Personal Identification Techniques PDF

 Brenyl Doning Abilla December 2021 Criminologist Licensure Examination Top 1 \ Personal Identification -Abilla Criminalistics- it is the application of forensic science to criminal matters.  also known as “Forensic...

 Brenyl Doning Abilla December 2021 Criminologist Licensure Examination Top 1 \ Personal Identification -Abilla Criminalistics- it is the application of forensic science to criminal matters.  also known as “Forensic Science or Police Science.” The word forensic was derived from the Latin word “Forum” which means a “market place”, a place where people gathered for “public discussion”. When it is used in conjunction with other sciences it simply connotes the idea of application to law or for the administration of justice. Sometimes it is also referred to as “legal”.  Forensic Science -this includes relating to or dealing with the application of scientific knowledge to legal problems. The application can be in one or more of many specific fields of the study or branch of specialized knowledge such as science, technology, medicine or other area of knowledge used to assist courts to resolve disputes, whether criminal, civil, or administrative. -It is the scientific investigation into matters pertaining to law in the course of a crime. The practice of matching people to people, or people to places, during the investigation of a crime.  Definition of Terms: ANTHROPOMETRY – the art of personal identification through body measurement. DACTYLOGRAPHY – is the art of fingerprint recording for identification purposes. DACTYLOSCOPY – is the science of fingerprint, it derive from the words “dactylos” which means fingers, and “skopien” which means “to examine”. -identification of persons through examination and comparison of fingerprint DACTYLOMANCY – is the scientific study of fingerprint for purposes of personality interpretation Various Conditions of the finger: a. Polydactyl -Born with more than the regular number of (10) fingers. b. Macrodactyl –Having enlarged finger. c.Microdactyl/brachydactyly –Having small finger. d.Ectodactyl –Born with missing finger. e.Syndactyl –Side fusion of the fingers. FINGERPRINT- is a composite of the ridge outlines which appears on the skin surface of the bulbs on the inside of the end of joints of the fingers and thumbs. It is an impression designed by the last joint of the fingers and thumb on smooth surface through the media of ink, sweat or any substance capable of producing visibility. a. Ridge – are elevated or hill like structure/ the black lines with tiny white dots. b. Furrow – the depressed or canal like structure/ the white space between ridges.  Finger Composition and Structure A. PHALANGE -It is the skeletal finger covered with friction skin. It is made up of three bones. Basal or Proximal Phalange –It is located at the base of the finger nearest the palm. Middle Phalange –The next and above the basal bone. Terminal/distal Phalange –The particular bone covered with friction skin and located at the tip of the finger. B. FRICTION SKIN– raised strips of the skin on the inside of the end joint of the fingers and thumbs by which fingerprints are made, it is sometimes called papillary ridge or epidermal ridges. -Is an epidermal hairless skin found on the ventral or lower surface of the hands and feet, covered with minute ridges and furrows and without coloring matters or pigment. -A strips of the skin on the end joints of our fingers and thumb by which fingerprints are made. Also called as papillary or epidermal ridges. Biologists use the term “Volar Skin” - PORES – are tiny holes of the skin where sweat and other secretion may come out. Components of the Friction Skin 1.Ridge surface a.Ridge –an elevated or hill like structure/ the black lines with tiny white dots. b. Furrow –the depressed or canal like structure/ the white space between ridges. 2.Sweat pores–the tiny openings that serve as exits of sweat/ the tiny white dots. 3.Sweat duct–it serves as the passage way. 4.Sweat glands–the producers of sweat. CHIROSCOPY Derived from the Greek words: Cheir – means a hand; and Skopien – means to examine study of the prints of the palms of the hand. -William Herschel- Father of Chiroscopy -State v Kuhl Criminal Case of Murder PODOSCOPY Derived from the Greek words: Podo –means the foot; and Skopien – to examine. Is the science which deals with the study of the footprints -Wentworth and Kuhne -Commonwealth v Bartolini  Cheiloscopy- study of lip prints. -Wrinkles and grooves seen on the labial mucosa forms a pattern called sulci labriorum. -The use of lip prints was first recommended in 1932 by Edmond Locard in France. Forensic dentistry or forensic odontology- the application of dental knowledge to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in the criminal justice system. -Dr. Oscar Amoedo -father of the forensic odontologist. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SKELETON Determination of the Sex of the Skeleton: In determining the sex of the skeleton, the following bones must be studied: A. Pelvis B. Femur C. Skull or Cranium D. Humerus E. Sternum  Femur- The femur is your thigh bone. It's the longest, strongest bone in your body. Comparatively male femur is more heavier and longer than female femur. CRANIUM  Humerus The humerus is the largest bone of the upper extremity and defines the human brachium (arm). Male Female Larger Vertical Smaller Vertical diameter of head diameter of head Bigger Smaller Transverse Transverse diameter of head diameter of head  Sternum The sternum is a partially T-shaped vertical bone that forms the anterior portion of the chest wall centrally ▪ Early publication concerning Fingerprints/Pioneers in the science of fingerprint ▪ PROFESSOR MARCELO MALPIGHI (GRANDFATHER OF DACTYLOSCOPY) -He originated the terms “loops and spirals.” -Because of his scholarly work on anatomy on human skin layers, one of the layers of the skin was named after him called; “Stratum Malphigi”, which is approximately 1.88mm thick. The Malpighian layer of the skin is generally defined as both the stratum basale and stratum spinosum as a unit, although it is occasionally defined as the stratum basale specifically,or the stratum spinosum specifically. ▪ PROF. JOHANNES EVANGELIST PURKINJE a Czechoslovakian physiologist who published his doctoral thesis entitled “A commentary on a Physiological Examination of the Organs of the Vision and the Cutaneous System.” ▪ Father of Dactyloscopy ▪ introduced first system of classification of fingerprints. ▪ Described patterns of fingers and classified them into