FORE2 Personal Identification Techniques PDF

1/30/2025 FORE2 Some means 1. BERTILLON SYSTEM PER...

1/30/2025 FORE2 Some means 1. BERTILLON SYSTEM PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION of Personal 2. PORTRAIT PARLE’ TECHNIQUES Identification 3. FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY 4. FORENSIC SEROLOGY 5. DACTYLOSCOPY 6. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID LIEZL MAE S. ARTOGUE, RCrim, MSCJ IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFICATION EXTRINSIC FACTORS OF IDENTIFICATION 1. A person disappeared under suspicious circumstances and the body of a 1. Identification of rings, bracelets, necklaces, and other ornamental wearing person is found. It is necessary to identify the dead body and determine apparel. whether he is the missing person. 2. Personal belongings in possession and found in the body, like letters. Wallet 2. A certain person has been arrested by police authorities. The person arrested driver’s license, residence tax, etc. texture. claimed he was not the wanted person. His identity must be proved before he can be released. 3. Clothing – tailor mark, laundry mark, printed name of owner, size, style and 3. A man died leaving a vast estate. Someone claimed that he was the legal heir 4. Dust in the clothing, serumen in the ear, and nail scrapings may show of the deceased. He must prove his identity and also his right over the estate. occupation or place of residence identification made by close friends and 4. A certain remains were exhumed. It is necessary to identify whether the relatives remains are of human origin, the height, sex, race, age, approximate date of interment, and the presence or absence of physical injuries during life. 5. In criminal cases, the accused must be positively identified to obtain Conviction. 20XX presentation title 3 20XX presentation title 4 Identification through Bertillon System ALPHONSE BERTILLON (1853-1914) (Anthropometry) Anthropometry = the first scientific method of ANTHROPOMETRY- is the measurement of the various sizes and identification which was established by Alphonse proportions of the human body that will be used for Bertillion (Father of Personal Identification). It is a anthropological classification and comparison. proportions system of identification done through measuring various bony structure of the human body. It was first used in England for almost two decades (20 years) before fingerprint was used. Records shows that Anthropometry was questioned due to the famous “West Case”, a case of two persons (Will West and William West) of the same face and almost exactly the same height. 1  1/30/2025 1903 – The William West – Will West Case at a Federal Prison in Leavenworth, Kansas, changed the way that people were classified and identified. When a man named Will West entered the Leavenworth Prison inmates. His face was photographed, and his Bertillon measurements were taken. Upon completion of this process, it was noted that another inmate, known as William West, who was already incarcerated at Leavenworth, had the same name, Bertillon measurements, and bore a striking resemblance to Will West. PORTRAIT PARLE’ -is a verbal, accurate and picturesque description of the person identified. 2 1/30/2025 3  1/30/2025 FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY The role of the teeth in human identification is important for the following reasons: The adult has 32 teeth and each tooth has five surfaces. Enamel - is the hardest substance of the teeth. After death, the greater the degree of tissue destruction, the greater the importance of dental characteristics as a means of identification. The more recent the antemortem records of the person to be identified, the more reliable the comparative or exclusionary mode of identification that can be done. PD 1575 – the law that requires practitioners of dentistry to keep records of their patients, was signed by former President Ferdinand E. Marcos. FORENSIC SEROLOGY WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF BLOOD? Blood can be broken down into different parts (components). These components include red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells (RBCs) carry oxygen to the body. Each RBC lives for about 4 months. RBCs contain a protein called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin allows RBCs to pick up oxygen from the lungs. Iron is needed to make hemoglobin. White blood cells (WBCs) are part of the body’s immune system. WBCs help fight infections and diseases. There are different types of WBCs. These include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. WBCs live for hours, days, months, or years depending on the specific type. 4  1/30/2025 What are the different FORENSIC SEROLOGY blood groups? WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF BLOOD? There are four groups of blood: A, B, AB, and O. Blood Blood can be broken down into different parts (components). These cells and some of the special components include red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. proteins blood contains can Platelets are cells that help with clotting. When you have a cut or bruise, be replaced or supplemented platelets come together to form a clot or “plug.” This helps to control by giving a person blood bleeding, so your body doesn’t lose too much blood. Platelets live in the from someone else. This body for about 7 to 10 days. process is called transfusion. Plasma is the liquid portion of blood. It carries the different types of blood But transfusion can only take cells to all the parts of the body. Plasma also carries proteins including place between similar blood clotting factors. Clotting factors help platelets with the clotting process. groups (Solis, 1987). INHERITANCE OF ABO BLOOD GROUPS DACTYLOSCOPY / FINGERPRINT PARENTS POSSIBLE CHILDREN IMPOSSIBLE CHILDREN IDENTIFICATION OxO O A , B , AB OxA O,A B , AB