Fundamentals of Kinesiology PDF

Kinesiology: study of movement, moving of the body A. **2 SUB STUDIES OF HUMAN MOVEMENT** 1. Kinematics: focuses on the motion - Types of motion without regards to the force's acting in the body 2. Kinetics: Ex. Elbow flexion, biceps brachii & triceps - Focuses on the for...

Kinesiology: study of movement, moving of the body A. **2 SUB STUDIES OF HUMAN MOVEMENT** 1. Kinematics: focuses on the motion - Types of motion without regards to the force's acting in the body 2. Kinetics: Ex. Elbow flexion, biceps brachii & triceps - Focuses on the forces acting on the body - Focuses that either produce or resist the motion B. **PLANES & AXIS OF MOTION** - 3-dimentional system to locate motion - Sagittal, frontal, transverse a. Anatomical position: reference position ([SHAFT]) - [S]-tanding erect - [H]-ead facing forward - [A]-rm to the side with palms facing forward - [F]-eet slightly apart - [T]-oes facing forward b. Fundamental Position: palms facing the body - Used to initiate motion - Palms are facing the midline +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | AXIS | PLANES | ACTIONS | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Mediolateral axis | Sagittal plane: L/R | Flexion & extension | | | | | | Horizontal axis | 2y+2z = yz plane | Dorsiflexion & | | | | plantarflexion | | Coronal/frontal axis | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Superoinferior axis | Transverse | Rotation | | | plane/Horizontal | | | Vertical axis | plane: Sup/Inf | | | | | | | | 2x+2z = xz plane | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Anteroposterior axis | Frontal plane/coronal | Abduction & adduction | | | plane | | | | | Lateral flexion | | | 2x+2y = xy plane | | | | | Ulnar & radial | | | | deviation | | | | | | | | Ex: open door knob | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ 1^st^ Carpometacarpal Action Abduction-Adduction Flexion-Extension ------------------ --------------------- ------------------- Axis x z Plane Sagittal Frontal/coronal Palm of the Hand Perpendicular Parallel C. **KINETICS:** 2 types of displacement A. Translatory or Linear - Parallel to the axis - All points of the moving object travel at the same time, velocity & distance B. Rotatory or Angular - Follows the arcs of a circle - Each point of the moving object travels different time, velocity & distance - Based their distance from the axis - 2 Topics of Kinematics 1. Osteokinematics - Focuses on the movement of the bony segment 2. Arthrokinematics - Minute movement of the joint - Sliding, gliding, rolling, spinning +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Types** | **Structure | **Function* | **Motion** | **Example** | | | ** | * | | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | 1. Synarth | Fibrous | Stability | None/very | Sutures | | rodial | connective | | slight | | | | tissue | Shock | | Gomphosis: | | - Syn | | absorption | | between | | : | | | | teeth & | | fix | | Force | | gums, peg | | ed/same | | transition | | like | | | | | | structures | | | | | | | | | | | | Syndesmosis | | | | | | : | | | | | | tibia & | | | | | | fibula / | | | | | | radius & | | | | | | ulna have | | | | | | interosseus | | | | | | membrane | | | | | | in-between | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 2. Amphiar | Fibrous, | Stability & | Limite | Symphesis = | | throdial | cartilagino | limited | | fibrous + | | | us | mobility | | disc | | - Amp | tissue, | | | | | hi: | disc in | | | - Pubis | | dua | between | | | | | l | | | | - IV Disc | | fun | | | | | | ction | | | | Synchondros | | | | | | is | | - Amp | | | | = fibrous + | | hibian, | | | | cartilagino | | lan | | | | us | | d | | | | | | or | | | | - Epiphys | | wat | | | | ial | | er | | | | plate | | | | | | | | | | | | - 1^st^ | | | | | | sternoc | | | | | | ostal | | | | | | jt. | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 3. Diarthr | Synovial | Mobility | \-- | \-- | | odial | | | | | | | - Nutriti | | | | | | on | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lubrica | | | | | | tion | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | a. Non-axi | Irregular | Contributor | Sliding/gli | Carpal, | | al | plane | y | ding | tarsal, | | | | motions | | wrist | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | b. Uniaxia | Hinge/gingl | Motion in | Flexion & | Elbow, IP | | l | ymus | sagittal | extension | jts., knee, | | | jt. = | | | ankle jt. | | | hingelymus | Motion in | Rotation | | | | | transverse | | Atlanto-axi | | | Pivot/troch | | | al, | | | oid | | | forearm | | | = | | | | | | pivotrochoi | | | | | | d | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | c. Biaxial | Condyloid | Motion in | Flex, abd, | MCP | | | (rounded) | sagittal & | add, slight | | | - 2 | | coronal/fro | lat. Flex | Atlanto-occ | | degrees | | ntal | | ipital | | of | | plane | | jt. | | freedom | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | Ellipsoid | | Flex, ext, | RC jt. | | | (flat) | | RD, UD | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | Saddle/sell | | Flex, abd, | 1^st^ CMC | | | ar | | add, | | | | | | protraction | Sternoclavi | | | | | , | cular | | | | | retraction, | | | | | | depression, | | | | | | elevation | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | d. Triaxia | Enarthrodia | All planes | All | Shoulder & | | l | l/Ball | | | hip jt | | | & socket | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ - 3 types of arthrokinematics 1. Rolling (or rocking) - Rotatory / angular motion - All points of moving objects meet new points of other surface 2. Sliding (or gliding) - Linear / translatory - One point meets new point - Convex -- opposite - Concave -- same 3. Spinning - Rotatory - One point remains in contact with the same point - Screw home mechanism - Kinematic Chain: a combination of several joints uniting successive segments. **Open Kinematic Chain** **Closed Kinematic Chain** --------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------- Moving segment Distal Proximal Fixed segment Proximal Distal Function Skillful & fast movement Stability & power Relation to other segment Independent Dependent Example - 2 Basic Positions of a joint **Open-Packed Position** **Closed-Packed Position** ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------- Loose packed position / Assessment & treatment & PJM Ligaments are taut Incongruent Congruent Ligaments are lax Mechanical stability Ligaments are attached are close - Clinical Application - Joint mobilization is OKC - Position the segment in resting position - Apply convex-concave for gliding/sliding - Mobilize the distal segment - Convex-Concave Principle 1. CONVEX moves on a concave surface - Sliding is OPPOSITE to the rotatory motion of the bony level 2. CONCAVE moves on a convex surface - Sliding is SAME to the rotatory motion of the bony level +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | ↑ knee flexion | ↑ elbow flexion | ↑ forearm supination | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | - Tibia (concave) | - Ulna (concave) | - Radius (convex) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | - Motion (post) | - Motion (ant) | - Motion (post) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | - Mobilization | - Mobilization | - Mobilization | | (post) | (ant) | (ant) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ D. **KINETICS** - Forces (push & pull) - Produces displacement - Forces = M x A - Mass = matter contained within an object (kg) - Acceleration = rate of change in velocity (m/s^2^) - Velocity = distance traveled overtime with direction (m/s) - Speed = distance traveled overtime (m/s) E. **NEWTON'S LAW OF MOTION** 3. Law of Inertia or Equilibrium - Object at rest remains at rest - Object in motion stays in motion; - Unless a force is applied into it 4. Law of Acceleration - Inversely proportional to mass - Directly proportional to force - [\$A = \\frac{F}{M}\$]{.math.inline} 5. Law of Action and Reaction - For every action there is an opposite or equal reaction F. **TYPES OF FORCES -** Four primary sources of force affect body movements: 1. Gravity - Most prevalent - Gravitational force (weight) - [\$F = \\frac{A}{M}\$]{.math.inline} - 9.8 m/s^2^ - Center of Gravity - Theoretical point: concentration point of mass - Balance - Location - Slightly Anterior to S2 - Falls near the ASIS - 55% of the person's height - Male slightly higher - Female slightly lower - Location ([TATATPAA]) - T-odontoid process (C2) - A- AO jt. - T-cervical vert - A-throcic vert - T-lumbar vert - P-hip jt. - A-knee jt. - A-nkle jt. - Gravitational vector - Downward direction - Plumbline - Balance 1. LOG within BOS 2. COG is near BOS 3. Wide BOS 1. Muscles - Produce forces on their bone segments by either active contraction or passive stretching 4. Passive Insufficiency - Lengthened - Not allowed further movement of the opposite muscle - Two jointed muscles - 5. Active Insufficiency - Shortened - ↓force of contraction - Types of Muscle Contraction a. Isometric: same distance - Contraction without change jt. position b. Concentric: shortening c. Eccentric: lengthened & controlled 1. Isotonic: same tone - No change in muscle tone all throughout contraction 1. Isokinetic same rate of movement - No change in the rate of movement all throughout muscle contraction d. Functional Role of Muscle a. Agonist: prime mover b. Antagonist - Located opposite to agonist, action is opposite to agonist - Passive lengthening c. Synergist 2. Externally Applied Force - Alam mo na haha 3. Friction - Force that resists motion G. **LEVERS** - Components: FEW - Fulcrum: axis, joint - Effort: force, muscle - Weight: resistance, limb/externally applied force - Mechanical Advantage: ratio of weight arm length and effort arm length in reference to the axis. MA = FAL/WAL +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Lever** | **Function** | **Example** | **Mechanical | | | | | Advantage** | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | 1. W -- F -- E | Balance & | Single limb | MA = 1 | | | stability | stance | | | | | | 3/3 = 1 | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 2. F -- W -- E | Power | Brachioradialis | MA \> 1 | | | | without weight | | | | | | 4/2 = 2 | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 3. W -- E -- F | Speed, | Brachioradialis | MA \< 1 | | | mobility, skill | with weight | | | | | | ½ =.5 | | | Most common | | | | | type of level | | | | | | | | | | Concentric | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+