International Relations Compilation Notes PDF
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This document compiles lecture notes on international relations, focusing on India's foreign policy and relations with neighboring countries. It includes discussions on various aspects of diplomacy, historical context, and key terms like Panchsheel. The document also addresses India's evolving policies and relationships with different global actors and regions.
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Compilation of Daily Class Notes International Relations List of Lectures 1. IR Overview, Lexicon, and India’s Foreign Policy Since Independence 2. Indian Foreign Policy Since Independence 3. India and its Neighbourhood (Pakistan) 4. India and i...
Compilation of Daily Class Notes International Relations List of Lectures 1. IR Overview, Lexicon, and India’s Foreign Policy Since Independence 2. Indian Foreign Policy Since Independence 3. India and its Neighbourhood (Pakistan) 4. India and its Neighbourhood (Pakistan) (Part-02) 5. India and its Neighbourhood (Pakistan + Nepal) 6. India, Nepal and Bhutan 7. India, Nepal and Bhutan (Part 02) 8. India, Bhutan and Bangladesh 9. India-Bangladesh Relations 10. Indian Bangladesh (Part 02) 11. India-Sri Lanka Relations 12. India, Myanmar, Afghanistan And Maldives 13. India China Relations 14. India China Relations (Part 2) 15. India and South East Asia 16. India-Iran Relations 17. West Asia (Part 02) 18. India-Israel, India-Africa 19. India EU and India Central Asia 20. Nordic Nations and Russia 21. India-Canada, India-Italy, India-Brazil, India-South America, Quad, Japan, Australia 22. India-Canada, India-Italy, IndiaBrazil, India-South America, Quad, Japan, Australia (Part-02) International Relations Lecture 01: IR Overview, Lexicon, and India’s Foreign Policy Since Independence Syllabus India and its neighborhood Relations between India and neighboring countries Bilateral, regional, and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's Interests Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India's interests Indian diaspora Important international institutions, agencies, and fora India's International Relations Based on Location: ➔ India and its neighbors (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, China, and Nepal) ➔ India and various organizations (UN, G20, ASEAN, GCC, IMF, EU, World Bank, etc.) ➔ India and the different regions (the Americas, Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, Europe, etc.) ➔ India and the rich nations (Australia, Japan, USA, etc.) ➔ India and the 5 UNSC members (USA, France, China, Russia, and UK) PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 India's foreign policy during the different phases: ➔ Post-independence ➔ Cold War ➔ Non-alignment Movement ➔ Wartime with Pakistan and China ➔ Fall of the USSR ➔ Post 9/11 ➔ Current events (Coronavirus, Vaccine, diplomacy, etc) Lexicons (Keywords) 1. Actors- Actors in international relations are thosenations that are involved in the maintenance of international politics. These actorscan be divided into 2 categories: a. State actors-These are sovereign countries that arerecognised as primary units in the international system.They consist of territories,population, sovereignty, and government.For example- India, China etc b. Non-State Actors-These are important elements ofthe international system and consist of international organisations, non-government organisations, MNCs and armed organisations (Hamas). 2. Idealism vs Realism In International Relations- a. Idealism is a philosophy that highlights the concepts of international cooperation, peace, and a liberal economy. Idealists believe that human nature is fundamentally good, and hence,they ensure a peacefulsystem. b. On the other hand,realism highlights that the internationalsystem is anarchic in nature and is only concerned with wars, power, and hegemony. Humans, by nature, areself-centred and hence always try to maximisethe state's power. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 India’s Foreign Policy Since independence, it has evolved depending upon the changing world. Despite the current issues, India’s policy has never drifted away from the concept of peace and non-alignment. Continuity in Foreign Policy: 1. Principle of Non-Alignment-After independence Indiafollowed theNAM systemto ensure that we do not become part of any block. It is still being used to ensure the strategic autonomy of India. 2. Peaceful Co-existence-India still follows a disputeresolution approach rather than a conflict approach. 3. Promotion of Global Interest-India has always promotedthe interest of developed and under-developed countries.For example, India alwayspromotes South-South cooperation. 4. Nuclear No First Use-India has maintained its standof no first use policy with regard to nuclear bombs. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 International Relations Lecture 02: Indian Foreign Policy Since Independence Change in Foreign Policy: 1. Non-aligned to multi-aligned-India shifted from a non-aligned state to a multi-aligned state. Currently, India is part of groupings like QUAD, G-20 etc. 2. Look East to Act East-India has shifted towards becoming a regional power by adopting the Act East policy. 3. Promotion of Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy-India now uses cultural power in the form of Yoga, Bollywood, and other similar heritage to promote its interests. 4. India has now becomeassertive in border disputesfor example recent negotiations in Ladakh with China. 5. Engagement in the Indo-Pacific Regionhas given anedge to India over other regional players. Types of Power 1. Hard Power-It is a traditional notion of power in which force or coercion is used to moderate the behaviour of other countries. This power is identified in the form of military, economic sanctions and defence agreements. 2. Soft Power- Under this, the country has the ability to shape the behaviour of other countries by using cultural influence, diplomacy and political values. 3. Smart Power- It is a combination of both hard and soft. Under this, both coercive and persuasive powers are used to ensure the fulfilment of national interest eg military intervention backed by diplomacy. 4. Assertive Power(not important) 5. Sharp Power(not important)[Recently this term was in the news, it is when countries like China and Russia use manipulative and deceptive campaigns to influence foreign policy for example, the country spreads misinformation or interferes in other countries' internal matters through cyber attack, data theft etc.] PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 India’s Neighbourhood Since independence India has witnessed a crisis in its neighbourhood areas. This gave birth to various policies throughout the decades. Nehruvian Vision: ○ Nehru’sPanchsheel policyand the‘family approach’treated the neighbourhood as a vast Asian family. ○ He emphasised the peaceful co-existence of all the nations through mutual efforts like Panchsheel. After Nehru, the priorities for the neighbourhood shifted from PM to PM. In the 1990,s theGujral Doctrinefocused on the new foreign policy to enhance regionalism and engagement with the eastern nations (Look East). ○ Features of Gujral Doctrine: i. Non-Reciprocity- India offered support to the smaller nations(neighbours) without expecting any return from them. ii. Non-interference- respect for their sovereignty and non-interference in their internal matters. iii. Peaceful Dispute Resolution. iv. Comprehensive Cooperation eg economic cooperation Vajpayee’s Era ○ Confidence-building Measures with Pakistan ○ Enhanced economic cooperation Manmohan Doctrine- ○ Under this policy, economic integration along with enhanced trade was prioritised. This policy also implemented regional integration. ○ Neighbourhood First Policy (2008)- i. Stability and prosperity in the region. ii. Support in their development. iii. Regional connectivity. iv. India as the primary actor in Southeast Asia. PM Modi’s Act East Policy (2014) PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 ○ It is an enhanced version of the look east policy by PM Modi for proactive engagement in Southeast Asia. ○ Features: i. Economic cooperation ii. Better connectivity iii. Defence cooperation iv. People to people to ties ○ During this policy, India signed the following agreements: i. India-Myanmar-Thailand Highway ii. Maritime Exercises iii. India ASEAN trade relations iv. Cultural Exchange like student exchange ➔ What is Panchsheel? These are 5 principles which formed the foundations of Indo-China relations: a. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty b. Mutual non-aggression c. Non-interference d. Mutual benefit e. Peaceful co-existence. Challenges Faced by India in the Neighbourhood Expansion of China through the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI) Border disputes across the region. Unstable governments in the neighbourhood. River water Disputes Cross border terrorism Way Forward Peaceful dispute resolution Revival of SAARC More people to people contact Free Trade Agreement PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 International Relations Lecture 03: India and its Neighbourhood (Pakistan) Types of Diplomacy Diplomacy is a key element in International Relations andis used by the states and other international actors to pursue foreign relations.Following are the types of Diplomacy used in International Relations: 1. Bilateral Diplomacy:It focuses onnegotiations andrelations between two states.It remains the most common form of diplomacy. 2. Multilateral Diplomacy:Interaction between two ormore countries in the form of treaties, alliances etc. 3. Track-I Diplomacy:In this form of Diplomacythe high-levelofficials of government are engaged.It is a formal way of diplomacy.For example Ministers of respective governments. 4. Track-II Diplomacy:It is an unofficial form of interaction,for example Civil Society, NGOs, MNCs etc. 5. Track 1.5 Diplomacy:Under this track-I and track-IIare simultaneously utilised for interaction. For example, during government discussions the non-governmental policy experts also discuss international issues. 6. Track-III Diplomacy:It involves people-to-peopleinteractions.For example, the Pakistan forum ‘aman ki asha’ promotes better relations between India and Pakistan. 7. Gunboat Diplomacy:It is a form of coercive diplomacyin which a country uses or threatens to use force to achieve its foreign policy.For example, USA used to display force to achieve its agenda, similarly China uses this in the South China Sea. 8. Shuttle Diplomacy:In this type of diplomacy a 3rdparty mediator shuttles between the conflicting parties to negotiateamongthem for example America used this policy during Kissinger’s time in the Middle East War (1973). India and its Neighbourhood PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 India and Pakistan Pakistan’s geographical significance has been utilised for the following reasons: ○ Location:Its location on the Arabian Sea has alwaysgiven benefits to China and the USA. ○ Gateway to Central Asia:Pakistan lies on the crossroadsof west Asia, South Asia and Central Asia. ○ Interest of Superpowers: i. Chinese interest: ➔ Pakistan has become a rentier state, which has given its land and resources to China. China has established aChina-Pakistan Economic Corridordue to economic and strategic interests.For example, this corridor is used for economic interaction with Western nations such as African nations. ➔ Pakistan also helps China tocontain the radicalisationof the Xinjiangregion and development of Xinjiang. ii. The interest of the USA: ➔ For the USAPakistan is a Zipper statebecause itis close to Afghanistan and has helped the USA to maintain its hegemony in the region. For example, Pakistan is a link to south, west, central and east Asia. ➔ Pakistan was also a major consumer of US-made goods. iii. The interests of Iran: ➔ Iran has a deep interest in Pakistan due to its border, alsoIran is a bit sceptical about the Baluch demand in the region.Baluchistan is an ethnic region in western Pakistan and some parts of east Iran. Nature of Indo-Pak Relations Pakistan is considered a deep state(a state beingruled by underground powers in a parallel system) for example Pakistani army is a parallel government. Both countries haveantagonistic relations due tounsettled border disputes. Pakistan’s democratic deficit has failed the democratic peace theory. ○ The theory emphasises that democracy leads to peace in the region. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 Phases of Indo-Pak Relations Phase of Active Aggression (1947-2001) 1. 1947-1950 - 1st Pak War 2. 1950-1965 - Revival of Relations 3. 1965-1971 - Two wars 4. 1972-1980 - Shimla Agreement 5. 1980s - Intrusion of Militancy; Operation Meghadoot 6. 1998- Both countries enter the nuclear club 7. 1999- Kargil war and suspension of relations 8. 2001- Attack on Indian Parliament Phase of Reconciliation (2001-2008)[Post Lahore Declaration] 1. Confidence building majors 2. Samjhuta express 3. Enhanced trade relations 4. 2008 Mumbai Attack Phase of Bilateralism (2008- 2019) 1. Relation Revivalism 2. Soni- Shawl diplomacy 3. Kartarpur corridor 4. Renewed aggression (Pulwama, Amarnath attacks; Uri, Balakot airstrikes)[India became soft to hard state] PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 International Relations Lecture 04: India and its Neighbourhood (Pakistan) (Part-02) Factors Behind the Complex Relations: Cross-border Terrorism:Pakistan's strategy of "bleedingIndia with a thousand cuts" has seen decades of support for militant activities across the border. This ongoing issue has fueled distrust and security concerns for India. Kashmir Dispute:Since independence, Pakistan hasclaimed Kashmir, leading to three wars and continuous tensions. Many analysts believe this dispute remains central to the relationship and without its resolution, peace may be elusive. Siachen Glacier Conflict:The boundary at NJ9842 inSiachen remains unresolved. This high-altitude conflict zone is a point of contention, with both nations stationing troops in harsh conditions to defend their respective territorial claims. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC):The developmentof the CPEC through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK) poses a sovereignty issue for India, as it involves infrastructure projects on what India claims as its territory. Rann of Kachchh -Sir Creek Dispute: The Sir Creekdispute concerns the marshlands in Gujarat, where Pakistan claims the entire 96 km area. India, however, advocates for using the Thalweg principle, which demarcates borders based on the deepest point of a river channel. Sir Creek is also valuable for its fishing resources, hydrocarbon potential, and access to maritime resources. Gilgit-Baltistan:Pakistan recently granted provincialstatus to Gilgit-Baltistan, which India opposes, as it claims the region as part of its territory. China's Support for Pakistan:China's alignment withPakistan in international forums reinforces Pakistan’s position on issues like Kashmir and emboldens its stance against India. Strengthening China-Pakistan-Russia Relations:Thetrilateral ties between these countries have implications for India’s strategic and security interests in the region. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 Trade Tensions:India and Pakistan have minimal trade, hindered further by the lack of progress on the South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA). After the 2019 Pulwama attack, India withdrew Pakistan’s Most Favoured Nation status, resulting in a sharp decline in Pakistan’s exports to India. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 International Relations Lecture 05: India and its Neighbourhood (Pakistan + Nepal) Indus Water Treaty: The Indus Water Treaty is one of the most successful cases of conflict resolution. However, there have been several instances where Pakistan has raised concerns over India's irrigation projects. India proposed theTulbul Water Project, the Kishanganga Project on the Jhelum, and Chenab rivers. Pakistan has raised concerns against India for using the Jhelum's water. In 2024, India sent a notice to Pakistan under Article XII of the treaty, which allows for changes to the terms signed in 1960 between India, Pakistan, and the World Bank. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 India’s Demands: Due to population changes, the water-sharing percentage should be revised. Both countries should focus on developing clean energy to meet emission targets. Both countries should work together to maintain the environment in the region. Pakistan’s Contention: Pakistan wants the treaty to be renegotiated in front of a court of arbitration, which India has denied. (Note: The Court of Arbitration is situated in The Hague, Netherlands.) Way Forward: 1. India should focus on itsNeighbourhood First policyto ensure good relations with the rest of the nations. This will help counter both Pakistan and China. 2. India shouldenhance relations with West Asiato balance Pakistan. 3. India shoulduse both hard and soft powerto ensure its leadership in South Asia and manage its relationship with Pakistan. 4. India should useinternational organizationslikethe UN and FATF to counter Pakistan. 5. India should focus onstrengthening SAARCto ensurea peaceful South Asia. 6. Ajit Doval’s policy of offensive-defence is an effective way to counter terrorism from Pakistan. Defensive-Offensive: Under this, India will ensure the use of force against terrorist camps based in Pakistan. Apart from the above measures, enhancing trade, mutual cooperation, and people-to-people contact can be the best method to balance India-Pakistan relations. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 Recent Development: Recently, an argument was raised regarding the demilitarization of Siachen due to its high cost (5 crore). Arguments in Favor of Demilitarization: 1. High costs involved. 2. Loss of human life. 3. The area is unsustainable and uninhabitable. 4. The presence of the army creates environmental concerns. 5. It would be a good international gesture by India. Arguments Against Demilitarization: 1. Bad intentions of China and Pakistan regarding the Siachen Glacier. 2. Money should not be an issue when national security is involved. 3. Technological advancements can reduce environmental concerns (e.g., the use of drones). 4. Demilitarization would weaken India's position in Asia. Hence, it is not advisable to demilitarize the region until relations with China and Pakistan normalize. Pakistan Election 2024 The new Pakistani government is being considered soft toward India, and normalization of trade could happen soon. The only concern remains the control of the military in international matters. Nevertheless, the civil unrest in Pakistan and China's interests would likely prevent the normalization of relations. Note:80-20 IWT - This means that Pakistan receives80 percent of the total water flow, while India receives 20 percent. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 80-20 Issue: Under this formula, 80 percent of the water has been allocated to Pakistan, which flows through the Chenab and Jhelum rivers, while 20 percent of the water from the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers has been allocated to India. Experts view that India has allocated excess water to Pakistan, and hence, the treaty should be reviewed. India and Nepal Relations: Indo-Nepal relations have been guided by the1950Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship, which has been a crucial framework throughout the past 17 years. History of Relations: 1. TheFriendship Treaty of 1950established diplomaticrelations between India and Nepal. This treaty focuses on the open border, free movement of people, trade relations, and defense cooperation. In fact, this treaty also helped India ensure Nepal's support in the region. 2. Relations are deeply rooted in culture and religion, with Hinduism and Buddhism being major areas of cooperation, particularly in the form of religious tourism. 3. During the Cold War, China's interference in Nepal strained Indo-Nepal relations, making them more bitter. 4. In 1989, India imposed an economic blockade on Nepal in response to the China-Nepal defense deal. Currently, India maintains a balanced relationship with Nepal, particularly in trade and other engagements. Current Issues: 1. Growing proximity between China and Nepal. 2. Unstable government in Nepal. 3. The open border issue (insurgency concerns). PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 4. TheLipulekh issue. 5. TheMadhesi issue. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 International Relations Lecture 06: India, Nepal and Bhutan Current Issues in India-Nepal Relations: Kalapani-Lipulekh Dispute: Recently Kalapani Lipulekh inthe North-west border of Nepalwas in news because of Nepal’s claim over it. Background: Kalapani is aancient trade route and serves as a link between Tibet and Nepal as well as India and Tibet ○ As perTreaty of Sugauli,the Kali river would serve as a border betweenIndia and Nepal. ○ Theorigin of river is a point of clashbetween India and Nepal. ○ India Claims that the river originates from theEastern partwhereas Nepal claims thatKalapani-Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura are part of Nepal. Geopolitical Significance of Lipulekh Region: This area marks several important and strategic locations: Kalapani:It is the easternmost corner of Uttarakhand and serves as a tri junction between India-Nepal-Tibet. The1816 Treaty of Sagauli,signed between theBritish East India Company and Nepal, established theKali River as Nepal's western border with India. ○ However, itdid not specify the ridgeline,and British surveyors later marked the river's source inconsistently on maps.This ambiguity has fueled ongoing border disputes between India and Nepal, with Nepalofficially raising the Kalapani issue with India in 1998. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 Lipulekh:Its importance lies in being a Pass between India and Tibet.It also serves as a trade route. Limpiyadhura: Nepal treats it asthe origin point of river Kali. Lipulekh and Kalapani form atrijunction between India and China,holding significant geostrategic and geopolitical value.They enable India tomonitor potential encroachment by China and track movementsof the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) towards its territory. The area ofKalapani will be useful for China as it can have surveillanceover the Indian state of Uttarakhand Point of Disagreement between India and Nepal: Nepal identifies theriver flowing west of Kalapani, originating from either Limpiyadhura or the nearby Lipulekh pass, as the main Kali River, claiming this area as Nepalese territory. In contrast, India asserts that theKali River begins at a smaller stream called Pankhagad,locatedsouth of Kalapani, with the ridge to the east marking the true border. When Indiapublished its new map in 2019after the bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir it highlighted Lipulekh/Kalapani area as a part of Uttarakhandwhich was later objected by Nepal by publishing its own map(This area was under India’s control since 1960). Susta Dispute: Due to thechange of course of Gandak river in Champaranregion of Bihar, the Susta region became adispute between India and Nepal It is a14,000 hectare land parcelwhich is fit for agriculture PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 Susta iscurrently controlled by India as part of Bihar, though Nepal claims it as Nepali territory,asserting that its residents are Nepali citizens. The1816 Treaty of Sugauli established the Gandak River as the boundary between the two countries, withNepal controlling the right bank and India the left. Originally,Susta village was on the right bank and part of Nepal, but shifts in the Gandak’s course moved it to theleft bank, placing it under India's control. The Nepalese government has repeatedly insisted that Susta should be returned to Nepal. India-Nepal 1950 Friendship Treaty Dispute : Nepal’s Political system is against this treaty now because it creates inequality and imbalances. The local population of Nepal consider it to beAnti-Nepal treaty,because it gives upper hand to India in therelations and curtails Nepal’s sovereignty Cross- Border Water Dispute: Kosi and Gandak barrage have been the center of disputes since the 1950s. Nepal criticizes India forexploiting water resources of these rivers Mahakali River Dispute: The Mahakali treaty since1996 has not been properly implemented between India and Nepaldue to disagreement over water sharing, dam management etc. Open Border Policy: India has always gotimpacted by the Open border policy and migration of Nepalese into Indian territory This has acted against thesecurity interest of India because Pakistan has also used this areato supplyfake currency, drugs and terrorism The open border hasincreased the crime rates in India. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 Madhesi Issue: Madhesis are the people ofTerai region (Plains) of Nepalhaving cultural links withBihar and Uttar Pradesh.They are people residing in Nepal's southern Terai region, near the border with India. They have beendiscriminated by Nepalese Government and raised the concern of equal representation in the system In 2016,they blocked the India-Nepal border,which created tensions among the India-Nepal government. Hence,Madhesis are demanding the fair representation in the system. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 International Relations Lecture 07: India, Nepal and Bhutan (Part 02) Challenges in India-Nepal Relations: Unresolved Border Disputes:Border disputes have createdbitter relations. The Constitutional Amendment ofNepal leading to the issuanceof an official map of Nepal with the Kalapani regionbeing shown as part of Nepal'sterritoryhas led to a region which is under India's sovereignty being demandedby Nepal. ○ Both countries havedecided to resolve this issuebilaterally.However,India has not been showing much interest in resolving this issuewhich Nepal's elitefeel very deeply about. The China Factor:Nepal’sgrowing relation with Chinais giving anedge to China in this region. Political Instability in Nepal:Political instabilityin Nepal hasalways created tensions between India and Nepal relations. There is usuallyapolitical bashing of India by political groupsparticularly those to the left ofIndia'sbig brother attitude, interference in domestic political issues etc. ○ The KP Oli governmentgave some priority to Indiain Nepal’s foreign relations. India’s Policy Paralysis: India hasbeen accused ofonly making policies and not implementingthem whereasChina implements its promises. India's Agni Veer Scheme:Nepal'sGurkha communitywas an integral part of the Indian Army. However, the Agniveer scheme which is a four-yearlimited employment structure in the Army has not been taken well inNepal as theysee employment in the Indian army as a coveted employment. Note: In September 2024, the Prime Minister of India andPrime minister of Nepal KP Oli met each otherat United Nations General Assemblyand discussed about development partnership, Hydropower projects, people to people relations and enhanced connectivity. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 The Prime Minister of India recently highlighted that Nepal is very important bloc of India’s Neighbourhood Policy. Solutions to India-Nepal challenges Trade:India needs to increase its trade as comparedto China, India constitutes 64.1% of the total trade of Nepal,comprising about$8.85 billionUSD (Indian FY 22-23).This includes$8.015 billion USD of exports from Indiato Nepal and $839.62million USD of exports from Nepal to India. Cultural Ties:India can invest in cultural ties inthe region. For example: Currently India is funding Pashupatinath Temple developmentalong withthecreation of Sister city Tourism (Ayodhya- Jankapur and Lumbini-Bodh Gaya) Amicable Solutions:Amicable solutions of the Borderdispute can bedone without any foreign interference. Hydroproject Investment:Investments in Hydropowerprojects can bedone in Nepal which can help India to procure electricity from Nepalese Projects ○ In 2023 afive point agreement was signed betweenIndia and Nepal inwhich India would develop10,000 megawatts of Hydropowerin next 10 years. This will ensure Nepal tosupply 365 days of electricity inIndia. Defense Cooperation:India and Nepal have enhancedtheir defense ties through joint military exerciseSurya- Kiran.India has alsorecruitedGurkha in its armysince 1947. But afterAgniveer, the Nepal government was concernedabout the Gurkha regiment. Investing in Developmental Projects:Indian government can help Nepal in development through enhancedregional connectivity by buildingRail networks and Highways. ○ For example: A feasibility study for theRaxaul-Kathmandurailwayhas been completed, and adirect rail service from Ayodhyato Janakpur is under consideration Connectivity:India has been assisting Nepal in developmentof border infrastructure through upgradation of 10 roadsin the Terai area;development ofcross-border rail links at Jogbani-Biratnagar, Jaynagar-Bardibas;andestablishment of Integrated Check Posts at Birgunj, Biratnagar, Bhairahawa, and Nepalgunj. Access to Sea: India can also help toprovide betteraccess to the sea to Nepal. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 Big brother Image:India can shed itsBig brother imagein the region and help the neighboring countries to grow faster Enhancing the role of NDRF:India can also help inDisaster management through its National Disaster Relief forces in Nepal. Maintenance of Borders :Both the Nations can work in better maintenance of borders to ensurethat no anti-India activities happen. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 International Relations Lecture 08: India, Bhutan and Bangladesh India-Bhutan Relations A Brief History of India Bhutan Relations: Background:Bhutan signed a treaty with British India in 1910. According to this treaty, the British guided the defense and foreign affairs of Bhutan. Cordial Relations:India and Bhutan share cordial relations. It is based on a sharedcultural heritage from the historical past. ○ As quoted by our Hon'ble Prime Minister, India Bhutan relationship is like 'milk and water'. They cannot be separated. Recognition:Bhutan was the first country to recognizeIndia's independence in 1947. Treaty of Friendship:India- Bhutan Treaty of Friendshipand Cooperation was signed in 1949 This treaty was updated in 2007. Relations:Diplomatic relations between the two countrieswere officially established in 1968 after the appointment of an Indian representative as a resident in Thimphu, the capital of Bhutan Trade and Commerce Agreement:India Bhutan Tradeand Commerce Agreement was signed in 1972. It provided for free trade and commerce between the two countries. Bhutan-China Border Issues: North Bhutan:In the Jakarlung and Pasamlung regions, China has constructed several villages within Bhutanese territory. West Bhutan:The Doklam Plateau is claimed by Chinaas an extension of its Chumbi Valley region, located between Sikkim and Bhutan. However, India regards Doklam as part of Bhutanese territory. East Bhutan:China claims the Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary,located near the Arunachal Pradesh border with India, as its own territory. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 Implications of China’s Growing Influence in Bhutan for India: Security Threat to India: A Bhutan-China negotiated border deal in theDoklam regioncould impact India’s security due to its proximity to the strategically critical Siliguri Corridor. Geopolitical Shifts: China’s increased presence in Bhutan may disrupt the regional geopolitical balance, intensifying India-China tensions. ○ For Example:In 2017, a standoff occurred betweenthe Indian and Chinese armies at the Doklam tri-junction. Chinese access to Doklam would grant it leverage over India’s northeastern region, including the disputed state of Arunachal Pradesh. Diminished Influence for India:Closer Bhutan-Chinaties could erode Bhutan's traditionally pro-India stance in its foreign policy. India Bhutan Relations: They are very unique and all weather relations based upon trust and understanding. Bhutan shares a border withAssam, Arunachal, Sikkimand West Bengal. Bhutan is alandlocked nationwhich is dependent upontourism and hydropower. Strategic Importance of Bhutan: Bhutan serves protection to the Siliguri Corridor and has helped India to fight insurgency in the North East. Bhutan offers a vital connectivity to Siliguri corridor Bhutan is out of the Belt and Road initiative by China and does not maintain any diplomatic relations with China. Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty: PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 Both the nations signed a friendship treaty in 1949 which talked about mutual coexistence and protection to Bhutan by managing its foreign policy. According to Article 2 of the treaty, India was given the responsibility to manage foreign affairs of Bhutan. In 2007 this treaty was revised to ensure freedom to Bhutan in its foreign policy making, it also allows Bhutan to import military equipment from other nations keeping in mind the interest of India. Significance of Bhutan: Geostrategic Importance:Bhutan is not just a neighboringcountry but a crucial strategic ally. Its border with India spans over 600 km, serving as a buffer between China and India. This geographical and strategic positioning has bolstered bilateral ties since India's independence. It supports India at International forums. For ex: United Nations Both the nations are part of multilateral cooperation.For Example:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Project, Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). Trade: India is Bhutan’s top trade partner both asan import source and as an export destination, with the balance of trade in India’s favor. ○ India is the leading source of investments in Bhutan, comprising 50% of the country’s total FDI. ○ The India-Bhutan Trade and Transit Agreement, originally signed in 1972 and last renewed in 2016, facilitates a free-trade regime between the countries and ensures duty-free transit for Bhutanese exports to third countries. ○ Both the Nations are cooperating in start up sectors. ○ India has significantly funded Bhutan's Five-Year Plans, committing 4,500 crore for the 12th Five-Year Plan (2018-2023). Hydropower Cooperation: TheChukha Power Projectfunded by India in 1987 (Loan+Aid) has been a successful collaboration. Tala Power Projecthas also given benefit to India. Mangdechu Power Projectis supplying uninterruptedpower to India In 2024, Adani and Reliance power have announced to invest money in Bhutan to scale up power production. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 These power projects have been advantageous for the Eastern part of India, whereas Bhutan gets electricity for domestic purposes and earns revenue from exporting it to India. Concerns in Hydropower Cooperation: Ecological and Environmental concerns:Concerns overenvironmental damage caused by large-scale hydropower projects are growing. Debt Concerns:A significant portion (73%) of Bhutan'sexternal debt is tied to the hydropower sector. The shift in financing models from a 60:40 (grants to loans) to a 30:70 ratio has exacerbated the debt burden. Power Purchasing Policy:India's past changes in powerpurchasing policy, not able to fairly negotiate power tariff delay in completion of projects(E.g. Punatsangchhu I & II) by India. Military Relations: India have establishedIndian Military Training Team(IMTRAT) in Western Bhutan permanently totrain the Royal Bhutan Army The Bhutanese army helps theIndian army to fightinsurgency and organized crime The Eastern command ofIndian Airforce manages airprotection of Bhutan India's Border Road Organisation (BRO) has built the majority of roads inBhutan under project 'DANTAK'. Cultural Ties: Buddhism has been a bridge of Indo-Bhutan cultural relations. Other Areas: Tourism:Open border policy and visa free entry forIndians. Indians are charged Sustainable Development Fee. Student Exchange Programmes:Numerous Bhutanese students' study in India. The India-Bhutan Foundation, established in 2003, promotes people-to-people exchanges in education, culture, scientific and technical research, and environmental protection. India-Bhutan Satellite:Also called the ISRO NanoSatellite 2 for Bhutan (INS-2B), this satellite was launched as a payload aboard ISRO's PSLV C54 rocket on November 26, 2022. It was collaboratively developed by scientists from both India and Bhutan. Issues in India-Bhutan Relations: Bhutan is considered as drifting away from India and moving towards China. Bhutan is dissatisfied from India due to frequent China-India conflicts. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 Way Forward: During the Prime minister of India’s visit to Bhutan in March 2024 further strengthened the ties and India signed agreements for trade, Space cooperation and People to people relations. Financial Assistance:India will provide Rs.10,000crore as financial support to Bhutan over next five years to bolster cooperation in areas like energy, space etc. Rail Links:MoUs to establish two rail links includingKokrajhar - Gelephu and Banarhat-Samtse to improve connectivity. Connectivity:Bhutan is planning to build an internationalcity -Gelephu Mindfulness City- that will connect its border with Assam. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 International Relations Lecture 09: India-Bangladesh Relations Significance of Bangladesh for India Shared Border : ○ India and Bangladesh share a4,096 km land border, the fifth longest in the world. ○ Proximity to theSiliguri Corridormakes Bangladesh strategically important. Neighbourhood First Policy: ○ Bangladesh is a key pillar of India’sNeighbourhoodFirst Policy. Security in Bay of Bengal Region: ○ Bangladesh is important for ensuringsecurity in theBay of Bengal region. Gateway to Northeast India: ○ Provides essential rail networks, inland waterways, and road connectivity to northeastern India. Coastal and Port Development: ○ Joint development of ports likeChittagong Portstrengthensmaritime networks. ○ Important for mutual coastal network development, includingentry and exit points. Recent Issues in India-Bangladesh Relations Teesta Water Dispute ○ Importance of Teesta River: India and Bangladesh share the Teesta River, which is acrucialsourceof water for irrigation in both countries. It is vital for supporting paddy cultivation in key agricultural regions of India and Bangladesh. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 For India: Supports agriculture and water needs in West Bengal and Sikkim. For Bangladesh: Maintains livelihoods innorthernBangladesh. ○ Details of the Dispute: India claims55% of water, while Bangladesh demandsequal sharing. In 2011, a proposed agreement allocated 42.5% to India and 37.5% to Bangladesh, but it remains unresolved due toWestBengal’s opposition. ○ Reasons for the Issue Remaining Unresolved: Politically sensitive issue between theCentre and State Governments. India’s Complex federal structure limits the Centre's ability to accommodate state concerns. ○ Possible Solutions: Increaseddiplomatic engagementbetween India and Bangladesh. Buildingtrust with the West Bengal government. Promoting sustainable water practices, like less water-intensive crops andadvanced agriculture techniques. Farakka Barrage Issue ○ Details of the Issue: Located on the Ganga River, the Farakka Barrage affects water flow to Bangladesh. ○ Importance for India: Helps improve Kolkata Port’s navigability by supplying water to the Hooghly River. Supportsirrigationin the Farakka region and aidsinpower generation. ○ Complaints of Bangladesh: Causeswater scarcityin downstream areas. Leads toenvironmental degradationin Bangladesh. Despite the Ganga Water Treaty, Bangladesh accuses India of using excessive water. Other Water Disputes PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 ○ India and Bangladesh share 54 rivers, including the Meghna, Barak, and Brahmaputra. ○ The Joint River Commission (JRC) was created in 1972 to resolve disputes,but progress has been limited. Illegal Migration: ○ Cross-border migration affectsdemographics,resources,andlawenforcementin India. Northeast Insurgency: ○ Militant groups useBangladesh as a base, affectingIndia’s security. China-Bangladesh Relations ○ Growing ties between Bangladesh and China posestrategic challengesfor India. ○ China is investing inBangladesh’s infrastructureand military. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 International Relations Lecture 10: Indian Bangladesh (Part 02) Steps Taken by Government to Strengthen Relations with Bangladesh: Border Security: India has fenced the entire borderto improve security. Land Boundary Agreement 2015: India and Bangladeshexchanged enclaves, resolving a long-standing border dispute. ○ It facilitated the transfer of 111 enclaves from India to Bangladesh. Conversely, India received 51 enclaves which were in Bangladesh. The100th Constitutional Amendment Actwas introduced in the Indian Constitutionto give effect to this agreement. Connectivity: Improved road and railway links betweenthe two nations. Strategic Cooperation: Both countries have supportedeach other in countering China's influence in the region. COVID-19 Support: India aided Bangladesh through theVaccine Maitriprogram during the pandemic. Major Initiatives: ○ Bangladesh, China, India, and Myanmar Economic Corridor (BCIM):Bangladesh plays a very important role in this economic corridor because it will help India in establishing direct road trade with China. This initiative would help the India in development of north-eastern region, exploration of resources like natural gas in Bangladesh and development of Kolkata Port. ○ Maitri Setu:India’s initiative to build abridgeon Feni riverwill help in connecting Chittagong and Haldia port. This bridge will reduce India’s dependence upon the Siliguri Corridor. Defence Initiative:Both the nations have enhanceddefence cooperation through the following: ○ Annual Defence Dialogueto ensure better defence cooperation. ○ Joint military exercises likeSAMPRITI, Bongo Sagarhave helped both the nations in defence cooperation. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 ○ In 2024, India and Bangladesh participated in theMilan Exercise. ○ In November 2024, the army chief of India and Bangladesh met virtually to discuss thestability in the region. ○ Both nations are working onmilitary securityin the region. Economic Relations: Both nations have increased trade in the last decade. Both countries are enjoyingfree tradein the region. India is relying upon itsinvestments in telecom andhydrocarbon sectoralong with electricity exports. (Balance of Trade is in India'sfavour.) New Areas of Cooperation: Both nations are investing inblue economy initiativesin the Bay of Bengal regionfor sustainable fishing, resource exploration, and renewable sources of energy. Both are cooperating in thesecurity of Bay of Bengal. Both the nations areimportant partners in South Asia. Current Issues: Recentpolitical crisis in Bangladeshhas createdconcerns for India. New Moore Disputein the recent years has somehowcreated issues between India and Bangladesh which has now been resolved because of the submergence of island. Growing relations between Bangladesh and Chinathroughduty free trade is a major concern for India. ○ China is very keen to invest in theChittagong Portas well as theMongla Port areas. ○ China is also pursuing Bangladesh to developinlandwaterways on Teesta river. Way Forward: India has tocounter China’s presence by focusingonAct East Policy. Both India and Bangladesh can collaborate in the areas ofnuclear cooperation (Ruppur Nuclear Power Plant)to ensure peaceful nuclear energy. ○ Ruppur Nuclear Power Plant will be commissioned in 2024 on Padma river. Both the nations cancollaborate on renewable energy resources. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 International Relations Lecture 11: India-Sri Lanka Relations India-Sri Lanka Sri Lanka has a very strategic locationintheIndian Ocean region. It is at the crossroads of international shipping lines. Strategic Importance of Sri Lanka: ○ Columbo and Trincomalee are one of thetwo busiesttradeports.Hence,ithasbecomepart of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of China. ○ Naval Importance: Sri Lanka is amajorbase formilitarybasesandmaritimesecurityintheIndianOcean.Itisaveryimportant place to establish a naval base to monitor theIndianOceanandtheincreasingly busy shipping lanes. India’s Foreign Policy and Sri Lanka: SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) Initiative: The project focuseson enhancing security, and economic cooperation and promoting sustainable development among Indian Ocean littoral states. ○ IndianOceanLittoralStates:Theseconsistofallthenationshavingcoastsinthe Indian Ocean. There are 29countriesand6islandnationsintheIndianOcean. They havearound more than 10% of the world's GDP. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 Indian Ocean Symposium: It is the platform for dialogue between Indian Ocean nations that have common challenges and problems. Island Diplomacy: In the policy, India engages with island nationsandbuildsstrong relations. Here India ensures that issues like maritime security, Climate change, and economic development are taken care of. ‘‘Necklace of Diamond strategy’’: ItinvolvessecuringIndia’stradebyestablishinga list of friendly nations in the Indian Ocean to counter China’s’’ string of pearls’’. String of Pearls ThetermsuggeststhatChinaisbuildinganetworkofmilitaryandcommercialfacilities in countries along the Indian Ocean, from the Chinese mainland to Port Sudan. This network is seen as a way for China to expanditsinfluenceintheregion.India’s Necklace of Diamond is seen as India's response to String of Pearls. History of Relations: Both nations were British colonies and initiated diplomatic relations after gaining independence. Conflicts between the Sinhalese (Buddhists) and Tamil minority strained bilateral ties. The emergence of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) further deteriorated India-Sri Lanka relations. Current Relations Economic Relations ○ High Bilateral Trade: India is Sri Lanka’slargesttradingpartner,withsignificant Indian investments in Sri Lanka. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 ○ Currency Swap Agreement (2020): Signed to aid Sri Lanka's economic recovery during its financial crisis. ○ TourismandCulture:Indiaisexpandingtiesthroughtourismandpromotingshared cultural heritage. ○ Policy Cooperation: Strengthened by India’s "Neighborhood First" and SriLanka’s "India First" policies. Defense Cooperation ○ Joint Exercises: Includes Mitra Shakti (army) and SLINEX (navy) to enhance defense collaboration. ○ MaritimeSecurity:CooperationonprotectingtraderoutesintheIndianOceanand combating piracy. Other Cooperation ○ Regional Platforms: Both are active members of BIMSTEC andSAARC,fostering regional integration. ○ Development Aid: India has provided reconstruction packages for Sri Lanka’s war-torn northern regions. ○ RenewableEnergy:IndianfirmslikeAdaniPowerareinvestinginSriLanka'sclean and sustainable energy sector. Current Issues: PresenceofChina:China'sincreasingpresenceinSriLanka,includingitsdebttrap policy, has created security threats for India. HambantotaPort:China’scontrolovertheportunderminesIndia'sinfluenceinthe Bay of Bengal. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 Kachchatheevu Island Dispute: The island remains contentious, as both nations previously claimed it. Kachchatheu Island: This island is not suitable for human settlementdue to lack of resources e.g. drinking water. These islands have been a point of conflict between India and Sri Lanka. India 1974 handedoverKachchatheutoSriLankabut on three conditions, ○ To take rest during fishing ○ For drying fishing nets ○ For celebrating St. Anthony Church festival. Fishermen’s Issues: Sri Lankan fishers complain about Indian mechanized boats,while Indian fishers report harassment by the Sri Lankan Navy. Kachchatheevu Conditions:Indiahandedovertheislandin1974withconditions,suchas fishing rights and celebrating St. Anthony's Church festival. Harassment Allegations: Indian fishers accuse the Sri Lankan Navy of mistreatment during their rest on the island. 