WHORL PATTERN LOOP PATTERN ARCH PATTERN OxB O,B A , AB AxA O,A B , AB AxB O , A , B , AB NONE BxB O,B A , AB O x AB A,B O , AB A x AB A , B , AB O B x AB A , B , AB O AB x AB A , B , AB O Dactyloscopy refers to the comparison or classification of Terms to Ponder fingerprints for identification. It was reportedly the term used by Juan Vucetich who devised a Classification system, which was an expansion of Francis Galton's, in Argentina. It The term "Finger Print" has is known also as Dactiloscopy or Dactiloscopia or metamorphosed into "Fingerprint". Dactiloscopico, and used in most areas of South America. Originally named the Icnofalangometric System and Dactylography is defined as the developed in 1891. It was Dr. Francisco Latzina, a study of fingerprints as a method of fingerprint pioneer that is credited with influencing identification. This term was Vucetich to change the name of his classification system from Icnofalangometrica (meaning in Argentina: "finger popularized by Henry Faulds in his track measurement") to Dactiloscopia (meaning in published journal, Dactylography. Argentina: "finger description") in 1896. Taken from a recent article written in Spain, the term Dactyloscopy refers to "the scientific study of fingerprints for the purpose of identification". 5  1/30/2025 Dactyloscopy as used in European countries is formed of two Other Field of study related to Dactyloscopy: Greek words, dactylos, meaning "a finger" and skopein, meaning to examine, thus it means "an examination of the fingers. "Daktulos" Poroscopy - (derived from the Greek words “poros”, a pare, and “skopien”, is Greek for finger. to examine). It is then the study of the sweat pores. This was explore by Pelmatoscopy is the science that studies the friction ridges of the Edmond Locard (Father of Poroscopy). soles. Chiroscopy is the examination of the hand (i.e. palms). Podoscopy - (derived from the Greek word “podo”, the foot and “skopien”, to Dermatoglyphics is the study of the surface markings of the skin, examine) It is the study of the prints of the soles of the feet. the friction ridges. This term (derma = skin, glyph = carving) was Chiroscopy - ( derived from the Greek word “cheir”, a hand, and “skopien” , coined by Prof. Harold Cummins and Charles Midlo to examine) It is the study of the prints of the palm’s of the hand. Sir William Fingerprints = is an impression design by the ridges on the inside of the last joint of the finger or thumb on any smooth surface Herschel utilized this. through the media of an ink, sweat or any reagents capable of Dermatoglyphics - scientific study of fingerprints. producing visibility. LAYERS OF FRICTION SKIN KINDS OF FINGERPRINT IMPRESSIONS 1. EPIDERMIS - Outer layer of the skin. 1) ROLLED 2. DERMIS – Inner layer of the skin 2) SIMPLE/PLAIN ROLLING HOW FINGERPRINTS PRODUCED - the manner of placing fingerprints FRICTION SKIN- absence of hair a) thumb – rolled towards the body A. SWEAT PORES – Tiny opening across the ridge. b) remaining four fingers – rolled away from the body B. SWEAT DUCT – It is a passage way towards to sweat pores. C. SWEAT GLANDS – Producing the sweat. LATENT FINGERPRINT IMPRESSIONS NON FRICTION SKIN- presence of hair - hidden, fingerprints found at the crime scene CRIME SCENE PRINTS AND TEN-PRINT RECORD CRIME SCENE PRINTS AND TEN-PRINT RECORD Latent print is an impression of the friction skin of the fingers or A fingerprint card (or palms of the hands that has been transferred to another surface. The fingerprint card permanent and unique equivalent) containing arrangement of the features of this rolled and plain skin allows for the identification of an individual to a latent print. impressions from the ten These hidden prints are usually fingers of an individual. smudged, faint, overlapping each other and partial. 6  1/30/2025 When we use the word "fingerprint," we Friction Ridge can mean any of the three concepts: refers to the skin that is present along the lengths of the fingers, across the palmar First, the friction skin itself on surfaces of the hand, and on the soles of the hand, which itself is persistent the feet. is found on the hands and feet of and unique. human beings and other primates; it is a combination of raised portions of skin, Second, we sometimes refer to the known as ridges, and depressed portions, plural "fingerprints," as in a set of known as furrows. rolled fingerprints in black ink is a raised portion of the epidermis on the on a white paper background. fingers and toes, the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot, consisting of one or The third "fingerprint" is the latent more connected ridge units of the friction print. It contains only a fraction of ridge skin.These are sometimes known as the transferred detail found in either "epidermal ridges" the friction skin or the inked fingerprints. ANCIENT TIMES Before the Europeans discovered the value of fingerprints for identification, ancient China has been using it as a means of authenticating documents as early as 250-200 B.C., and then it spreads to India and Japan. The Chinese impressed their fingerprints on Pioneers of Fingerprint the land Science contract, a practice even prior Herschel’s claim. 