NINE(9) groups: (Transverse Curve, Central Longitudinal Stria, Oblique Stripe, Oblique Loop, Almont whorl, Spiral Whorl, Ellipse, Circle, and the Double Whorl) SIR FRANCIS GALTON- PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY/VARIATION -A British Anthropologist, a scientist, and cousin to Charles Darwin, who divided the types of Fingerprint into arches, loops, and whorls known as ALW. -He also stated that if there is possibility for two prints to be the same it is: 1: 64, 000,000 000. Identification by fingerprints relies on pattern matching followed by the detection of certain ridge characteristics, also so known as Galton details, points of identity, or minutiae, and the comparison of the relative positions of these minutiae points with a reference print, usually an inked impression of a suspect's print. There are three basic ridge characteristics, the ridge ending, the bifurcation and the dot (or island). HERMAN WELCKER- PRINCIPLE OF PERMANENCY/CONSTANCY/PER RENIAL/ IMMUTABILITY -He took the prints of his own palms and after forty-one years he printed the same palms to prove that prints do not change, except for some scratches due to old age. ▪ DR. HENRY FAULDS- PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY -an English (Scottish) doctor stationed in Tokyo, Japan, wrote a letter to the English publication, “NATURE” – “On the Skin Furrows of the Hand. -recommended the use of a thin film of printers ink as a transfer medium and the inking of all fingers were attributed to him. He concluded that fingerprint patterns are unchangeable and that superficial injury of the fingers did not alter them, they returned to their former design as the injury healed. Moreover, Fauld’s important conclusion was that fingerprints left on objects with bloody or greasy fingers may lead to the scientific identification of criminals. SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL (British Administrator in District of Bengal in India) - FATHER OF CHIROSCOPY He printed the palms of the natives in order to avoid impersonation among laborer. Prints of the entire palms were used instead of signature. Rajyadhar Konai was the first person Herschel printed the palm (He requires fingerprint and signatures on civil contracts.) Alphonse Bertillon- in Paris France, introduced the anthropometric system of measurements. -Bertillonage or the Bertillon System -Father of Personal Identification Bertillion believed that certain body parts especially the bone is unchangeable. Bertillon's system was based on five primary measurements: (1) head length; (2) head breadth; (3) length of the middle finger; (4) the length of the left foot; (5) the length of the "cubit" (the forearm from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger). -Accepted for almost 30 years until… Until in 1903- case of Will West and William West unveiled and destroyed the credibility and the reliability of the Bertillion System. McClaughry was the first person to introduce Bertillonage into the United States WILL WEST AND WILLIAM WEST CASE Will West was convicted of a certain crime and was committed to the US Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas. Upon his commitment to the penitentiary and after his measurement, authorizes have found out that Mr. West was indeed a repeat offender. Mr. West mightily protested this charge, and upon further examination of the examination of the records, the jailers discovered that Will Wes and William West are two different persons, with the same Bertillion measurements. SIR EDWARD RICHARD HENRY -Father of Fingerprints,” at least as the first man to successfully apply fingerprints for identification. 1888-Sir Edward Richard Henry, He became interested in fingerprints and devised a classification of his own and published his work in book form and titled it “Classification and Uses of Fingerprints.” In 1896, Sir Edward Richard Henry developed a fingerprint classification system that uses all fingerprints (hence, also called a 10-digit system). His system of classification was established with the help of two Hindu police namely Kahn Bahadur Azizul Haque and Rai Hem Chandra Bose. Original Henry System Prior to the modification by the FBI, the Henry system consisted of 4 classifications system. These were: 1.Primary 2.Secondary 3.Sub-secondary 4.Final  In the FBI modified version, the classification system consists of 6 main sub-classifications. 1.Primary Classification 2.Secondary Classification 3.Sub-Secondary Classification 4.Major Division Classification 5.Final Classification 6.Key Classification JUAN VUCETICH- Argentina/ South Ameria - devised his own system of fingerprint classification, which he called “Icnofalangometrico”- meaning “fingertrack measurements. Renamed it to Dactiloscopia, meaning “finger description” - also claimed the first official criminal identification by means of fingerprints left at the scene of crime. - pioneered the use of dactyloscopy (fingerprint identification). -first conviction by means of fingerprint evidence was obtained against Francisca Rojas who murdered her two children. Francisca Rojas is believed to be the first criminal found guilty through fingerprint evidence in the world. ❑1902 – The first conviction in the U.K of an individual was made as a result of fingerprint found at the scene of the crime in June 1902. A burglar by the name of “Harry Jackson” – by Detective-Sergeant Charles Stockley Collins who was sent by Edward Henry ❑1911- December 21, 1911 The State of Illinois, made the first criminal conviction based solely upon fingerprint evidence. It was known as the first judicial ruling on such evidence, (People vs Jennings) Murder case -four impressions of his left-hand fingers were discovered impressed in fresh paint at the rear of the victim’s home near the window through which entry had been gained  Criminal Cases of Fingerprint in The PH ❑1933, Dec 23. -The first conviction in the Philippine court through the use of fingerprint as evidence was the case of People of Philippines VS Medina, Medina was convicted of the crime of robbery. -10 points of identity – by Agripino Ruiz ❑BILANGAWA vs. AMADOR case- a fingerprint expert and constabulary sergeant testified and successfully defended fingerprint evidence based on eight identical ride points. 3 dogmatic Principles 1.Principle of Individuality (Variation) or Uniqueness – There are no two fingerprints that are exactly alike unless taken from the same finger. Ratio of 1:64 billions. 