2022RajyaSabhaStatement:IndiareaffirmedthatKachchatheevulieswithinSriLankan waters, further intensifying tensions. Way Forward: Development of Palk Strait Bridge with rail and road networks to enhance connectivity. Strengthening bilateral trade and investment to support Sri Lanka’s economic recovery. Collaboration on sustainable maritime initiatives to enhance the blue economy. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 Addressing grievances of fishermen through dialogue and joint mechanisms for mutual benefit. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 International Relations Lecture 12: India, Myanmar, Afghanistan And Maldives India-Myanmar Relations India and Myanmar share a multifaceted relationship that blends business, culture, and diplomacy, creating a strong and enduring connection between the two countries. The "five Bs"—Buddhism, Business, Bollywood, Bharatnatyam, and Burma teak—encapsulate the rich and diverse nature of India-Myanmar relations in thepopular imagination. Why Myanmar Is Important For India Geopolitical Importance of Myanmar to India ○ Gateway to Southeast Asia: Connectivity:MyanmarservesasacruciallandbridgelinkingSouthAsiato SoutheastAsia.ItsproximitytoIndia’snortheasternstatescreatesstrategic opportunitiesforenhancingregionalconnectivity.Thecountrieshavealong sharedlandborderof1,624kilometersanda725-kmmaritimeboundaryin the Bay of Bengal. Economic and Strategic Link: ByfosteringconnectionsthroughMyanmar, India can facilitate economic exchanges andstrengthenstrategictieswith Southeast Asian countries. ○ Bay of Bengal Connectivity: MaritimeCooperation:ThesharedmaritimeboundaryintheBayofBengal presents significant opportunities for maritime cooperation. This enhances economic collaboration and strengthens strategic partnerships betweenthe two nations. Trade Routes: The Bay of Bengal is pivotal for trade routes, and collaboration in this region can bolster economic growth and security interests for both India and Myanmar. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 ○ Regional Power Balancing: Counterbalance to China:EngagingproactivelywithMyanmarallowsIndia to counterbalance China's expanding influence in the region. This helps maintain regionalstabilityandensuresthatnosinglepowerdominatesthe strategic landscape of Southeast Asia. StrategicAlliances:StrengtheningtieswithMyanmaraidsIndiainforming strategic alliances that contribute to regional security and economic stability. Strategic Significance of Myanmar to India ○ Strategically Significant Neighbourhood: Multi-ethnic Nation: Myanmar’s diverse ethnic composition and strategic locationmeanthatitsinternaldevelopmentshavesignificantimpactsonits five neighboring countries: China, Laos, Thailand, Bangladesh, and India. RegionalStability:StabilityinMyanmarisessentialfortheoverallstability of the region, influencing political and economic dynamics in the neighboring countries. ○ Neighbourhood First Policy: Robust Relations: Under India’s "Neighborhood First" policy, fostering a strongand cooperative relationship with Myanmar is crucial. This approach emphasizes mutual benefits and regional harmony. Collaborative Initiatives: Strengthening ties with Myanmar aligns with India’s broader regional strategy of ensuring peaceful and collaborative relations with all its neighbors. ○ Act East Policy: PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 KeyComponent:MyanmarisintegraltoIndia’sActEastPolicy,whichaims at enhancing economic, strategic, and cultural relations with the Asia-Pacific region. Economic and Strategic Integration: Engaging with Myanmar helps India integrate more deeply with Southeast Asian economies and enhances its strategic presence in the Asia-Pacific. ○ Multilateral Engagement: Regional Cooperation: Myanmar’s participation in regional organizations suchasSAARC,ASEAN,BIMSTEC,andtheMekongGangaCooperationadds a regional dimension to its bilateral relations with India. Enhanced Significance: These multilateral platforms amplify Myanmar’s significance in India’s Act East policy, promoting regional cooperation and collective development initiatives. India’s Stand On The Coup The situation in Myanmar, with its ongoing military repression following the coup in February 2021, continues to pose bothhumanitarianand geopolitical challenges. India’s foreign policy towards Myanmar has been notably pragmatic, prioritizing national security and economic interests, even as Myanmar’s military regime has committed widespread atrocities, including the displacement and deaths of thousands of its citizens. DespitetheseactionsbyMyanmar'smilitary,Indiahasmaintainedformalrelationswith the junta, largely out of strategic concerns, especially regarding its ownsecurityandits role in countering insurgencies from groups operating in Myanmar's border regions. However,thisapproachhasledtocriticisms,particularlygiventhehumanrightsviolations taking place under the junta. The policy has also seen little engagement with the pro-democracy forces, including the National Unity Government (NUG) and the People’s Defense Forces (PDF), which now have both political and military wings opposing the junta. A Progressive, Values-Driven Policy In response to the ongoing crisis and India’s need to recalibrate itsapproach,thereisa compelling case for India to adopt a policy that balances its strategic interests with a stronger commitment to democratic values and human security. PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 WhilestrategicinterestshavehistoricallydominatedIndia’sMyanmarpolicy,Indianowhas an opportunity to align its foreign policy with democratic ideals without sacrificing its security goals. This canbedonebyreframing"interests"inabroader,morevalues-orientedcontextthat could serve both India’s long-term regional stability and global reputation. Key Steps for India Engage with Myanmar’s Pro-Democracy Resistance: India can begin by actively supportingthepro-democracymovementsinMyanmar,whichincludetheNUG,CDM(Civil Disobedience Movement), andPDF.Thesegroupsareengagedinastrugglefordemocracy and human rights in Myanmar, and India's engagement with them could help foster goodwillamongtheMyanmarpopulation,potentiallypositioningIndiaasakeyplayerinthe country's post-coup future. PrioritizeHumanSecurity:Beyondtraditionalsecurityconcerns,India’spolicyshouldfocus more on human security. This means prioritizing the protection of civilians andrefugees, many of whom have fled to India’s northeastern states. India can offer humanitarian assistance andworkwithinternationalorganizationstoensurethattheserefugeesreceive adequate support, which can also reduce local tensions in India’s border states. PressforaPeaceful,InclusiveFederalDemocracy:Indiacanuseitsdiplomaticinfluence to advocate for apeacefulresolutionofMyanmar’scivilconflict,encouragingthejuntato engage in dialogue with ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) and democratic forces. Supporting a democratic transition in Myanmar aligns with India’s long-term goals of stability in the region and could prevent Myanmar from becoming a pawn in the Sino-Myanmar relationship. Reframe India’s "Interests" in Myanmar: India needs to broaden its definition of "interests" in Myanmar.Thecurrentfocusoncounterinsurgencyandstrategicpartnerships with the military junta overlooks the long-term benefits of promoting peace, democracy, and regional stability.BysupportingademocraticMyanmar,Indianotonlyensuresbetter relations with its neighbors but also strengthens its credibility as a regional power committed to values of democracy and human rights. Areas of Collaborative Cooperation between India and Myanmar Bilateral Trade: India is Myanmar's fifth-largest trading partner, with bilateral trade PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 amountingtoUSD1.03billionin2021-22.Effortsareunderwaytoboosttrade,focusingon sectors like agriculture, pharmaceuticals, information technology, and energy, creating economic opportunities