20XX presentation title 42 7  1/30/2025 ANATOMICAL RESEARCH ON Pioneers of Fingerprint Science FRICTION RIDGE SKIN The personalities will be parsed into the following fields of contributions: Scientific researchers mentioned below have studied the anatomical structure of friction ridges, 1. Anatomical Research on Friction Ridge the stages of friction ridge development on the Skin human fetus, including the explanation of 2. Application of Friction Ridge Skin differential growth (random physical stresses and Impressions pressures) of friction ridges which is the major premise of friction ridge print identification. Marcello Malpighi (1628 1694) Johann Christoph Andreas Mayer (1788) A professor of Anatomy in the University of In 1788, J.C. A. Mayer wrote Bologna, Italy who published a book entitled “De in his illustrated textbook Externo Tactus Organo” depicting the construction Anatomical Copper-plates with of the layers of the human skin, particularly the Appropriate Explanations that friction skin namely the Epidermis and the Dermis. "the arrangement of skin ridges He originated the term “loops and spiral” and is never duplicated in two because of his contribution one of the thin layer of persons", thus he was the first to write that friction ridge skin the friction skin was named after him, the is unique. “Malphigian layer”. "After innumerable observations, I have Dr. Johannes E. Purkinje (1787 - 1869) found nine important varieties of patterns of rugae and sulci serving for touch on the Also known as Jan Purkinje, palmar surface of the terminal phalanges of the Johannes Evangelista Purkinje, or fingers. Purkyne is a Bohemian 1. The transverse curves (simple arch) (Czechoslovakian) physiologist who 2. The central longitudinal stria (tented arch) devised new methods for preparing 3. The oblique stripe (loop, ulnar or radial) microscope samples, and discovered 4. The oblique loop (loop, ulnar or radial) sweat pores, He was the first person to 5. The almond (whorl) name the patterns on the fingers, but 6. The spiral (whorl) never mentioned using them for 7. The ellipse - elliptical whorl (whorl) personal identification. In 1823 he 8. The circle-circular whorl (whorl) discovered the following: 9. The double whorl (twin loop) 8  1/30/2025 Herman Welcker(1856) Dr. Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) He took the prints of his own Friction ridge skin was first described in detail by Dr. palms and after fourty-one Nehemiah Grews. Dr Grew years (1879) he printed the was a Fellow of the Royal same palms to proved that Society and of the College of prints do not change, except Physicians; he described the "innumerable little ridges" in for some scratches due to old Philosophical Transactions age. for 1684. Govard Bidloo A Dutch anatomist, in 1685 he published "Anatomy of the FINGERPRINTS AS A METHOD OF Human Body" which described details of the friction skin of IDENTIFICATION the thumb. He had in that publication drawing of a thumb depicting the arrangement of ridges; however, its description was morphological in nature and not on its individuality. Sir William James Herschel (1833 - 1917) Dr. Henry Faulds (1877) Hoogly, District of Bengal , India, as acting official representative of English government in Bengal, A surgeon at Tsukiji Hospital, Tokyo India, he utilized fingerprints as a substitute for Japan, He wrote the english Journal signature to avoid impersonation among the natives. “Nature dealing with latent prints found Rajyadhar Konai was the first person Herschel printed at the scene of the crime”, He claimed the palm. In spite of his success in this operation his that the impression would provide request for the adoption officially of this system was positive identification of offenders when apprehended. He also wrote “A ignored by the government. Manual of Practical Dactylography” Credit should be given to him for the based on skin ridges of the fingers and establishment of the present fingerprints system of toes. identification for he gave way for the first actual tryout in establishing individuality using fingerprint. 9  1/30/2025 Dr. Henry Faulds (1843-1930) Sir Francis Galton 1892 - Sir Francis Galton, a British He was the first person to use latent Anthropologist and cousin to fingerprint to eliminate someone as a suspect, Charles Darwin, publishes the first he was also the person who recommended book on fingerprints. In his book, using printer’s ink to record fingerprints. Galton identifies the individuality and In 1905, Dr. Faulds published “Guide to uniqueness of fingerprints. The unique characteristics of fingerprints, Finger-Print Identification”. as identified by Galton, will officially In 1912, he published “Dactylography, The become known as minutiae, Study of Finger-Prints” however, they are sometimes still referred to as Galton’s Details. Approximately 1915, he published “A Manual of Practical Dactylography” He is credited as the “first scientist of friction skin identification” Sir Edward Richard Henry Sir Francis Galton Galton published the book on fingerprints Inspired by various predecessors in the study of in 1892, Finger Prints, which initially fingerprints, he developed his own system of classification introduced the field of fingerprint identification to the criminal investigation while working in Scotland Yard. His system of system, and significantly advanced the classification was established with the help of two Hindu science of fingerprint identification. Naming some ridge characteristics as police officer namely Khan BahadurAzizul Haque and Rai bifurcation, ending ridge, and enclosure is attributed to him thus termed as the Hem Chandra Bose and it was widely accepted by almost Galton Details. all English speaking Country making him known as the He was often referred to as the Father of “Father of Fingerprint” His system of identification finally Fingerprints and noted as the Father of Eugenics”, a belief and practice of replace the Bertillionage system of identification in France( improving the genetic quality of the Anthropometry by Alphonse Bertillion) human population. Sir Edward Richard Henry Juan Vucetich Henry’s book “The Classification and 1891 - Juan Vucetich, Argentine Uses of Finger Prints”. Police Official, Initiated the There were publications that indicated fingerprinting of criminals, (First henry as the Father of Fingerprints or case used was the Rojas Homicide in 1892, in which the Father of Modern Fingerprints because print of a woman who murdered of his classification system and being her two sons and cut her own the “first man to successfully apply throat in an attempt to fingerprints to identification”. place the blame on another person was found on a door post) 10  1/30/2025 Henry P. deForrest - used fingerprinting in the New York civil service in 1902 and by 1906. Pioneered U.S. fingerprinting. Azizul Hague and Hem Chandra Bose - Indian fingerprint expert who have been credited with the primary development of a fingerprint classification system eventually named after their supervisor Sir Edward Richard Henry. 