Foreign Policy of Kazakhstan (1992-1995) PDF

Foreign policy and international relations of the Republic of Kazakhstan On March 3, 1992, the Republic of Kazakhstan was admitted to the United Nations as a full member at the plenary session of the 46th session of the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN). The decision was not put to a vote...

Foreign policy and international relations of the Republic of Kazakhstan On March 3, 1992, the Republic of Kazakhstan was admitted to the United Nations as a full member at the plenary session of the 46th session of the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN). The decision was not put to a vote as it was unanimously approved. The Republic of Kazakhstan has joined the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for reconstruction and development, and the European bank for reconstruction and development, which are the main monetary and financial organizations. This success is due to the positive results of investing, supporting the national currency, helping to stabilize the macroeconomics and implementing investment programs in the most important sectors of the economy - the oil and gas sector, transport, gold mining. The funds allocated to Kazakhstan by International Monetary and financial organizations amounted to US \$2 billion. To date, Kazakhstan has been recognized by 130 countries, diplomatic relations have been established with more than a hundred countries, more than 20 embassies have been opened abroad, and there are 55 foreign embassies and representative offices in Almaty. The Republic was recognized in the world community as a sovereign and independent subject of international relations. The main task of the state in foreign policy is to determine economic priorities and national security, that is, to cover its national interests, foreign policy strategy, defense and military doctorates. The geopolitical location of Kazakhstan connects with Europe, the Central Asian part of the former USSR, the Asia-Pacific Muhit region and the south of the Asian continent. Since 1992, Kazakhstan has established diplomatic relations with foreign countries. In October 1992, at the 47th Session of the UN General Assembly, N. Nazarbayev, as the head of an independent state, spoke from the rostrum of the United Nations and expressed his proposal in the form of the Formula \"1 + 1\". The president of Kazakhstan proposed that in order to preserve, maintain and strengthen peace, States annually reduce their military finances by one percent and transfer these funds to the formation of the UN fund for the maintenance of World Peace. N. Nazarbayev proposed to do everything possible to effectively solve the\" formula of World Inequality\", because according to the\" formula of World Inequality\", 20% of the richest people in the world (in the countries of the North and West) consume 83% of the world\'s gross product, and 20% of the poorest (in the countries of the South and East) own only -14% of it. The ex president proposed a plan for the gradual establishment of the Council on interaction and confidence-building measures in Asia (SVMDA). He also proposed to convene a special session or conference of the UN to discuss the problems of the previous totalitarian period. In December 1991, Kazakhstan, together with the leadership of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, signed an agreement on joint measures on nuclear weapons, according to which they undertook: to be the first not to use nuclear weapons; to jointly manage it from a single center; to resolve the issue of its use by agreement of all presidents; not to transfer these weapons into the hands of a third, to export tactical nuclear weapons to Russia from July 1, 1992. In May 1995, the last nuclear weapons were exported from the territory of Kazakhstan. Since then, Kazakhstan has been a nuclear-free country. One of the most important tasks of Kazakhstan\'s foreign policy after gaining sovereignty was to establish good relations with the CIS countries. On May 15, 1992, representatives of six states - Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan-signed the collective security treaty in Tashkent. One of the main provisions of this treaty is that if aggression is committed against one of the states parties, it is considered that aggression has been committed against all states parties. They provide each other with the necessary assistance, including military assistance, as well as support by exercising the right to collective protection by means at their disposal. On February 14-16, 1994, N. Nazarbayev paid an official visit to the United States. The following documents were signed: Charter of the Democratic association between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the United States of America; Memorandum of understanding in the field of Defense and military relations; statement on the principles of establishing the Joint Committee on defense conversion; cooperation between the Government of Kazakhstan and the government of the United States in the field of Science and Technology; Agreement on exchange of technical information and cooperation in the field of Nuclear Security; Protocol on project support between Kazakhstan and the US Eximbank; principles of cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Foreign Private Investment Corporation (Olik) and the American-Kazakh councils on economic development: agreement between Kazakhstan, Russia and the United States in connection with the launch of the artificial Earth satellite \"Inmarsat-3\". On March 29, 1994, as part of his first visit to the Russian Federation, Nazarbayev at a meeting with teachers of Moscow State University proposed to create the Eurasian Union (EAO) as a new association of CIS member countries. In the same year, the Press published a project \"on the creation of the European Union of states.\" 16 Asian countries have become members of the Council for interaction and confidence-building measures in Asia (SVMDA): Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, China, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Palestine, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan. The observers will be the United States, Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Lebanon, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia and Ukraine, as well as four international organizations-the UN, the European Council for joint assistance (OSCE), the league of Arab states and the Interstate Council of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. At a meeting in Almaty in 1999, a declaration on the principles governing the relations of SVMDA member states was adopted. Accordingly, the sovereignty and rights of the participating states are respected; territorial integrity is maintained; do not interfere in each other\'s internal affairs; peaceful settlement of disputes is carried out; the use of force is abandoned; disarmament and armaments are controlled; act cooperatively in the Social, trade-economic and cultural-humanitarian spheres; human rights are respected in accordance with the principles of UN and international human rights. Kazakhstan paid special attention to the relationship with Russia in foreign policy relations and mutual relations. In 1994, during his official visit to Russia, N. Nazarbayev signed 23 documents regulating the issues of bilateral cooperation and integration between Kazakhstan and Russia: agreement on the basic principles and conditions for the operation of the Baikonur Cosmodrome; memorandum on the basic principles for resolving issues related to the citizenship and legal status of citizens of Kazakhstan and Russia; agreement on a simplified procedure for granting citizenship to citizens of Russia who arrived