3 dogmatic Principles 2. Principle of Permanency (Constancy/Perennial/Immutable) – The configuration and details of individual ridges remain constant and unchanging till after the final decomposition of the body. -Fingerprint started to develop at 3rd embryonic period of fetal life. This principle is sometimes called “Principle of Womb to Tomb”. 3 dogmatic Principles 3. Principle of Infallibility – That fingerprint is a reliable means of personal identification and all courts accept and adopt fingerprint as a means of personal identification.. -It cannot be forged JOHN DILLINGER − A known criminal who tried to effaced his fingerprint by burning them with acid, but to no avail. The acid temporarily destroys the fingerprint but the prints restore to its original formation few days later. − ROSCOE JAMES PITT (AKA ROBERT PHILLIPS) − A man who was once considered as a man without fingerprint. He surgically removed the fingerprint of the first joint of his fingers and covered it with another skin from his chest.  The Skin- is the body’s largest organ -partof INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM of the body that weight about 4.5 to 5kg in an average built adult male and has a total width at approximately two (2) square meters. TWO LAYERS OF THE SKIN 1. Epidermis – the upper or the outer layer of the skin, is a tough, waterproof, protective layer. it has two main Layer: Stratum Corneum, Stratum Mucosum 2.Dermis – the lower or the inner layer of the skin. It is made up mainly of fibrous proteins and other large molecules. -it is where dermal papillae are found Ridge Destruction The destruction of the friction skin can either be temporary or permanent. Generally temporary destruction occur when only the epidermis layer of the friction skin has been damage, while permanent damage can be injected to the friction skin due to damage to the dermis layer. General Rules on Ridge Destruction: Destruction of the Epidermis – temporary, Dermis – permanent damage. Cut - a depth of more than 1 mm will constitute permanent scar. Number of Ridge Characteristics as Basis for Absolute Identity Experts of different countries differ in the requirements of the minimum number. In England, the minimum is 16 and in USA, the minimum requirement is 12. However, fingerprint experts in these countries believe that identity can be established in lower number of guidelines laid down by the famous French Criminalist Dr. Edmond Locard: 1. If more than 12 concurring points are present and the fingerprint is sharp, the certainty of identity is beyond debate. 2. If 8 to 12 concurring points are involved, then the case is borderline and the certainty of identity will depend on: A. Clearness of the pattern. B. Rarity of the type C. Presence of core or delta in the decipherable part D. Presence of pores E. The perfect and clear identity of the width of ridges and furrows, of the direction of the lines, and the angular value of the furrows.  RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS Bifurcation – one single ridge that splits into two or more branches or the forking or the splitting of one ridge into two branches. If the forking consist of three branches it is called trifurcation. Ridge Enclosure – a ridge formed by a bifurcation but which does not remain open, after running along side by side for a short distance, the splitting ridge meet again to form a single ridge. Ridge Ending – a point where ridge terminates or ends. Ridge Bridge – a ridge that connects one ridge to the other, it is sometimes called “railway tie”  Diverging Ridge – is the splitting apart of two ridge after running parallel. Converging Ridge – the meeting of two ridges after running parallel. Ridge Hook or Spur – is a bifurcation in which one branch is remarkably short, ending near the original split or fork. Dot – a very short islands, of basically equal length and width.  Appendage – a short ridge at the top or summit of a recurve usually at the right angle. Fragmentary Ridge – group or series of short ridges less than 3mm in length. Incipient or Nascent Ridge – This is a kind of ridge which is madly formed, thin, short or broken which appears in the depressions between two well formed ridges Sufficient Recurve – The space between shoulders of a loop, free of any appendage, and a butting at right angle. Envelop – Is a single recurving ridge enclosing one or more rods or bars. Dissociated ridges – are unusual ridge structures having no well defined patterns; the ridges are extremely short, appear like a series of “patches” caused by a disturbance of developmental process at early fetal life of the individuals. Obstruction (short Horizontal Ridge) Is a short ridge found inside the innermost recurving ridge that spoiled the inner line of flow towards the center of the pattern. Type Lines and Pattern Area Type lines -the boundaries of fingerprint patterns. -two innermost ridges that are running parallel or nearly parallel with each other which diverge at a certain point tending to surround the pattern area. Type lines are not always continuous ridges. In fact they are more often to be broken.  Note : When there is a definite break in type line, the ridges immediately outside of it is considered as its continuation :when the bifurcation run parallel after bifurcating and then diverge, in such case, the two forks/bifurcation become the type line. :angular formation cannot be a typeline Pattern area -Is that part of the fingerprint that lies within the area surrounded by the type lines. It is where the core, delta, and other ridge characteristics used for classification can be found. -pattern area is only part of the fingerprint impression with which are concerned in regard to interpretation and classification.. This is not important; however, the only patterns in which we need to define the pattern area for classification purposes are loops and whorls. The Two Fingerprint Terminus (Focal Points) 1.THE DELTA OR TRIRADIAL POINT (also called the outer terminus) is a point along a ridge formation found at the center or near the center of the diverging type lines. -first obstruction at or in front of and nearest the center of the center of the point of divergence of the type lines.  Delta may appear in the pattern area in any of the following ridge characteristics: − A bifurcation − A short Ridge − An ending Ridge − A convergence − A dot (alternative) − Recurving Ridge Rules in Delta location when there is a choice between two or more Delta RULE 1. The Delta may not be located at the bifurcation which does not open towards the core RULE 2. When there is a choice between a bifurcation and another type of delta, the bifurcation is selected. RULE 3. If there are series of bifurcation opening towards the core, equally close to the point of divergence of the type lines, the delta nearest to the core shall be selected.  