20XX presentation title 62 Arthur Kollmann (1883) David Hepburn (1895) In the late 1800's, Kollmann of In 1895, Hepburn in his Hamburg Germany, was the first paper, The Papillary Ridges on the Hands and Fest of researcher to address the formation Monkeys and Men, was the of friction ridges on the fetus and "first to recognize that the random physical stresses and friction ridges assist with tensions which may have played a grasping by increasing the level of friction between the part in their growth. He was the ridges and the grasped first also to identify the presence object. He named the volar and locations of Volar pads on the pads, hypothenar and hands and feet. thenar on the palm. Inez Whipple (1904) Dr. William Joseph Babler In 1904, Inez Whipple published He was born on May 24, 1949, Bill, as being called by a paper that is considered by some his friends, is recognized as the foremost authority in as landmark in the field of genetics and ridgeology. “The Ventral the structure and formation of friction skin. Dr. Babler Surface of the Mammalian has spent over 20 years researching the prenatal Chiridium - With Special Reference development of friction skin, writing numerous articles to the Conditions Found in Man” explaining his findings. suggest the development of the surfaces of the hands and feet of all He has established that the patterns on the fingers are Ventral surfaces of the hand (A) and the foot (B) mammals are similar to some of a human embryo at the end of the second a result of the shape of the volar pads when the friction degree. month. Volar pads are prominent near the tips of the digits (arrowheads) skin begins to develop; high volar pads create whorls while low volar pads create arches. 11  1/30/2025 FINGERPRINTS IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Mr.Jones – One who first taught fingerprint in the Philippine Constabulary in the year 1900. 2. Bureau of Prison – Records shows that in 1918, CARPETAS (Commitment and Conviction Records) already used fingerprint. 3. Lt. Asa and N. Darby – Established a modern and complete fingerprint files for Philippine Commonwealth during the reoccupation of the Philippines by the American Forces. 4. Generoso Reyes – First Filipino Fingerprint Technician employed by the Phil. Constabulary 5. Isabela Bernales – First Filipina Fingerprint Technician Capt. Thomas Dugan, New York Police Department and Flaviano Guerrero, FBI Washington – gave the first examination in The Most Popular Ten Print Classification System fingerprint in 1927 and Agustin Patricio of the Philippines Top the 1. Roscher System - developed in Germany. Examination. Implemented in Germany and Japan. People of the Philippine Vs. Medina – First conviction based on 2. Juan Vucetich System - developed in Argentina. fingerprint and leading judicial decision in the Phil Jurisprudence Implemented through out South America. (10 points of Identity). Plaridel Education Institution- Now known as the Philippine 3. Henry Classification System - developed in India. Implemented in most English speaking countries. College of Criminology, the first government recognized school to teach the Science of Fingerprint and other Police Sciences. 1908 – The first official fingerprint card was developed 1905 – U.S. Military adopts the use of fingerprints – soon Thomas Jennings was the first person to be convicted of thereafter, police agencies began to adopt the use of murder in the United States based on fingerprint fingerprints evidence. Jennings appealed his conviction to the Illinois Supreme 1908 – The first official fingerprint card was developed Court on the basis of a questionable new scientific 1911 - Fingerprints are first accepted by U.S. courts as a technique. The Illinois Supreme Court cited the historical research and use of fingerprints as a means of reliable reliable means of Identification. identification in upholding the conviction, and thus - Dec. 21, 1911, The Illinois State Supreme Court establishing the use of fingerprints as a reliable means of upheld the admissibility of fingerprint evidence concluding identification. that fingerprints are a reliable form of identification. Jennings was executed in 1912. 12  1/30/2025 G.R. No. L-38434 December 23, 1933 When asked which were the ten points of agreement between the two impressions in question, the finger print expert replied that there were THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, plaintiff-appellee, three classes of characteristics, namely: the endings of the ridges, the vs. bifurcation of the ridges, and the core. The ten points of identity, which MARCIANO MEDINA y DIOKNO (alias MARIANO were marked on the photographs, are as follows: MEDINA, alias ALEJANDRO DOLA), defendant-appellant. Agripino Ruiz made an impression as the first expert witness whose expert 1. Upward end of a ridge, opinion receives merit in Philippine judicial history. This could be considered 2. Core, a landmark case where fingerprint evidence serves as basis in the conviction 3. Both ends of a short ridge, of Marciano Medina. The merit of the case was shown in the succeeding 4. Both ends of a short ridge, reports from the original transcript of the court: 5. Downward end of a ridge, 6. Upward end of a ridge, A photograph showing an enlargement of the finger print found on the box 7. Bifurcation, was marked at the trial Exhibit A. Further enlargements of it are shown in 8. Upward end of a ridge, Exhibits A-1 and A-2. Exhibit B is an enlargement of a photograph of the 9. Upward end of a ridge, impression of the middle finger of defendant's right hand, taken while he was 10. Bifurcation. a prisoner in Bilibid. 