for industries in both countries. EnergyCooperation:WithanenergyinvestmentportfolioofoverUSD1.2billion,Myanmar is thelargestrecipientofIndia'sinvestmentsintheoilandgassectorinSoutheastAsia. This cooperation is critical for India's energy security, ensuring a steady supply of resources. Infrastructure Investment: ○ Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project: This project aims to connect Kolkata seaport in eastern India with Sittwe port in Myanmar by sea, enhancing regional connectivity. ○ SittwePort:PartoftheKaladanproject,thisportiscrucialforboostingtradeand investment between the two nations. ○ India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway Project: A road link beginning in Moreh, Manipur (India), passing through Myanmar, and ending in Mae Sot, Thailand, to facilitate seamless transportation and commerce across the three countries. Strategic Defense Partnership: ○ Defense Cooperation: India and Myanmar maintain a close defense relationship, with India providing military training and conducting joint exercises with the Myanmar Army. ○ IMBAX: The India-Myanmar Bilateral Army Exercise aims to build and promote closer relations between the armies of the two nations. Developmental Assistance: India has extended USD 2 billion in soft loans and offers developmental assistance tailored to Myanmar's needs. Higher Education and Research: Support for establishing institutions like the Myanmar InstituteofInformationTechnologyandtheAdvancedCentreforAgriculturalResearchand Education. Disaster Risk Mitigation: India provides capacity-building support in disaster risk mitigation and strengthening Myanmar's National Disaster Response Mechanism. Crisis Response: India's humanitarian aid to Myanmar during crises, such as COVID-19-related assistance, reflects strong bilateral relations. DisasterRelief:IndiahaspromptlyrespondedtonaturalcalamitiesinMyanmar,including PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 Cyclone Mora (2017), Komen (2015), and the earthquake in Shan State (2010). Cultural and Historical Ties: Shared Buddhist heritage and colonial history form a foundation for strong diplomatic relations and mutual understanding. Indian Diaspora: The Indian-origin population in Myanmar constitutes about 4% of the totalpopulation,significantlycontributingtoMyanmar'seconomythroughbusinessventures, trade, and investments. Inverted Approach/ Policy Spin/ Twin Track Approach India’s twin-track approach to Myanmar engaging both the military junta and the democratic forces—places New Delhi in a strategically advantageous position, especially givenitssignificantsecurityandeconomicinterestsintheneighboringcountry,wherethe military has recently returned to power. Support for Democracy: India, as a vibrant democracy, historically supported Myanmar's democratic transition, notably its ties with Aung San Suu Kyi. India had been a vocal advocate for democratic reforms and peaceful governanceinMyanmar,reflectingastrong bond rooted in shared democratic values. Engagement with the Military: Simultaneously, India had built strategic relations with Myanmar's military over the past two decades, driven by geopolitical and security considerations,particularlyinrelationtocross-borderinsurgencyandregionalstability.This dual engagement is part of India's larger security calculus in Southeast Asia. Joint Military and Diplomatic Engagement: A keyexampleofthisapproachisthejoint visit by India’s Foreign Secretary and Army Chief to Myanmar in October 2023, highlighting the balance between maintaining diplomatic relations with Myanmar's democratic forces and strengthening military ties. Security and Economic Stakes: SecurityInterests:India’smilitarytieswithMyanmararecrucial,particularlyincombating cross-border insurgencies that affect both countries. This longstanding cooperation has bolstered India’s border security and counter-insurgency operations in northeastern India. Connectivity Initiatives: India’s investment in infrastructure projects like the Kaladan MultimodalTransitTransportProjectandtheIndia-Myanmar-ThailandTrilateralHighwayis vital for linking Southeast Asia with India, enhancing trade and strategic connectivity. ○ These projects are of immense importance, especially given Myanmar’s key PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 geographic position as a gateway to Southeast Asia. Rohingya Issue The Rohingya crisis has been a long-standing humanitarian and geopolitical issue with far-reaching implications, particularly for India, which has been significantly impacted by the crisis both in terms of its regional security and its international standing. Historical Background of the Rohingya: The Rohingya are an Indo-Aryan Muslim minority group that has lived in Myanmar’s RakhineState(formerlyknownasArakan)forcenturies,withsomeaccountssuggesting their settlement since the 15th century. They are ethnically distinct from the majority Burmese population, and their history in Myanmar is marked by periods of migratory influx—both pre-colonial and colonial. However,theMyanmargovernmentrefusestorecognizetheRohingyaasindigenoustothe region,labelingthemasillegalimmigrants,andoftenidentifyingthemasBengalimigrants who arrived post-Burmese independence and after the Bangladesh Liberation War. The Rohingya Crisis Timeline 2012 Crisis: The first major outbreak of violence occurred in June 2012, when tensions erupted between the Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims innorthernRakhine.This resulted in violence, including killings, rape,andtheburningofhomes.Around88deaths were reported, and 90,000 people were displaced. 2015 Exodus: The Myanmar government implemented measures that further isolated the Rohingya, including restrictions on their movement and rights. This caused thousands of Rohingyas to flee Myanmar in rickety boats, seeking refuge in countries likeBangladesh, Malaysia,andThailand.Approximately25,000Rohingyasfledduringthefirstfewmonthsof 2015. 2016-2017MilitaryCrackdown:Themostseverephaseofthecrisisoccurredinlate2016 and 2017, when Myanmar’s military began a brutal crackdown on the Rohingya. This military operation, referred to as clearance operations, led to widespread violence—rape, killings,andburningofvillages.Bytheendof2017,nearly900,000Rohingyarefugeeshad fled to Bangladesh, adding to the already existing refugee population. Legal Status of Rohingyas The Myanmar government has long denied the Rohingyas citizenship, rendering them PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 stateless. Although the Rohingyas were previously allowed to register for temporary residency with whitecards(issuedinthe1990s),thesecardswererevokedin2015,furtherstrippingthem of their rights, including the right to vote. Global and Regional Responses United Nations: In August 2016, the UN established acommissionledbyKofiAnnanto propose solutions to the crisis. The commission's reportrecommendedmeasurestoreduce communal tensions and improve living conditions in Rakhine State, but Myanmar largely ignoredtheserecommendations.TheUNHighCommissionerforHumanRightsandUNHCR have repeatedly called the violence against the Rohingya a genocide. ASEAN: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)hasbeencriticizedforits lack of action on the Rohingya crisis, with member states like Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand offering temporary refuge to some Rohingya refugees, though no coordinated regional solution has been reached. Bangladesh: Bangladesh hosts over 1 million Rohingya refugees in camps near the Myanmar border. The country has faced considerable strain due to the large influx of refugees, leading to plans to relocate some refugees to remote islands, which has raised concerns about their safety and rights. United States: The U.S. State Department has expressed willingness to acceptRohingya refugees, as part of its broader commitment to global refugee resettlement efforts. Chicago, for instance, is home to one of the largest Rohingya populations in the U.S. India’s Response India has been a destination country for Rohingya refugees, with approximat
