C. China's Version: The familiar form of the abacus emerged in China around 500 B.C. Primarily used for basic arithmetic operations. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods  Napier’s Bones  Slide Rule Invented by John Napier in 1614. Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. Allowed operators to perform multiplication, Based on John Napier's ideas about division, and calculate square and cube logarithms. roots. Primary Uses: Multiplication, Division, Roots, Utilized movable rods placed in specially Logarithms, Trigonometry constructed boards. Limitations: Not typically used for addition or subtraction. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods  Pascaline  Stepped Reckoner Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in Limited to addition and subtraction 1672. operations. A machine capable of automatically Considered too expensive for widespread performing addition, subtraction, use. multiplication, and division. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods  Jacquard Loom  Arithmometer Invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1801. Invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820. A mechanical loom that operates The first reliable, useful, and commercially automatically using punched cards for successful calculating machine. control. Capable of performing the four basic mathematical functions: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The first mass-produced calculating machine. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods  Difference Engine & Analytical Engine  First Computer Programmer Designed as automatic, mechanical Augusta Ada Byron (Ada Lovelace) is calculators to tabulate polynomial functions. recognized as the first computer Charles Babbage, with the Difference Engine programmer. developed in 1822 and the Analytical Engine In 1840, she suggested to Charles Babbage in 1834. the use of the binary system for computing. Analytical Engine was designed to perform Wrote programs for the Analytical Engine, any calculation set before it and to have detailing how it could be used for even higher powers of analysis than the calculations. original Difference Engine. It is considered the first fully automatic calculating machine. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods  Scheutzian Calculation  Tabulating Machine (Punch Card) Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. Based on Charles Babbage's Difference To assist in summarizing information and Engine. accounting. Recognized as the first printing calculator. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods  Harvard Mark 1  Z1 Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence The first programmable computer. Controlled Calculator (ASCC). Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943 1936 to 1938. The first electro-mechanical computer. To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods  Atanasoff-Berry Computer  ENIAC The first electronic digital computing device Stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and and Computer. graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State The first electronic general-purpose University between 1939 and 1942. computer. Completed in 1946. Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods  UNIVAC 1  EDVAC The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Computer 1) was the first commercial Automatic Computer computer. The First Stored Program Computer Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. Mauchly. It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. Basic Computing Periods - Ages  Pre-Mechanical Age (3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.) Earliest era of information technology. Began with language and simple drawings (petroglyphs). Development of early alphabets, such as the Phoenician alphabet. Early writing on wet clay; later, papyrus and rag-based paper were developed. Emergence of the first books and libraries. Use of Egyptian scrolls and binding paper into book-like forms. First 1-9 numbering system created around 100 A.D. in India. Invention of zero around 875 A.D. The abacus was the first calculator, marking the beginning of information processing. Basic Computing Periods - Ages  Mechanical Age (1450 - 1840) Marks the beginning of connections between modern technology and its ancestors. Slide Rule: An analog computer used for multiplication and division. Pascaline: Invented by Blaise Pascal, a popular mechanical calculator. Difference Engine: Developed by Charles Babbage to tabulate polynomial equations. Many different machines were created, paving the way for future all-in-one calculators. Although they seem bulky and limited by today's standards, these inventions were groundbreaking at the time. Basic Computing Periods - Ages  Electromechanical Age (1840 - 1940) Marks the development of technologies resembling modern devices. Telegraph: Developed in the early 1800s, revolutionizing communication. Morse Code: Created by Samuel Morse in 1835 for telegraphic communication. Telephone: Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, a major communication breakthrough. Radio: First developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894, enabling wireless communication. Mark 1: The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the U.S., created around 1940 by Harvard University. Dimensions: 8 ft high, 50 ft long, 2 ft wide, weighing 5 tons. Programmed using punch cards. These large machines paved the way for miniaturization, leading to modern computers for businesses and homes. Basic Computing Periods - Ages  Electronic Age (1940 - Present) The current era of information technology. ENIAC: First high-speed, digital computer, designed for the U.S. Army.Size: 680 square feet, Weight: 30 tons, primarily used vacuum tubes. Generations of Digital Computing History of Computer: Generations of Computer  First Generation (1946-1958)  Fourth Generation (1971 to Present)  Vacuum tubes and punch cards (e.g., ENIAC, Mark 1).  Introduction of CPUs on a single chip, integrating memory, logic, and control.  Rotating magnetic drums for internal storage.  Development of personal computers (e.g., Apple II) and graphical user  Examples: – ENIAC – EDSAC – UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101 interfaces (GUIs).  Second Generation (1959-1964)  Fifth Generation (Present and Future)  Replaced vacuum tubes with transistors.  Focused on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and still in development.  Punch cards replaced by magnetic tape, magnetic cores for storage.  Utilizes parallel processing and superconductors to enhance AI capabilities.  Introduction of high-level programming languages like FORTRAN and  Uses ULSI (Ultra-Large Scale Integration) chips. COBOL.  Aims to create devices that can:  Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM 7030 Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series  Respond to natural language input.  Learn and self-organize.  Third Generation (1965-1970)  Current Applications: Voice recognition technology is already in use today.  Transistors replaced by integrated circuits.  Continued use of magnetic tape and transition to metal oxide semiconductors.  Development of operating systems and advanced programming languages like BASIC.