Fundamentals of Kinesiology PDF

TOPIC OUTLINE: I. Introduction II.Kinematics III.Kinetics IV.Levers Kinesiology ➔ Study of Movement 2 Subtopics : 1. Kinematics → type...

TOPIC OUTLINE: I. Introduction II.Kinematics III.Kinetics IV.Levers Kinesiology ➔ Study of Movement 2 Subtopics : 1. Kinematics → type of motions w/o regards to the forces acting on the body. 2. Kinetics → focuses on the forces acting on the body → Forces that either produce or resist the motion ANATOMICAL POSITION★★★★ (SHAFT) ➔ Reference position ➔ Used to locate a motion Standing erect ★ Head facing forward Arms at the side with palms facing forward ★ Feet slightly apart Toes facing forward FUNDAMENTAL POSITION ➔ Used to initiate motion ➔ Palms are facing the midline CARMINA P. MANALO PTRP BOARD REVIEWER FOR DECEMBER 2024  AXIS PLANES ACTIONS Sagittal X left & right Flexion & ➔ a.ka Y, Z plane Extension mediolateral Dorsiflexion axis & ➔ Horizontal Plantarflexio axis n ➔ Frontal/ coronal axis Transverse plane/ Y Rotation Horizontal plane ➔ a.ka Super X-Z plane ER, IR inferior Axis Up and ➔ Vertical Axis Down CARMINA P. MANALO PTRP BOARD REVIEWER FOR DECEMBER 2024 Frontal/ coronal Z Abd/ ADD plane ➔ Anteroposter X-Y plane Lat flex ior axis Front & Back RD/UD Inv/ Eversion ➔ 1st metacarpal and trapezium ➔ Rotated 90 degree ACTION AXIS PLANE PALM OF THE HAND Flexion / extension Z Frontal Plane Parallel ★ Abd/ Add X Sagittal Perpendicular 2 types of displacement: 1. Translatory/ Linear motion ➔ Motion is parallel to the axis ➔ ALL points of the moving object travel the SAME time, velocity and distance. 2. Rotatory/ Angular motion ➔ Follows the arc of a circle ➔ EACH point of the moving object travel at DIFFERENT time velocity and distance. ➔ Based on their distance from axis. 2 Subtopics of Kinematics: 1. Osteokinematics ➔ Focuses on the movement of body segments. CARMINA P. MANALO PTRP BOARD REVIEWER FOR DECEMBER 2024  2. Arthrokinematics ➔ Focuses on the minute (small) movement of the joints. TYPES STRUCTURE FUNCTION MOBILITY EXAMPLE SYNARTHRODI Fibrous connective Stability None/ Very Sutures AL tissue Shock Slight Gomphosis -> ➔ Syn “fixed/ Absorption peglike fused” Force structure. ➔ Same tansmission (between the teeth). Syndesmosis AMPHIARTHRO Fibrous Cartilaginous Stability and Limited Symphysis DIAL JOINT. Disc in between limited - Pubis mobility - IV disc Synchondrosis - Epiphyse al plate - Isternoc ostal jt DIARTHRODIAL Synovial Mobility JOINT. a. Non - axial - Irregular - Contributory - Slidin - carpals/ tarsals planes motions g/ glidin g b. Uni- axial - Hinge/ginglym - Motion in - Flexio - Elbow, IP jts. 1 us joint. sagittal. n/ - Knee DOF exten - Ankle joints sion CARMINA P. MANALO PTRP BOARD REVIEWER FOR DECEMBER 2024  - Pivot/ - Transverse in - Rotat - AA jt. trochoid plane ion - FA c. Biaxial jts. 1. Condyloid Motions in the sagittal 1.F/E, ABD/ 2 and coronal plane ADD / - MCP jts/ AO DOF Slight Lat. jts. (yes jt) Flex 2. Ellipsoid Motions in the sagittal and coronal plane 2.Flexion & Extension, - RC jt RD/ UD 3. Saddle/ Sellar Motions in the sagittal 3. F/E, and coronal plane ABD/ADD - 1st CMC, SC jt. Protraction/ Retraction/ Elevation/ Depression C. Triaxial jt. Ball & Socket/ All planes All actions Enarthrodial joint. - Sh jt. Hip jt. Sphenoidal/ Universal 3 types of arthrokinematic motion: 1. Rolling ➔ Rotatory or angular motion. ➔ ALL points of the moving object meet new points of the other surface. CARMINA P. MANALO PTRP BOARD REVIEWER FOR DECEMBER 2024  ➔ It follows the direction of the motion. ➔ Ex: superior, inferior. 