RULE 4. When there are two or more possible deltas which conform to the definition, the one nearest the core is chosen.  RULE 5. The delta may not be located in the middle of a ridge running between the type lines toward the core, but at the nearer end only. a. if the ridge is entirely within the pattern area, delta is located at the end nearer to point of divergence. b. if the ridge entered the pattern area from a point below the divergence, delta is at the end nearer to the core.  THE CORE -Core, as the name implies, it is the approximate center of the pattern. -It is a point on a ridge formation usually located at the center or heart of a pattern. The rules in CORE location are: Rule 1. The Core is placed upon or within the innermost sufficient recurve. Rule 2. When the innermost sufficient recurve contains no ending ridge or rod rising as high as the shoulders of the loop, the core is placed on the shoulder of the loop farther from the delta.  Rule 3. When the innermost sufficient recurve contains an UNEVEN or ODD number of rods rising as high as the shoulders, the core is placed upon the end of the center rod whether it touches the looping ridge or not. Rule 4. When the innermost sufficient recurve contains an EVEN number of rods rising as high as the shoulders, the core is placed upon the end of the farther one of the two center rods, the two center rods being treated as though they were connected by a recurving ridge. Rule 5. The recurve must not have appendage between the shoulder and a loop. If present at the shoulder, it becomes spoiled and the next loop outside will be consider to locate the core. Rule 6. When there is interlocking loop, it is considered as one. a. core is found at the point of intersection if the point crosses exactly the shoulder of the interlocking loop. b. if point of intersection is above or below the shoulder line, two loops are considered as one with two rods. Rule 7. When two loops are at the center. two loops are considered as one with two rods. RIDGE COUNTING- counting of intervening ridge that touches the imaginary line between delta and core. Ridge Counting usually applies only to a loop type of pattern. It can be done by drawing an imaginary line between delta and core. The number of ridges intervening between them is called ridge count. 1. Fragments and dots can only be counted if they appear as thick as the surrounding ridge. 2. White space must intervene between core and delta 3. Incipient ridge never counted. 4. Delta and core never counted. If delta is above the shoulder of single looping ridge and core is on shoulder- there is no ridge count unless imaginary line cuts the recurve If looping ridge is above the delta, the core is placed in the center of recurve, provided shoulder are equal distance from delta When core is on spike which touches the recurve, recurve is included in counting only when the delta is placed below the line drawn at right angles to the spike 4. If an imaginary line crosses a bifurcation, each branch shall be counted separately. - Where the line crosses an island, both sides are counted. With One RC: a. dot/island b.short ridge c.long ridge d.abrupt ending ridge e.tail of bifurcation With two RC: a.Center Point of Bifurcation b.Opening of Bifurcation c.Crossing or Enclosure Ridge Counting of Whorls 1. Plain whorl or central pocket loop is treated as ulnar Ridge Counting of Whorls 2. A double loop whorl must be ridge counted to an upright loop Ridge Counting of Whorls 3. Accidental whorl must be ridge counted from the extreme corresponding delta to the nearest core or least number of ridge count will be used. WHORL RIDGE TRACING- tracing ridges from left delta to right delta. - ridges intervening between the tracing ridge and right delta are counted. The whorl tracing is essentially useful for fingerprint identification purposes, particularly in obtaining sub-secondary and major classification. - the whorls are generally ridge traced. However, there are instances when whorls are ridge counted to get the major, sub secondary and final division of classification. ❑Whorl tracing will always start from the left delta to the right delta. ❑When the tracing ridge abruptly terminates, the next lower ridge shall be the continuation. ❑If the tracing ridge bifurcates, the lower branch of the bifurcation shall be considered. ❑Do not count delta or tracing ridge. The tracing ridge is the ridge where the tracing stopped opposite the right delta. Inner Whorl (I) When the tracing ridge goes above or inside to the right delta and it has a ridge count of three (3) or more intervening between the tracing ridge and the right delta is called Inner Whorl. Outer Whorl (O) When the tracing ridge goes below or outside to the right delta and it has a ridge count of three or more intervening between the tracing ridge and the right delta it is called Outer Whorl. Meeting Whorl (M) When the tracing ridge goes above (inside) or goes below (outside) to the right, and it has a ridge count of less than three intervening between the tracing ridge and the right delta, or the tracing ridge directly connected to the right delta it is called Meeting Whorl. In a double loop or accidental the problem of where to stop tracing is sometimes presented. A.The rule is, when the tracing passes inside of the right delta, stop at the nearest the right delta on the upward trend\ B.if no upward trend, continue until point opposite to right delta is reached or the right delta itself is reached  If no upward trend is present, continue tracing until a point opposite the right delta, or the delta itself, is reached Accidentals often possess three or more deltas. In tracing them only the extreme deltas are considered, the tracing beginning at the extreme left delta and proceeding toward the extreme right delta,  Pattern Interpretation- 3 Big Families of Pattern 1. Loops – 60%- R&U 2.Whorls – 35% W,C,D & X 3. Arches – 5%- A&T FINGERPRINT PATTERNS The loop A loop is that type of fingerprint pattern in which one or more of the ridges enter on either side of the impression, recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line drawn from the delta to the core, and terminate or tend to terminate on or toward the same side of the impression from when such ridge or ridges entered.  