Personal Identification: Fingerprint Science PDF

PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION Prepared by: Ms. Kea Jean Balba PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES Course Description: The course is designed to enumerate and describe the different personal identification techniques applied in crime detection and investigation with emphasis on Dactyloscopy, Odo...

PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION Prepared by: Ms. Kea Jean Balba PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES Course Description: The course is designed to enumerate and describe the different personal identification techniques applied in crime detection and investigation with emphasis on Dactyloscopy, Odontology, Palmistry and DNA profiling. Specifically, it focuses on fingerprint recording, developing of latent prints and identification and classification of fingerprints for purposes of court presentation. This course also addresses information and insights on the significance of fingerprints for the solution of different crimes to the future law enforcers. Credit Units/ Hour: 3 units (2 hrs lecture/ 2 hrs laboratory) (1 hr lecture & 1 hr act) General Learning Outcomes: At the end of the semester, students shall be able to: 1. Trace the historical development of fingerprint identification; 2. Explain the different ordinary and scientific methods of personal identification; 3. Define and explain the basic principles involved in the study of fingerprint; 4. Identify, illustrate and explain the different fingerprint patterns; 5. Identify and illustrate the various ridge characteristics, 6. Define and explain the methods of classifying fingerprint patterns; 7. Develop and lift latent fingerprint impressions; 8. Conduct the proper recording of fingerprint impressions and 9. Conduct the proper comparison of fingerprints. Flexible Learning Class Policies 1. Students must be officially enrolled in the subject. 2. Each student must be joined in the google classroom assigned per section. 3. Always access your lessons and activities through face to face or online. 4. Always attend online and face to face classes. 5. Always wear prescribed uniform during classes. 6. Follow the scheduled submission of outputs. 7. Questions or any clarifications will only be entertained from Tuesday to Wednesday 6:00 pm-8:00 pm. 8. Any kind of cheating once caught will be automatically failed from this subject.  PRELIMS MIDTERMS FINALS Prelim Coverage: Midterm Coverage: Final Coverage: 1. Methods of Identification 1. Allied Sciences of Fingerprint 1. Latent Prints 2. Personal Identification 2. Dactylography 2. Scientific method of recognition, Techniques development, preservation of 3. Dactyloscopy A. Forensic Anthropology latent prints B. Forensic Odontology 4. Pattern Interpretation 3. Fingerprint Materials C. DNA Profiling 5. Ridge Characteristics D. Fingerprint 4. Scientific way of taking 6. Focal Points fingerprint 3. Principles of Fingerprint 7. Ridge Counting and Ridge 5. Brief introduction of AFIS 4. Congenital Abnormalities of Tracing (Automated Fingerprint Finger identification system) 8. Fingerprint Pattern 5. Brief History of Fingerprint 6. Laboratory 9. Fingerprint Classification Course Requirements Portfolio (By Partner) Quizzes Examinations Recitation Attendance Any questions?  Fingerprint Science is a positive means of identification and in the hands of knowledgeable technician and expert; it is a potent weapon in the continuing fight against crime. Its formation started during the embryo growth stage and perfected within round four (4) months. Friction ridges can be distinctively observed on following: a. Design ends b. Joint c. Separate and d. Cross each other The individualized characteristics are never affected by: a. Physical growth b. Aging of the human body  It has been established that in criminal investigation fingerprints is absolutely impermissible to misidentify a person or to classify a non-criminal as a criminal. In contrast, personal identification by means of fingerprints has an absolute certainty. The system is based on the undisputed fact after so many studies, that “no two persons have exactly the same fingerprint individual characteristics.”  