1980 – The first computer database of fingerprints Development of Fingerprints was developed, which came to be known as the The system of identification using fingerprints is based on the fact that no two Automated Fingerprint Identification System, individuals have the same finger, palm, or foot prints and rests upon three fundamentals - formation, uniqueness, and persistence. (AFIS). In the present day, there are nearly 70 Formation million cards, or nearly 700 million individual Fingerprints develop early in fetal life before birth. Pads (bumps) form on the babies' fingerprints entered in AFIS fingers and palms between 6 and 13 weeks of their life. Where these bumps occur, how the baby moves around inside the womb, and how fast and big the baby grows all affect how the fingerprint patterns and ridges form and ensure the unique properties of fingerprints are never duplicated. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) - Uniqueness is the process of automatically matching one of The details of a person's prints are unique to them and only them. Even IDENTICAL many unknown fingerprints against a database of TWINS do not have identical fingerprints. Persistence known and unknown prints. A person's fingerprints will remain the same throughout their life. If superficial damage occurs the skin will grow back in exactly the same arrangement as at birth. This is why fingerprints are a reliable means of identification at all stages of a person's life. They are even one of the last features to decompose after death. Dogmatic Principles of Fingerprints Some attempts of destroying Ridges and Disguised 1. PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY (VARIATION, JOHN DILLINGER- US notorious public enemy No. 1, who UNIQUENESS). This principle states that no two tried to remove his fingerprints with corrosive acid but failed. fingerprints of different persons or the neighboring Post-mortem fingerprints was taken when he was shot by FBI agents proved that he was Dillinger. fingers of the same person have ever been found to be ROBERT JAMES PITTS (Robert J. Philipps, Roscoe Pitts or identical or exactly alike in all respect that the ridges Ronald Philipps) gained fame as the man without fingerprints appearing in fingerprint patterns of identical twins are knowing from an inmate of a possible destruction of never found to be identical to each other. fingerprints. He contacted a doctor. He removed the skin up 2. PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY (PERMANENCY, to the generative layer and served thin incisions on each side IMMUTABILITY). This principle states that the of Pitts chest. Scar tissue was developed. Almost a year later, papillary ridges are immutable, perennial and he was picked up and the police were amazed to find that he individual from the third month of the embryonic while had no fingerprints. the child is still at the mother's womb and it will never LOCARD AND WITKOWSJI of Lyons, who performed rather painful experiments on themselves by burning their change until decomposition sets in after death. fingerprints with boiling water, hot oil and hot metal, had 3. PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY- this states that the shown that after the healing of the epidermis, the original fingerprint can never be forged or copied. Fingerprint is patterns of fingerprints reappeared. reliable means of identification. HERMAN WELCKER 13  1/30/2025 FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS Ink Roller - refers to an Ink Slab / Inking Plate - instrument used for refers to a piece or metal or spreading the ink into the a plane glass with as much ink slab or inking plate. as 1/4 thick and 6 or more inches long where the fingerprint ink is distributed for fingerprinting. FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS Card Holder refers to a FINGERPRINT INK gadget used for Refers to a especially clipping the fingerprint manufactured ink for card to avoid purposes of taking movement of the card fingerprint during printing. FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS Fingerprint Card POSTMORTEM refers to a piece of FINGERPRINT RECORD card used for CARD STRIPS recording the ten fingerprints. The usual size is 8" x 8". 14  1/30/2025 FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS POST-MORTEM FINGERPRINT RUBBER GLOVES* EQUIPMENT To protect the technician’s Refers to a set of equipment fingers from leaving his own consisting id hypodermis prints on the object or on the syringe, spoon, tissue builder scene solvent, tissue cleaner, etc used for taking prints of dead person. FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS Fingerprint Table - a Fingerprint Pointers - table intended for use for pointing the taking fingerprints ridges in the conduct of ridge counting FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS MAGNIFYING GLASS* Fingerprint cameras- Refers to an instrument use in photographing used for examination of the developed latent developed prints. prints 15  1/30/2025 FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS Forensic Optical Fingerprint Brush Comparator an -Refers to an instrument equipment use to used for powdering latent compare two prints. There are three fingerprints at the same variations of brushes time used: the fiber glass, magnetic and feather types. FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS FINGERPRINT LIFTING TAPE FINGERPRINT POWDER -Refers to a tapes used for lifting Refers to the powder used in develop latent prints which id quite harder than an ordinary tape. developing latent prints found in the scene of crime. They are normally found in two: the black and the white or gray which is LATENT PRINTS TRANSFER CARDS* applied depending upon the Refers to a card used in preserving lifted contrasting background. latent prints which is either whiter or black in background. Component Parts of Fingerprint Patterns FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS RIDGE SURFACE - is that component of the friction skin that actually forms the fingerprint impression. Chemical Fuming - A very in 1. RIDGES are the tiny elevation or hill like demand type of fuming chemical structures found on the epidermis layer of the skin containing sweat pores. It appears as black that has been used over a century lines with tiny white dots called pores ins an inked impression. is the Iodine, it involves a process 2. FURROWS are the canal like impression or a of sublimation and absorption. depression found between the ridges which maybe compare with the low area in a tire thread. 