Take Note - A pattern to be a loop must have the following essential requisites: a. A sufficient recurve. b.It must have a core c.It must have a delta d.An imaginary line must pass between the core and the delta e.It must have a ridge count of a minimum of at least one (1)  The terms “and "ulnar" are derived from the radius and ulna bones of the forearm. Loops which flow in the direction of the ulna bone (toward the little finger) are called ulnar loops and those which flow in the direction of the radius bone are called radial loops. Arches Is a pattern in which the ridges flows from one side to the other or flows towards the, without recurving, usually having a slight upward curved in the pattern, making the pattern like an arch. It has no core and no delta. ARCH: - There is no delta and core found in Arch type pattern. - In Arch patterns, the ridges run from one side of the impression to the other, making no upward thrust, no backward turn. - Arch is further classified in two types. 1.The plain arch 2.The tented arch Take Note - It enters to the left and flows towards the right. The plain arch In plain arches the ridges enter on one side of the impression and flow or tend to flow out the other with a rise or wave in the center. The plain arch is the most simple of all fingerprint patterns, and it is easily distinguished. The tented arch In the tented arch, most of the ridges enter upon one side of the impression and flow or tend to flow out upon the other side, as in the plain arch type; however, the ridge or ridges at the center do not. There are three types of tented arches: 1. Angular Type Tented Arch: The type in which ridges at the center form a definite angle; i.e., 90° or less. 2. Upthrust Type Tented Arch The type in which one or more ridges at the center form an upthrust. An upthrust is an ending ridge of any length rising at a sufficient degree from the horizontal plane; i.e., 45° or more. 3. Loop Type (Lacking One Characteristic): The type approaching the loop type, possessing two of the basic or essential characteristics of the loop, but lacking the third.  Angular Type- definite angle; i.e., 90° or less  Upthrust Type- ending ridge of any length rising at a sufficient degree from the horizontal plane; i.e., 45° or more.  Loop Type- possessing two of the basic or essential characteristics of the loop, but lacking the third.  Loop Type- possessing two of the basic or essential characteristics of the loop, but lacking the third. The whorl- The patterns to which numerical values are assigned in deriving the "primary" in the extension of the Henry System of fingerprint classification used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation are the whorl- type patterns, which occur in about 30 percent of all fingerprints. The whorl is that type of pattern in which at least two deltas are present with a recurve in front in each. -it is a pattern in which the formation of the ridges are usually circular or spiral. Whorl pattern will have two or more deltas.  Subdivisions are as follows: The Plain Whorl, The Central Pocket Loop, The Double Loop, and The Accidental. The plain whorl- (C-2D-TC) simplest form of whorl construction and is the most common of the whorl subdivisions. It is designated by the symbol "W" for both general classification and extension purposes. Symbolized by letter “W” in the classification. It is a fingerprint pattern which there are two (2) deltas and in which at least one (1) ridge makes a turn through one complete circuit, an imaginary line drawn between the two (2) deltas must touch or cross at least one (1) of the circuiting whorl ridges within the pattern area. Central pocket loop- (1R-2D-NoTC) The central pocket loop type of whorl has TWO DELTAS and AT LEAST ONE RIDGE MAKING A COMPLETE CIRCUIT, which may be spiral, oval, circular, or any variant of a circle. An imaginary line drawn between the two deltas MUST NOT TOUCH OR CROSS any of the recurving ridges within the inner pattern area  DOUBLE LOOP – (2L-2S-2D) Symbolized by letter D or d The double loop consists of two separate loop formations, with two separate and distinct sets of shoulders, and two deltas. It is not necessary that loops have the same size and length.  Core formation not included in the double loop: S type core, interlocking core and loop inside another loop  Accidental (2upP-ExA-2upD) Symbolized by letter “X” in the classification. It is a pattern which is a combination of two or more different types of pattern except in the PLAIN ARCH. -it can have two or more deltas  TYPES OF FINGERPRINT REAL IMPRESSION 1. ROLLED IMPRESSION – are fingerprint impression taken individually by rolling each finger from one side to the other side and from the tip to the end of the first joint. 2. PLAIN or PLAIN OR SLAP IMPRESSION – are impression made by simultaneously pressing the finger to the card, use AS A REFERENCE TO CLASSIFICATION. THE RECOMMENDED HEIGHT for recording legible fingerprints is approximately 39 inches from the floor. STANDARD EIGHT BY EIGHT INCHES FINGERPRINT CARD – It is found to be adequate for receiving five rolled impressions across the card the size convenient for handling and filing. INK - BLACK PRINTERS ink is the most commonly used for taking fingerprint impression.  CHANCE FINGERPRINT IMPRESSIONS Chance Impressions - These are fingerprints which are imprinted by mere chance or without any intention to produce the print. Chance print may be: 1. Plastic impression – impressions made by chance on cellophane tapes or any plastic materials. 2. Visible prints/Patent – impressions made by chance and visible without chemical treatment. 3. Latent prints – impressions which are visible grossly but made visible by the addition of some substances. These are fingerprints found at the scene of a crime. -The term “latent” connotes something hidden, but the term likewise refers to any print in the crime scene, including those visible or partially visible impressions. Plastic impression  Visible prints/Patent Latent prints  How to collect Chance Fingerprints? SOLID METHOD/ (POWDER METHOD) - is also called the powder method since powder is used, and is the most basic method. This powder adheres to moisture, oil and other residue present in the latent print. This method is more effective for newer prints and is/are found on hard, dry and smooth surface. Lifting Developed Latent Prints After the latent print had been developed using the fingerprint powder and after it has been properly photographed, there is a need to lift and collect the said print for examination and preservation purposes. It is done by a lifting tape. Powders are also manufactured with the following formulations: 1. Oxides – this powder is ideally used on painted or smooth surfaces including plastics. Oxides powder is extremely sensitive to moisture, particularly sebaceous or oily secretions. 