The ridges do not tell everything about a person neither his race nor sex, yet it surely a perfect means of identifying him. This contention verily adds to facilitate and mobilize the granting of justice and the punishment of the guilty in the light and shadow of a criminal act. Surprisingly, fingerprint ridges start their development and differentiation on the third embryonic life and continue to grow until the complete development and growth factors governing the life span of man. Personal Identification Personal refers to anything to or belonging to an individual. On the other hand, identification refers to the action or process of identifying someone or something or the fact of being identified. Hence, PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION can be defined as the process, or techniques, or approaches, or means of establishing the identity of a particular person. The following are the aspects of personal identification: 1) Determination of the individuality of a person 2) Act or process of showing to be the same 3) Determination or establishment as a particular person or thing 4) Ascertaining the nature or supposed identity of a person or something Importance of identification of Persons 1. In the protection of criminal offense, the identity of the offender and that of the victim must be established 2. The identification of a person missing or presumed dead will facilitate settlement of the estate, retirement, insurance and other social benefits. It vests on the heirs the right over properties of the identified person. 3. Identification resolves the anxiety of the next of kin, other relatives and friends as to the whereabouts of a missing person or victim of calamity or criminal act. 4. Identification may be needed in some transaction, like cashing of check, entering a premise, delivery of parcels or registered mail in post office, sale of property, release of dead bodies to relative, parties to a contact. Rules to Personal Identification 1. Law of Multiplicity of evidence- the greater the number of points of similarities and dissimilarities of two persons compared. The greater the probability for the conclusion to be correct. 2. The value of different points of identification varies in the formation of conclusion. In a fresh cadaver, if the fingerprint on file are the person while bodily marks, like moles, scars complexion, shape of nose, etc. 3. The longer the interval between the death and the examination of the remains for purposes of identification, the greater is the need for experts in establishing identity. 4. Inasmuch as the object to be identified is highly perishable, it is necessary for the team to act in the shortest possible time especially in cases of mass disaster. 5. There is no rigid rule to be observed in the procedure of identification of persons. Methods of identification 1. By comparison- the identifying details or characteristics found at the crime scene compared to known records of the victim or suspect 2. By exclusion- elimination  WHAT IS FINGERPRINT? As an Impression: It is the reproduction of on some smooth surfaces of the pattern or design formed by the ridges on the inside of the end joint of the fingers or thumb, through the medium of ink or any coloring substance capable of producing visibility. As a Science: It is the identification of person by means of the ridges appearing on the fingers, on the palms and on the soles of the feet. It is the most positive means of identification. NATURE OF FINGERPRINTS FINGERPRINT is a composite of the ridge outlines which appears on the skin surface of the bulbs on the inside of the end of joints of the fingers and thumbs. It also refers to an impression on a surface of the curves formed by the ridges on a fingerprint, especially such an impression made in ink and used as a means of identification. TAKE NOTE: Distal or End Joints/ Terminal RIDGE literally may refer to a long, narrow chain of hills or mountains. Or, it refers to the long and narrow upper edge, angle, or crest of something, as a hill (Webster college dictionary free dictionary). The ridges appearing in a fingerprint are commonly referred to as papillary or frictional ridges. The ridges have a definite contour and appear in definite individual details by which positive identification can be made. Ridge characteristics are formed prior to birth and remain constant throughout life except for growth and deep scarification. TAKE NOTE: Valleys/ Furrows How the ridges are formed? Looking at the tips of the fingers, or the palms of the hands, we cannot see any moisture. Only little lines which twist and turn can be seen. Each one of these lines, are supplied with oil or moisture. Ridges are produced through the sweat gland excreta due to such physiological functions of the body. Ducts- these are little pockets underneath the skin where oils or sweats are carried by small holes to the surface of the skin. Ridge destruction: Creases- little white lines that are found on a fingerprint that look like sears (Burn/ blister). These are not permanent, and will not show any turning or ‘’puckering’’ Skin conditions such as warts and blisters of temporary impairments caused by certain occupation, e.g. bricklayers, carpenters, have no permanent effect and the individual characteristics revert to their natural alignment once the temporary skin condition has been corrected.  