2. Gliding/ Sliding ➔ Linear or translatory motion. ➔ 1 point meets new points. ➔ Convex : opposite the direction of the motion ➔ Concave: same 3. Spinning ➔ Rotatory or angular ➔ One point remains in contact with the same point. KINEMATIC CHAIN - a combination of several joints uniting successive segments. OKC CKC Moving segment distal proximal Fixed Segment proximal distal Function Skillful and fast movements Stability and power Relation to other segment Independent Dependent (weight bearing) (non-weight bearing) OPP CPP ➔ Loose Capsule ➔ Tight Capsule ➔ ↓ joint compression ➔ ↑ joint compression ➔ Loose packed position ➔ Congruent ➔ Incongruent (not too tight) ➔ Ligaments are taut ➔ Ligaments are lax ➔ Ligaments attachment are far to ➔ Ligaments attachments are closed to each other. each other. ➔ ↓ Movability CARMINA P. MANALO PTRP BOARD REVIEWER FOR DECEMBER 2024  ➔ ↑Movability ➔ USED for : Mechanical Stability. ➔ USED for : assessments and Tx Joint Mobilization 1. Joint should be in OPP 2. Distal Segment is mobilized 3. Apply the concave-convex rule of gliding/ sliding Concave: SAME Convex: OPPOSITE Example: Incr. Knee flexion Tibia (concave) Motion: Post Mob/ glide : Post Incr. Elbow flexion Ulna (concave) Motion: Ant Mob/glide: ant. Incr. FA supination Radius (convex) Motion: Post Mob/glide: ant Forces (push or pull) ➔ Produces displacement Forces: MA Mass: Matter contained within an object. (kg) Acceleration: rate of change in velocity (m/s)2 CARMINA P. MANALO PTRP BOARD REVIEWER FOR DECEMBER 2024 Velocity: distance traveled over time with direction (m/s) N Speed: distance traveled over time (m/s) Newton’s Law of Motion 1. Law of inertia / Equilibrium ➔ An object at rest, remains at rest. ➔ An objet in motion, remain in motion ➔ Unless a force is applied onto it. 2. Law of acceleration ➔ Inversely proportional to mass. ➔ Directly proportional to force. 3. Law of action - reaction ➔ For every action there is an opposite/ equal reaction. TYPES OF FORCES 1. Gravity ➔ Most prevalent ➔ Gravitational force : weight F : MA (9.8 m/s2) Center of Gravity/ Center of Mass ★★★ ➔ Theoretical point : concentration of mass is located. ➔ Balance Center of Gravity Location ➔ Slightly ant. To s2 ➔ Falls near the ASIS ➔ 55% of the person’s height ➔ Male: Slightly higher ➔ Female: slightly lower COG NA PABABA CARMINA P. MANALO PTRP BOARD REVIEWER FOR DECEMBER 2024  Apir tayo! COG ng ulo ko Sphenoid Sinus ko ito. Neck naman ay Basioccipital Apir Tayo! COG ng dibdib ko Ant. t11 to Parehas lang pag HAT tanong dito PAg buong Upper Ex, just above lag ng elbow PAg buuong Lower Ex, just above the knee ito. Pag buong katawan, Ant. to