16  1/30/2025 Characteristics of Ridge Formation Characteristics of Ridge Formation RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS (also known as minutiae) - This refers to 5. Ending Ridge -an end point of a ridge with abrupt ending. A single the details of ridge structures, formations and elements which friction ridge that terminates within the friction ridge structure. differentiate from one fingerprint to another and which impart 6. Recurving or Looping Ridge - a kind of ridge formation that curves individuality to each print. back in the direction from which it started. Kinds of Ridge Characteristics 7. Appendage- a short ridge found at the top or summit of a recurving ridge. 1. Bifurcation - a single ridge that divides itself in two or more 8. Rod or Bar-a short or long ridge found inside the innermost recurving branches. It sometimes called as fork. ridge of a loop pattern. 2. Converging Ridge-a ridge formation characterized by a closed 9. Fragmentary Ridge - a ridge of extremely short length having angular end and serves as a point of convergence (meeting of two ridges frequent breaks. that were previously running side by side). 10. Crossover or Bridge a short ridge that runs between two parallel 3. Diverging Ridges- two ridges that are flowing side b side and ridges. suddenly separating or spreading apart. – 11. Ridge Dots / Island Ridge- An isolated ridge unit whose length 4. Enclosure (Lake or Eyelet) - a ridge that divides into two branches approximates its width in size and meets to form the original ridge. 12. SPUR-a bifurcation with one short ridge branching off a longer rid TYPE LINES AND PATTERN AREA DEFINITIONS: RULES IN DETERMINING TYPE LINES: 1. PATTERN AREA- is that part which 1. Look for the two innermost diverging lies within the area surrounded by the ridges type lines in which, are found the cores, 2. Whenever the ridge that forms a type deltas and other ridges pertaining to a line suddenly ends, the next ridge particular fingerprint pattern. immediately outside of it, is taken as its continuation. 2. TYPE LINES- are the basic 3. When a type line bifurcates, the outer boundaries of most fingerprints. They branch of the bifurcation is considered are the two innermost ridges which run as the continuation of the type line. parallel, starting from the lower corner or corners of the pattern area, where Note: Within the pattern area of loop they diverge or separate, then surround and whorl type fingerprints are fixed or or tend to surround the pattern area. focal points known as "deltas" and cores DELTA FORMATION RULES IN DETERMINING THE DELTA: DELTA- is a point on the first ridge 1. Determine first the type lines formation at or directly infront of the divergence of the type lines. 2. Look for the first ridge formation at or directly in front of the divergence of the type lines. Types of Delta 1. Bifurcation or fork 3. Whenever there is a choice between a bifurcation 2. Ridge ending and some other ridge formations as the location of the 3. Island ridge delta, the bifurcations always taken as the delta. 4 Enclosure Provided, however, the bifurcation must be the first ridge formation in front of the divergence of the type lines and it must open towards the pattern area. 17  1/30/2025 4. Whenever the choice is between two or more ridge formations CORE FORMATIONS other than a bifurcation, the one nearer or nearest the core is CORE is the innermost or focal point inside the center or chosen as the delta. approximately center of the pattern area. 5. In case of an ending ridge running parallel in between the Three (3) types of Core: type lines, the following rules shall apply: 1. Staple core-is the point located on the shoulder of the recurving ridge. a. If this ridge is wholly within the pattern area, the delta is 2. Bar or rod core - is the point located at the tip of an ending located at the end nearer the divergence of the type lines. ridge rising as high or above the shoulder of the innermost recurving ridge. b. Should this ridge originate outside of the pattern area, the delta is located at the end nearer the core. 3. Fragmentary core -is the point of a very short ridge or ridge dot found inside the recurving ridge rising as high or above the shoulders. RULES IN DETERMINING CORE IN LOOP PATTERN: 5. If the innermost recurving is connected at right angle between its shoulders by an abutting ridge (appendage), the innermost loop is 1. 1f the innermost recurving ridge does not contain any ending ridge or rod destroyed and the next uninvolved loop immediately outside of it shall be inside, it's the core is placed on the shoulder of the innermost recurving ridge considered as the innermost loop and shall be used to determine the farther from the delta. location of the core. 6. If there are two distinct loops in the center of the pattern running side 2. If the innermost recurving ridge contains a single ending ridge rising as high by side as there is only one delta, the recurving ridges are considered as as the shoulder of the loop, the core is placed at the tip of the ridge engulfed by innermost recurving ridge, the core is placed at the shoulder of the one the shoulder of the innermost looping ridge. that is further from the delta. 