2. Metallic. This powder is most effective on plated or polished surfaces such as silver and chrome. 3. Magnetics. These are powders having magnetic properties and therefore. It must not be used on surface containing iron or steel. Best applied to shiny surfaces, such as plastic containers -non-porous and semi-porous surfaces. 4. Combinations. This powder is a combination of oxide and metallic powders in such a way that it can be used on any surface whether dark or light. 4. Fluorescents. Fluorescent powders are oxide in nature and can only be used on painted or smooth surfaces, but these powders are designed to overcome the problem on multi- colored surfaces. Lifting Tape Lifting tapes are to be used on non-porous surfaces. CHEMICAL METHODS 1. Ninhydrin- this chemical is used to develop latent prints on porous surfaces; especially paper and it must be used only with adequate ventilation -is considered as one of the best method used in developing prints in paper. -The reaction causes the production of an intense purple dye called “Ruhemann's purple” 2. DFO (1,8 – Diazaflouren-9-One) is a Ninhydrin analog that reportedly will develop 2 ½ times the number of prints as Ninhydrin alone. Best for fingerprint of paper 3. Silver Nitrate solutions are light sensitive and will react with the silver chloride or salt residue present in the latent print. When latent print is treated with this chemical and exposed to light, a dark brown print will appear. -Used for fingerprints on paper 4. Physical Developer will react to sebaceous components of latent print residue and will give a silver-gray color of the print. -It is usually applied after the DFO and/or ninhydrin methods. -good for item exposed to water or wet porous 5. Small Particle Reagent (SPR) - adheres to fatty substance of latent fingerprints and is useful rain-soak vehicle bodies, windows and window trim, etc. -a means to develop latent fingermarks on wet, non-porous surfaces including glass, plastic, metals and adhesive sides of tape VAPOR METHODS 1. Iodine Fuming Methods – iodine fume reacts with the greasy or oily and fatty substance of latent prints. -ideally use when prints are still fresh. -should be photographed immediately since the reaction will rapidly change 2. Cyanoacrylate (super glue) Fuming – the fumes of super glue will react to the water present in the latent print residue. -it forms a hard compound that conforms to the ridges. -can be used either on porous and non-porous surfaces such as glass, plastic etc -This gas is attracted to the sweat and oils excreted from fingers and crystallizes to leave behind a white residue that reveals the fingerprint.  Laser Method = is a modern method of tracing and developing prints. -argon laser (Ar-laser)- most common -The surface impinged with the fingermark is illuminated with the blue- green beam from the Ar-laser. -based on the principle that a luminescent fingerprint, impinged on a non-luminescent surface, produces laser-excited fluorescence.  Fingerprint Classification FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION refers to the formula derived for a complete set of ten fingerprints or the arrangement of fingerprint records into groups or subgroups for filling purposes -CLASSIFICATION IN GENERAL- refers to the sorting things into division or group so that they can at later time be quickly located. Classification line – it refers to a long line usually placed on the right upper corner of the fingerprint chart where the classification formula of the given 10 rolled fingerprints is exhibited. The Henry- Galton System with the FBI modification and extension as adopted by almost all English Speaking countries of the world. The Philippines as one is using this system Fingerprints are classified by GENERAL SHAPE (ARCH, LOOP, OR WHORL), POSITION IN FINGER, AND RELATIVE SIZE. In the FBI modified version, the classification system consists of 6 main sub- classifications. 1.Primary Classification 2.Secondary Classification 3.Sub-Secondary Classification 4.Major Division Classification 5.Final Classification 6.Key Classification  Patterns Sub-divisions Fingers Values in Consideration Primary 10 fingers Whorls Specific assigned values Major Thumb Loops and Whorls Ridge count or trace value Secondary Index finger All Pattern Indicated by capital letters Secondary Small Arch, tented arch, or radial Other than index fingers Indicated by small letters Letter loop Index, middle, & ring Sub-Secondary fingers Loops and Whorls Ridge count or trace value Final Classification Little finger Loops (rarely whorls) Ridge count All fingers excluding little Key Classification fingers Loops Ridge count What are the steps in fingerprint classification? 1. Recording – Simply means the taking of fingerprint impressions, either rolled or plain impression. 2. Interpretation – Simply means the naming or interpreting of a fingerprint pattern. Loop (either radial or ulnar), Arch (plain or tented) or whorl (plain, central pocket loop) whorl, double loop whorl or accidental whorl). 3. Blocking –It means designating by symbol the type of patterns which each finger and thumb bears and recording for each respective finger and thumb. 4. Classification – This refers to the classification proper this time you need a complete set of ten (10) fingerprint patterns to obtain the necessary classification. What are the symbols in Blocking? FINGERPRINT PATTERN INDEX FINGER OTHER FINGERS Arches (Plain) A a Arches (tented) T t Radial loops R r Ulnar loops U u Plain Whorls W w Central Pocket Loop Whorl C c Double Loop Whorl D d Accidental Whorl X x PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION -Is the summation of all numerical value assigned to Whorls appearing in fingerprint chart which are Numerators and denominators Plus the pre- established fraction of 1/1. It is always represented by numerical value. -ALL FINGERS WITH WHORL PATTERNS.  -If the finger has a whorl, the following value is going to be assigned. Pairing Assigning of numerical values Designating the numerator and denominator Summing up- Arbitrary count of one (1) ADDED -. RIGHT HAND Finger 1 (RT) Finger 2 (RI) Finger 3 (RM) Finger 4 (RR) Finger 5 (RL) 16 16 8 8 4 LEFT HAND Finger 6 (LT) Finger 7 (LI) Finger 8 (LM) Finger 9 (LR) Finger 10 (LL) 4 2 2 1 1  ODD numbered fingers =denominator EVEN numbered fingers = numerator. RIGHT HAND Finger 1 (RT) Finger 2 (RI) Finger 3 (RM) Finger 4 (RR) Finger 5 (RL) 16 16 8 8 4 LEFT HAND Finger 6 (LT) Finger 7 (LI) Finger 8 (LM) Finger 9 (LR) Finger 10 (LL) 4 2 2 1 1 Numerator Fingers : 6, 2, 8, 4, 10 Denominator Fingers : 1, 7, 3 , 9, 5  Number of Possible Combinations in the Primary- (1,024) possible combinations of primaries, beginning with “one over one” and ending with “thirty-two over thirty-two” 1/1 - Lowest Classification- no whorls present 32/32 - Highest Classification – all whorls present 25/29 if all Right finger is Whorl 8/4 if all Left finger is Whorl r W t u W W W X a a Secondary Division This division is obtaining by writing the Capital letter symbols (taken from the index fingers) and the small letters (from thumb, middle, ring and little finger) A. By capital letters – all letters appearing at the INDEX FINGER with the right as the numerator and the left index denominator B. Small letters- other fingers - only letter r (radial), a (plain arch), and t (tented arch) are included.  Basic Types of Pattern that can Appear ON INDEX Fingers 1. Arch (A) 2. Tented Arch (T) 3. Radial loop (R) 4. Ulnar loop (U) 5. Whorl (W) 6. Central Pocket Loop Whorl (C) 7. Double Loop Whorl (D) 8. Accidental Whorl (X) a,t,r- other fingers Ulnar loop (U) and Whorls (W) are indicated by a hyphen (-)  r W t u W W W X a a Secondary: rWt-- -W– 2a  SUB – SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION This is done by ridge counting of loops and ridge tracing of whorls appearing in the INDEX, MIDDLE, AND RING FINGERS of both right and left hands. finger 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9  I 1 2 3 4 5 M R 1-9= I 1-10= I 1-13= I 10 up= O 11 up= O 14 up= O 6 7 8 9 10 1-9= I 1-10= I 1-13= I 10 up= O 11 up= O 14 up= O  M 10 15 W r u W r 11 O W U X a a Sub- Secondary: MIO OO- Inner Whorl (I) When the tracing ridge goes above or inside to the right delta and it has a ridge count of three (3) or more intervening between the tracing ridge and the right delta is called Inner Whorl. Outer Whorl (O) When the tracing ridge goes below or outside to the right delta and it has a ridge count of three or more intervening between the tracing ridge and the right delta it is called Outer Whorl. Meeting Whorl (M) When the tracing ridge goes above (inside) or goes below (outside) to the right, and it has a ridge count of less than three intervening between the tracing ridge and the right delta, or the tracing ridge directly connected to the right delta it is called Meeting Whorl.  MAJOR DIVISION This is similar to Sub-Secondary division though it is applies to the THUMB ONLY and ridge counting has been modified. Ridge counting and/or Whorl tracing will apply and is concerned only with loops and whorl type of patterns. Arches are likewise disregarded. The right thumb value is placed in the numerator followed by the left thumb as the denominator. Major division is placed at the left of the primary classification.  When a Loop appears on either or both thumbs, proceed as follows: a. Look at the left thumb first Formulas for the right thumb b. If the ridge count on the left thumb is from 1 Formula 1 Formula 2 to 11, it is “S” (Small). If the count is 12 -16, it is an “M” (Medium), and if the count is 17 or more, it is an “L” 1 - 11 = S 1 - 17 = S (Large). 12 - 16 = M 18 - 22 = M c. Now look at the right thumb. When the left 17 or more = L 23 or more = L thumb is 16 or less or it is a whorl, use Formula No. 1: Formula for the left thumb 1 - 11 = S When the left thumb is 17 or over, use Formula No. 2 12 - 16 = M 17 or more = L Note: If the left thumb is a whorl and the right thumb is a loop, use formula No. 1 above. MAJOR: M L FINAL DIVISION The Final is taken from the little fingers, Fingers No. 5 and 10. Only one finger is necessary in the final classification The ridge count of the loop will be brought up to the classification formula and will be placed at the extreme right of the formula. If both little fingers (fingers no. 5 and 10) are loops, right little finger or finger no. 5 has priority.  Subsecondar Major Primary Secondary Final y M 19 W MOI Final Classification: L 6 U IMO 12 If both fingers have no loop, the whorl will be considered. It is only during this time that ridge counting for whorl will apply and not tracing. Ridges of the whorl will be counted from delta to the core. 1.whorl on the right little finger is ridge-counted from the left delta to the core. 2.whorl on the left little finger is ridge –counted the right delta towards the core. When a loop and a whorl occur, a loop is given a priority. IF NO LOOP PRESENT. RIDGE COUNT THE WHORL Plain and central - treat as ulnar loop Accidental -get the least ridge count Double- use the top loop KEY CLASSIFICATION- placed at the extreme left of the classification formula or to the left of major division. -obtain by counting the RIDGE COUNT OF THE FIRST LOOP APPEARING ON THE FINGERPRINT CARD starting from the right thumb down to the last fingers of left hand with the exception of the little fingers since they are used for final classification. -no matter where found, is always placed at the numerator or above the classification line. In case of absence of a loop, the first whorl will be ridge counted following the rules of ridge counting a whorl under final division. Short Summary on Henry Fingerprint Classification System The following is the overview on how (a step-by-step) guide on how you can fill the henry 10 digit card. 1. Primary Classification: Specific allotted value based on prints of whorl pattern. Values vary from 1/1 to 32/32. 2. Secondary Classification: Capital Letters Group: Index fingers patterns designated by capital letters. Small Letter Group: All fingers other than the index finger. Designated by small letters. 3. Sub Secondary Classification: Ridge count or trace of the index, middle, and ring finger. Designated by specific letter (I, M, O). 4. Major Classification: Ridge counts or trace values of loops and whorls on the thumbs. Designated by letters: for loops (S, L), and for whorls (I, O) 5. Final Classification: Ridge count of loop appearing in the little fingers 6. Key Classification: 1st loop count on the card excluding little finger.  