S2 ito. Pwede narin/ Falls near the ASIS mo. Apir tayo! COG ng braso ko, medial triceps ko ito. PT (Pronator Teres), 3rd MCP sa hand Apir tayo! COG ng hita ko, adductor brevis ko ito, Popliteus, 2nd MTT sa foot. PAg buong Upper Ex, just above lang ng elbow PAg buuong Lower Ex, just above the knee ito. Pag buong katawan, Ant. to S2 ito. Pwede narin/ Falls near the ASIS mo. Line of Gravity ➔ Gravitational vector ➔ Downward directional ➔ Assessment: Plumbline Balance 1. LOG is within the BOS 2. COG is near the BOS 3. Wide BOS T- odontoid process A - AO jt. T - cervical vert/ A- thoracic v. T- lumbar vet P- hip jt. A- knee jt CARMINA P. MANALO PTRP BOARD REVIEWER FOR DECEMBER 2024 A- akle jt. Muscles ❖ Insufficiencies 1. Passive Insufficiency ➔ Lengthened ➔ Not allow further movement of the opposite muscle. 2. Active Insufficiency ➔ Shortened ➔ ↓ force of contraction Type of Contractions 1. Isometric ➔ “ same” , “distance” ➔ (-) change in joint angle ➔ Contraction w/o change in joint position 2. Isotonic ➔ “Same”, “tone” (dumbells, weight, etc) ➔ (+) change in joint angle ➔ No change in muscle all through out the contraction tone 3. Isokinetic ➔ “Same” rate of movement ➔ Constant speed ➔ No change in the rate of movement all throughout the contraction. 4. Concentric ➔ Shortening 5. Eccentric ➔ Lengthening ➔ Controlled. CARMINA P. MANALO PTRP BOARD REVIEWER FOR DECEMBER 2024  Shunt. Origin near functioning joint ; Stability Spurt. Origin far from functioning joint; Mobility Functional Role of Muscles 1. Agonist ➔ Prime mover/ initiator 2. Antagonist ➔ Located opposite to the agonist. ➔ Action is opposite to the agonist. ➔ Passive lengthening. 3. Synergist ➔ Prevents unwanted movement from the agonist. ➔ Concentric ➔ Force couples ; stabilizes intermediate joints Fixator- isometric ➔ prevents unwanted movement from the agonist. ➔ Stabilizes the origin of the agonist. 4. Externally Applied Forces 5. Friction ➔ Force that resists motion. I. F-ulcrum/ Axis / Joints II. W-eight/ Resistance/ EAF or segment III. E-effort/ force / muscles Note: FWET is laging naka gitna. LEVER FUNCTION EXAMPLE MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE CARMINA P. MANALO PTRP BOARD REVIEWER FOR DECEMBER 2024  ratio of Weight arm length and Effort arm length in reference to the axis MA = EAL/WAL I: W—F—E Balanced % Stability Single Leg MA = 1 Speed stance AOJ Mechanical Advantage: The Seesaw IV Disk - Ration between the EAL and WAL MA= EAL over WAL II: F—W—E Power Tip toeing MA> 1 Eccentric of The Wheelbarrow quads III: W—E—F Speed, mobility, skill Brachioradial MA< 1 The Hammer is contraction SOFT. - Soft Tissue Approximation FIRM - Tissue Stretch HARD - Bondy Approximation ; Bone -to - bone Soft - Sof Tissue Approximation CARMINA P. MANALO PTRP BOARD REVIEWER FOR DECEMBER 2024 Firm - Bony Approximation Empty - Pain Muscle Spasm Early - Acute Late - Chronic Capsular Soft - Effusions, swelling, edema Hard - Adhesions Boggy - Bursae Springy – block - Meniscal Tear “ I can do all things through CHRIST who strengthen me..” CARMINA P. MANALO PTRP BOARD REVIEWER FOR DECEMBER 2024