3. If the innermost looping ridge contains an even number of ending ridges 7. In the event two distinct loops in the center of the pattern intersect which rise as high as the shoulders of the recurving ridge, the core is placed at below or above the shoulder line, the two recurving ridges are treated as the tin of one of the two center ridges which is farther from the delta. one and the core is placed on one of the two innermost ridges farther from the delta. 4. If the innermost recurving ridge contains uneven number of ending ridge which rise as high as the shoulders, the core is placed at the tip of the center 8. Whenever the two distinct loops intersect in the shoulder line, the point ridge. of intersection is considered as core. Pattern Interpretation Loop Patterns Pattern Interpretation -is the naming of any particular Loop is a pattern in which one or more of the ridges start at one of pattern of fingerprints. There are three (3) general groups or the lower corner of the pattern, run toward the upper corner on the families of fingerprints and eight (8) specific or particular opposite side, then turn around (recurve) and start back toward the patterns which are as follows: side from which they came originally, forming a loop with a core in the center and a delta at the edge of the pattern area. 1. Arches (5%) : a. Plain Arch (A); and b. Tented Arch (T); Four Requirements of a Loop pattern: 2. Loops (65%) : a. Radial Loop (R); and b. Ulnar Loop (U); 1. It must have a core 3. Whorls (30%) : a. Plain Whorl (W); and b. Central Pocket 2. It must have a delta. Loop, (C); Double Loop (D); and d. Accidental Whorl (X). 3. It must have a recurving ridge that passes between the core and the delta. 4. It must have a ridge count of at least one. 18  1/30/2025 Ridge Counting-is the process of counting ridges that touch or cross an Whorl Patterns imaginary line drawn between the core and the delta of a loop. The core Four types of Whorls and delta are NOT counted, only the ridges that touch or cross the imaginary line are counted. 1. Plain whorl (W)- a pattern in which there are two deltas and at least one ridge makes a complete circuit, which may be spiral, oval or any Ridge Count -refers to the number of ridges intervening between the core variant of a circle. A recurving ridge, however, which has an appendage and the delta. with it in the line of flow cannot be construed as a circuit. In plain whorl, Note- The point of bifurcation and convergence, if touched by an an imaginary line drawn between the two deltas must touch or cross at imaginary line are considered two counts. least one of the recurving (circuiting) ridges within the pattern area. Two Kinds of Loops: 2. Central Pocket Loop (C)- is a pattern which for the most part looks 1. Radial Loop- a loop is radial (R) when the open end of the loop ridges like a loop, but which has a small whorl inside the loop ridges. F.B.I. points in the direction of the thumb side of either the right or left hand. defines a central pocket loop as a pattern that "consists of one or more 2. Ulnar Loop- a loop is Ulnar (U) when the open end of the loop ridges recurving ridges, or an obstruction at right angle to the inner line of flow, points in the direction of the little finger side of either the right or left with two deltas, between which an imaginary line would cut or touch no hand. recurving ridge within the pattern area 1. Double Loop (D)- is a pattern consisting of two separate and Whorl Patterns distinct loop formations. One of the loops surrounds or ARCHES The arch family. of fingerprint patterns has two variations, the PLAIN ARCH and overlaps the other. Besides the two loop formations, a double the TENTED ARCH. loop must have two sets of shoulders, one for each loop. 1. Plain Arch (A)-a plain arch is a pattern in which the ridges enter on one side of the pattern and flow towards the other side, with a rise in the center, with not more than one of the four requisites for a loop, and with no recurving ridge, no 2. Accidental Whorl (X) -is a pattern that is a combination of angular formation and no upward thrust. two or more different types of patterns except the plain arch It 2. Tented Arch (T) - similar to plain arch, but one or several ridges in the center can be a combination of two loop and a whorl, a loop and a of the pattern form up thrusts, or a well-defined angle, and may have two or central pocket loop, or any combination of two different loop three of the four requisites of a loop, but lacking one or two of the-four essentials of a loop. Thus generally speaking, tented arches are formed in one of the and whorl type patterns. Unlike the other whorl type patterns, following ways: an accidental whorl can have two, three, or four deltas. a. One of several ridges in the center of the pattern form up thrusts. b. The ridge or ridges in the center form a well-defined angle. c. The pattern may have two or three requisites of a loop, but lacking one or two of the four essentials of a loop. Ridge Tracing 4. If the ridge being traced suddenly ends, the next ridge below Ridge Tracing- is the process of tracing the ridge that emanates from the lower it is taken as the continuation. side or the left delta towards the right delta to see where it flows in relation to the right delta. 5. If the ridge being traced bifurcates, the lower branch is considered as the Rules in Ridge Tracing: continuation. 1. Locate the left delta. for accidental whorls, where there are three or more deltas, disregard the center delta. 6. In tracing a double loop or accidental whorl wherein the 2. If the delta is an ending ridge or circuiting ridge, consider it as the ridge being traced will have to rise and recurve near the right starting point and trace the same towards the right delta. delta, stop tracing in the upward direction in line of the right delta. Do not continue tracing down the ridge. 