21st Century Literature G12 1st Quarter Review PDF

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE LESSON 1:Literary Theories Sources of Meaning Text Reader Author Theory - Systems of understanding; how an aspect of the world works - Can be used to explain past phenomena and predict future behavior Literary Theory - Understand their subjects through li...

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE LESSON 1:Literary Theories Sources of Meaning Text Reader Author Theory - Systems of understanding; how an aspect of the world works - Can be used to explain past phenomena and predict future behavior Literary Theory - Understand their subjects through literary themes and seek to answer questions on literary interpretations a. Hard-core - Problem solving in the real world b. Soft-core - Map ideas, locate patterns/strategies, include metaphors, images Literary Theories seek to answer the ff. questions: 1. What do we mean by literature? 2. What counts as literature, what does not? 3. Can we or should we determine what literature is? 4. To what extent does a given text reflect life? 5. What are the social/political ramifications of a literary text? “Schools” of Literary Theory - Prioritizes certain concepts for talking while deemphasizing others Examples of Literary Theories I. Formalism - Russia, 20th Century - Moscow Linguistic Circle, 1915, St. Petersburg in Leningrad - Primary proponent: Viktor Shklovsky - Other proponents: Boris Eichenbaum, Yuri Tynyanoy, Roman Jakobson Key Points: Literary Autonomy  - Separating literature from external conditions - Form over thematic concerns - Literature is an independent entity Science of Literature - Rejecting the subjectivism by means of scientific/objective methodology - Form, technique, literary devices Defamiliarization - making the familiar unfamiliar - Estrangement (ostranenie) II. New Criticism - Post world-war school of Anglo-American literary critical theory - Intrinsic value of a work - Everything you need is in the text - Failure to separate from external context will result to literary fallacy a. Intentional Fallacy - False notion of the author b. Affective Fallacy - Malpractice of taking emotional/psychological conditions - Primary proponent: I.A Richards, William Empson, T.S Elliot - The theory did not have a name until John Crow Ransom coined the term - Other proponents: Cleanth Brooks, R.P Blackmur, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt Jr. Key Points: - No summarizing/paraphrasing - What text says and how it is said - Theme is considered - Identify the beauty of the poem and see how the elements work together III. Deconstructionism - Primary proponent: Jacques Derrida - Text do not have definite meaning - Interpretation does not occur in isolation, there is external influence - Language is unreliable  - Why are some interpretations more correct? Différance - Meaning is an infinite series in the chain of signification - item (signified) - name (signifier) Key Points: Understanding Language - Meaning is gained in context to what it is not Différance - Identity is not self contained - Words does not arrive at a final, absolute meaning - Meaning is never fully present - Consider play on words, embrace multiple/conflicting interpretations IV. Historical-Biographical Approach - Primary proponent: Stephen Breenblatt 1943 - French theorist Michel Focault - Post Colonial Theory: Harold Veeser Key Points: - Historical and social context is important - Cultural artifacts - How literary interpretations are shaped by various interpreters - How power manifests - Critique/confirm structure of power I. Reader-Response Approach - Germany, United States 1960 - A movement that challenged New Criticism Key Points: - There are valid and invalid interpretations LESSON 2: Philippine Literary History (attached) LESSON 3: Philippine Literary Forms a. Poetry  Background - Early 1900s, romanticism - Eventually became formalist - Modern poetry become more adventurous Elements Senses and images : used by the writer to describe impressions a. Visual b. Olfactory c. Gustatory d. Tactile e. Auditory Poetic diction : denotative and connotative words Rhyme scheme : how the author arranges words, meters, lines, and stanzas to create a coherent sound Speaker : voice that talks to the readers Word Order : natural/unnatural arrangement of words and lines - poetic license allows writers to defy certain grammatical rules b. Fiction Background - Works from the author’s imagination Elements Characters - Driving force of the story - Intention of the characters sets the plot - Symbolism is used Irony a. Verbal - Sarcasm b. Situational - Actual outcome is different from expected outcome c. Dramatic - Readers know more than the characters Plot Structure - According to Aristotle, a story must have a beginning, middle, end  Freytag’s Pyramid a. Exposition - Characters and setting - are introduced b. Rising Action - Introduction/appearance of the problem c. Climax - Character faces the problem d. Falling Action - Result of the characters decision - Resolution: premature ending e. Denouement - Final conclusion of the story a. Nonfiction Essay - Short piece of writing on a particular subject - Account of historical and personal events - Writer’s voice: distinctive style or personality of a written work - Commonwealth Period: brought about the rise of the informal essay Famous Essayists: - Conrado de Quiros (Philippine Daily Inquirer) - Jessica Zafra (Manila Standard Today) - Carlos Bulosan - America is in the Heart - First literary voice of the Filipino in the United States - Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil - Yay Panlilio Marking Modern Essay - Essays now tap into the reader’s interpretation (reader-response) Famous Essayists: - Kat Alano - Margarita Holmes - Jeremy Baer - Patricia Evangelista