CLASSIFICATION OF—AMPUTATIONS—MISSING AT BIRTH Rule 1: One Amputated Finger Same value (pattern and ridge counting/tracing) of the corresponding opposite finger. Reference searches in every possible classification. Rule 2: Two or More Amputated Finger Same classification from opposite finger No additional reference searches  Rule 3: Two Opposite Finger are amputated Both fingers are given whorls with meet trace value. Rule 4: All Fingers are Amputated The special Henry classification: M 32 W MMM. M 32 W MMM Rule 5: Both Hands are Amputated or Missing from Birth Footprints are used, if the police maintains a footprint file such as the FBI. Fingers missing from birth are also categorized as amputated fingers. Amputated and missing from birth fingers are classified into two groups. Amputated Group: It includes prints such as Partially amputated finger with half or more than half pattern missing. Filed as amputated and values of opposite fingers. Non-Amputated Group: Less than half partially amputated finger or tip amputation- always be printed in the future and classified and referenced to the opposite finger.  Temporary disabilities These can be: ▪ fresh cuts, or wounds, ▪ bandaged fingers or finger, ▪ occupational (carpenters, bricklayers, etc.) blisters- by means of softening agents (oils and creams) ▪ excessive perspiration- wipe the finger with a cloth and then immediately ink the finger and roll it on the fingerprint card, or could be wiped with alcohol, benzine, or similar fluid which would act as a drying agent. ▪ children, whose ridges are small and fine When an injury is temporary, the prints, if at all possible, should not be taken until after the injury has healed. Permanent disabilities These can be: ▪ lack of fingers (born without)- should be noted that some individuals are born without certain fingers ▪ amputations ▪ crippled fingers (bent, broken)-special inking devices used ▪ deformities (webbed, extra fingers) ▪ old age- using a very small amount of ink on the inking plate and by using little pressure in the rolling of the fingers  crippled fingers (bent, broken)-special inking devices used spatula, small roller, and a curved holder for the individual finger block. Deformities POLYDACTYL- If a subject has more than 10 fingers, the thumbs and the next 4 fingers to them should be printed, and any fingers left over should be printed on the other side of the card with a notation made to the effect that they are extra fingers. SYNDACTYL- two or more fingers webbed or grown together, Such fingers should be rolled, however, as completely as possible, and a notation made to the effect that they are joined on the back part of the card. Split thumbs or thumbs having two nail joints- classified as if the joint toward the outside of the hand were not present. In other words the inner joint is used, and no consideration whatever is given to the outer joint but proper notation at the back of the card. Fingerprinting the Dead 1. Fingerprinting the Newly Dead- regular inking, If necessary, wash the digits with soap and water and dry thoroughly or if difficulty arise more convenient to cut the 10 "squares" numbered for the rolled impressions from a fingerprint card, square is rolled around the finger without letting it slip 2. Fingerprinting the Dead, Where Stiffening of the Fingers and/or Early Decomposition Are Present. a. Clenched fingers/ rigor mortis (stiffening of the muscles)- grasping the finger to be straightened or Impressing shall be made using an aid such as a spatula or spoon-shaped tool for taking fingerprints from a dead body. b. Blanched and wrinkled fingers- injection of a tissue builder or glycerin or water may be used by the use of a hypodermic syringe. 3. Fingerprinting the Dead in Difficult Cases. Decomposed/ rotted or putrefied flesh- a. if outer skin is present- ink and print in regular manner. b. when ridge detail is discernible- the skin or finger itself may be cut off at the second joint and placed in a 10- to 15-percent solution of formaldehyde for approximately an hour to harden it c. wrinkled skin of deceased- cut off the entire pattern area from the joint to the tip of the finger; the piece of skin (exert care to avoid breaking or splitting) is flattened out between two pieces of glass and photographed. Finger of Charred Body - In case where it is feared that they will disintegrate by even the slightest, their photo shall be taken as they are. PREPARATION OF FINGERPRINT CHARTS FOR COURT TESTIMONY -The preparation of the charts is ultimately the sole responsibility of the expert using them. As a matter of interest to law enforcement personnel engaged in fingerprint work, a brief explanation of the preparation of such charts follows, along with suggestions and remarks based on long experience in these matters. At least 10 diameter projection enlarger of photographic negative. Twelve characteristics are ample to illustrate an identification, but it is neither claimed nor implied that this number is required. Since the enlarged photographs appear in black and white, an ink other than black or white should be used to line the chart Automated Fingerprint Identification System(AFIS) is a biometric solution consisting of a computer database of fingerprint records, which is able search and compare them to identify known unknown fingerprints. The Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS)-t is a national automated fingerprint identification and criminal history system. -is a computerized system maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) since 1999. It is a national automated fingerprint identification and criminal history system. The device used for scanning live fingerprints into AFIS is called Live scan.  A-C-E- V METHOD IN FORENSIC SCIENCE A. Analysis (Recognition) - properties or characteristics, observed or measured. B. Comparison - Properties or characteristics of the unknown are now compared with the familiar or recorded properties of known items. C. Evaluation- Similarities or dissimilarities in properties or characteristics will each have a certain value for identification, determined by its likelihood of occurrence. The weight or significance of each must therefore be considered. D. Verification- If an identification is made, the conclusion must be verified by another fingerprint examiner. This step ensures the objective application of the method and confirms the results of the first technician. The second examiner may also verify the suitability of determinations made in the analysis phase.  SEC. 6. Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of the Philippines.  SEC. 6. Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of the Philippines.  SEC. 6. Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of the Philippines.  SEC. 6. Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of the Philippines.  SEC. 6. Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of the Philippines.  SEC. 6. Ownership of Firearms by the National Government. – All firearms owned by the National Government shall be registered with the FEO of the PNP in the name of the Republic of the Philippines.