3. If the delta is an island ridge, look for the ridge immediately below it, and trace towards the right delta. 7. Count the ridges intervening between the ridge traced and the right delta. Do not include the ridge traced and the delta. 19  1/30/2025 Three Kinds of Ridge Tracing: Fingerprint Classification- it is the assigning of classification to the entire set of prints for the purpose of filing and searching them. 1. INNER (I) - the ridge tracing is "inner", if the ridge traced is inside the pattern area and there are at least three (3) ridges SIX (6) DIVISIONS OF FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION: intervening between the ridge traced and the right delta. 1. Primary classification 2. MEETING (M) - the ridge tracing is "meeting, if there are less 2. Secondary than three (3) ridges intervening between the ridge traced and 3. Sub-secondary the right delta, whether or not the ridge traced is inside the 4. Final pattern area. 5. Major 3. OUTER (0) - the ridge tracing is "outer", if the ridge traced is 6. Key outside the pattern area below the right delta and there are at least three (3) ridges intervening between the ridge traced and KEY MAJOR PRIMARY SECONDARY SUB-SECONDARY FINAL the right delta. 5 1 6 2 3 4 1. Primary Classification - is the sum total of all numerical value patterns in a set of fingers plus a fraction of one over one 3. Designating the numerator and denominator- (1/1). WCDX-with value patterns. NUMERATOR - RI, RR, LT, LM & LL Five (5) Steps in Obtaining the Primary Classification: DENOMINATOR- RT, RM, RL LI & LR 1. Pairing off- Fingers are paired as follows: RT& RI; RM & RR; 4. Blocking N N RL & LT; 5. Summing up LI & LM; LR & LL D D D Example: N N N 2. Assigning of numbers (values)-16 for RT & RI: 8 for RM & RR; 4 for RL & LT; 2 for LI & LM; and 1 for LR & LL D D 2. Secondary Classification-is the composition of all 3. Sub-secondary Classification - is the conversion of the ridge count capital letter series and small letter series. The capital letter series are ATRUWCDX while small letter series are of the loops the ridge tracing of the whorl and other composite of “atr”. Capital letter series concern only the index fingers. whorl appearing in the pattern. A W T R T RULES to be observed in obtaining Sub-secondary Classification aWtrt 1. When plain arches and tented arches are found in any index, rRatr middle, R R A T R and ring fingers, such patterns shall be only represented by dashes on the classification line 20  1/30/2025 2. When loops appear in any of index, middle, and ring 3. When whorl and other patterns belonging to the family of fingers, the table of conversion of loops (ridge count) shall be whorl appears in any of the index, middle, and ring fingers, employed as follows: the ridge tracing of such pattern shall constitute the sub- secondary classification. (IMO) FINGER RIDGE COUNT CONVERSION 1-9 Inner (1) NOTE: Only the index, middle and ring fingers composed Index the sub-secondary classification. 10 - + Outer (0) 1-10 Inner (1) 1-9 1-10 1-13 I I I M 10 M - I Middle I I I O O O T W T R \ - O I 11 - + Outer (0) 1-13 Inner (1) 10+ 11+ 14+ O I Ring A A W 14 + Outer (0) O O O W C 4. Final Classification – this refers to the ridge count of a loop BOTH LITTLE FINGERS ARE USED. In some cases appearing at the right little finger. It is exhibited or place at the both little fingers are considered by some bureaus extreme right of the classification line. and the ridge counts of both are recorded. However, RULES: the count of the right little finger governs the If there is NO LOOP IN THE RIGHT LITTLE FINGER. A loop in sequence for filling within the final classification. the left little finger may be used. The little finger position in the formula remains unchanged, except that the ridge count is noted as a denominator rather than as a numerator. If WHORL APPEARS IN THE LITTLE FINGERS. If If ARCH OR TENTED ARCH APPEARS IN THE LITTLE no loops appear in the little fingers but a whorl FINGER, it is represented by a dash (-) at the classification line. appears instead a final classification may be Final classification is not obtainable if it appears in both little obtained by a ridge count of the whorl. fingers. RULES IN WHORL COUNTING: 5. Major Classification-is similar to the sub- secondary classification but it only refers to the 1.Plain whorl and central pocket loop are to be thumbs. treated as ulnar loop from the hand of origin. RULES: 2.Double loop is ridge counted to an upright loop. 3.Accidental whorls – the ridge count is made from 1. Both hands are of loop pattern: left delta to core if in the right hand and from right a. If the ridge count of left thumb is 16 or less: Both delta to core if in the left hand which has the least thumbs are: number of the ridges distant from the delta. 1-11= Small (S) 12-16- Medium (M) 17 and over = Large (L) 21  1/30/2025 b. If the ridge count of left thumb is 17 or more: 2. Whorl pattern on either or both hands + the ridge tracing (IMO), will constitute the major classification. EXAMPLES: Right Thumb Left Thumb Rule No. 1-a: 1 - 17 = Small (S) 1 -11 = Small (S) 10 18 S L \ R 18 - 22 = Medium (M) 12 -16 = Medium (M) M M 14 16 23 - + = Large (L) 17 - + = Large (L) R / Rule No. 1-b 6. Key Classification - is the ridge count of the first loop pattern from the right thumb to the right-ring, and from the left thumb to the left 18 15 ring, excluding both little fingers. If there is no such loop, the key is the M R S result of the ridge count of the first whorl treating such as ulnar loop R for counting purposes only. The key is placed at the extreme left of the 18 L 17 L classification formula in line with the numerator. / / 10 11 W D T 10 Rule No. 2 \ R 10 I S I 12 \ C W C A W M M O O \ W W 22