in Kazakhstan for permanent residence and citizens of Kazakhstan who visited Russia for permanent residence; Agreement on a single procedure for regulating foreign economic activity; Protocol on the introduction of a free trade regime. In June 2000, N. Nazarbayev paid a visit to Russia, and in October, Russian President V. Putin visited Kazakhstan. During these visits, bilateral agreements were signed. Kazakhstan has established close ties with its neighbors Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan in the Central Asian region, and within the framework of economic relations with Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. On July 8, 1994, the leaders of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan of the member states of the Central Asian Union met in Almaty. Decisions were made on the creation of the interstate council, its working body on a permanent basis - the Executive Committee, the councils of prime ministers, foreign ministers and defense ministers of the three states. In order to organize and implement Interstate multilateral relations on trade and other non-trade operations, in connection with the Intergovernmental Agreements of the three Central Asian states, as well as in the interests of maintaining trade and financial relations, as well as for the development of joint industries, the Central Asian bank for cooperation and development was established. On November 1, 1995, Tashkent hosted a meeting of the Council of foreign ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Uzbekistan. They discussed further development of comprehensive cooperation, strengthening of Central Asian integration, as well as issues of an international nature in the common interests of the region. On October 28, 1995, at the 50th session of the UN General Assembly, the heads of foreign ministries supported Kazakhstan\'s initiative to establish the UN Commission for Central Asia and expressed their opinion on the joint conclusion of this proposal to the UN. In March-April 2000, military training of Russia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan against Joint Terrorism \"South friendship shield - 2000\" was held. This event was held on the basis of the 201st Russian division on the territory of Tajikistan. In June of the same year, Astana hosted a meeting of the heads of governments of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, where the strategy for the integration development of the countries of the region until 2005 and the program of initial measures to create a single economic space for the period up to 2002 were supported. On November 11-12, 1991, Ashgabat hosted a meeting of foreign ministers of the five states located on its shores, on the status of the Caspian Sea. The Kazakh delegation supported Kazakhstan\'s position that the Caspian Sea should be open to navigation throughout its entire water area (sea surface area). Each state on the Caspian coast should independently conduct exploration and development of mineral resources in its economic zones. According to the International method, as in world practice, these zones should be marked with a midline with the delimitation of the bottom and subsoil of the Caspian Sea. In Ashgabat, a joint communique was found by support, which spelled out the agreement of the five states on general issues. The conflict of opinions due to principled issues did not allow the adoption of this document on a large scale. Kazakhstan is systematically establishing relations with European states. On September 16-17, 1993, the president of the French Republic Francoise Mitterrand paid an official visit to the Republic of Kazakhstan. It signed the following intergovernmental documents: - agreement on cooperation in the field of culture and art; Joint Declaration on economic cooperation between the National Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan and the National Center for scientific research of France; declaration of the governments of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the French Republic on air traffic; protocol on cooperation between the ministries of foreign affairs of the two countries. On March 20-23, 1994, the president of the Republic of Kazakhstan paid an official visit to the United Kingdom. During the visit, the following documents were signed; Joint declaration on economic cooperation between the governments of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the United Kingdom; agreement on cooperation in the field of Education, Science and culture; convention between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the United Kingdom on the avoidance of secondary taxation and the Prevention of income tax evasion and increase in property value; declaration on cooperation between the ministries of foreign affairs of the two countries; agreement on air traffic; agreement on support and mutual protection of investment. Kazakhstan has established mutually beneficial relations with other European countries. Kazakhstan\'s diplomacy has achieved significant results in the Asian direction: on May 22-26, 1993, the Prime Minister of India Narosimha Rao paid an official visit to Kazakhstan. He signed the following documents: agreement on cooperation in the field of Science and technology; Convention on the avoidance of Secondary taxation; support and mutual support for investment; Memorandum of understanding on holding Days of Kazakhstan in India, Days Of India in Kazakhstan; Protocol on cooperation, as well as on bilateral relations, providing for the regular holding of meetings between the Ministry of foreign affairs of the two countries on international and regional issues. On September 11-13, 1995, the president of the Republic of Kazakhstan visited China at the invitation of Chairman of the People\'s Republic of China Jiang Zemin. The following documents were signed: joint declaration on further development and strengthening of friendly relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the people\'s Republic of China; Agreement between the governments of the Republic of Kazakhstan and China on the use of the Chinese Seaport Lianyungang for the processing of Kazakhstan\'s raw materials and transportation of goods; memorandum of cooperation between the Ministry of defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the PRC; agreement on scientific and technical cooperation in the field of Meteorology between the Main Directorate for Hydrometeorology under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Meteorological Department of the PRC; agreement on the Kazakh-Chinese state border between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the PRC. Kazakhstan\'s interstate relations with the Arab states have developed successfully. In 1995, high-level meetings were held with the leaders of Indonesia, Pakistan, Turkey. In particular, relations between Kazakhstan and Turkey have developed on a large scale. Thus, Kazakhstan managed to defend its national interests in foreign policy, which is primarily due to territorial integrity and sovereignty, stability and peace in the country. In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which determines the foreign policy course, the president of Kazakhstan is obliged to implement long-term foreign policy goals, to modernize the country, to support domestic good conditions. The Ministry of foreign affairs, as an executive body, is engaged in foreign policy and acts as a coordinator of all international actions taken by Kazakhstan. The foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is characterized by a multifaceted course with its own history. List of used literature: - Qazaqstan (Qazaq eli) tarıhy 3 tom T. Omarbekov - Qazaqstan tarıhy (oqýlyq) G.Q.Kádirqulova - Era nezavısımostı N.Nazarbaev