Students be like: Next meeting QUIZ 1!  PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS 1. INDIVIDUALITY 2. PERMANENCY 3. INFALLIBILITY 1. INDIVIDUALITY: That the complex of the ridge details in a single fingerprint or even part one is not duplicated in any other finger. It is the most positive means of personal identification. It has been found out that the intricate pattern on the fingers are permanent, individual and never undergo a natural change, except in the size of the pattern during the lifetime of individual. CAN FINGERPRINT BE EFFACED? 2. PERMANENCY: That fingerprints do not change in its ridge characteristics of fingerprint pattern throughout or life time of an individual and they persist after DEATH until the skin is decomposed. Friction skin patterns/designs/ formations appear on the finger tips, palms of the hands and soles of the feet three to four (3-4) months before birth this remained unchanged during the life of individual until decomposition sets in after DEATH. CAN FINGERPRINT BE EFFACED? John Dellinger, a notorious gangster and a police character, attempted to erase his fingerprint by burning them with but as time went by the ridges were again restored to their “natural” feature. The acid he applied temporally destroyed the epidermis of the bulbs of his finger. The number of ridge characteristics as basic for absolute identify. As long as the dermis of the bulbs of the fingers is not completely destroyed, the fingerprints will always remain unchanged and indestructible.  Locard and Wistkowski of Lyons- performed rather experiments on themselves by burning their fingerprints with boiling water, hot oil and metal had shown that after healing of the epidermis (outer skin), the original patterns of fingerprints reappeared. Robert James Pitts – gained fame as the man without fingerprints knowing from an inmate of a possible destruction of fingerprints. However the Texas department of public safety was able to identify him out of the second joints of his fingers. CAN A FINGERPRINT BE FORGED? 3. INFALLIBILITY: That fingerprint is absolute and cannot be forged. FINGERPRINTS offer an INFALLIBLE (unerring) means of personal identification. This is an essential explanation for their having supplanted other methods of establishing identity of criminals reluctant to admit previous arrests. Other personal characteristics change but fingerprints do not. CAN A FINGERPRINT BE FORGED? There is a considerable is a controversy regarding the possibility of forging fingerprints or making a simulated impression or a perfect replica of impression of the fingers. Various experiments were conducted by authorities and although they could almost make an accurate reproduction, still there is no case or record known or has been complete success. The introduction of modern scientific equipment, new technique and up to date knowledge in crime detection will always fail the attempt. REASONS WHY FINGERPRINTS IS ONE OF THE MOST INFALLIBLE MEANS OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION. 1. Fingerprints are already formed about 3 to 4 months of intra-uterine life and will remain unchanged throughout life until the final decomposition of the body. 2. The pattern formation formed by the papillary ridges contains peculiar characteristics upon which a person can always be identified by fingerprints examiners. 3. Almost every police and law enforcement agencies throughout the word accept, adopt and utilize the fingerprints system as a means of absolute identification of a person. 4. The court and other authorities had taken cognizance of its importance and reliability as a means of identification. 5. That fingerprints will speak for itself as it shows the owner thief in accordance with the principle of recipes loiter (a thing will speak for itself). THE NUMBER OF RIDGES CHARACTERISTICS AS BASIS FOR ABSOLUTE IDENTITY Expert of different countries differ in the requirements of the minimum number of correspondingly similar ridge characteristics. In England, the minimum is 16 and in USA, the minimum requirement is 12. However, fingerprint experts in these countries believe that identity can be establish in lower number of guidelines laid down by the famous France Criminalist Dr. Edmond Locard: a. Clearness of the pattern b. Rarity of the type c. Presence of core or delta in the decipherable part e. The perfect and clear identify of the width of ridge and furrows, of the direction of the lines, and the angular value of the furrow  Ridge Destruction 1. Doing manual work - temporary Ulcers Burn 2. Diseased person – temporary 3. Warts - temporary 4. Creases – Folding of a skin temporary 5. Ulcers – temporary 6. Burn – totally destroyed the ridges (scar) 7. Scars – deep wound permanent scars Warts Scar SKIN SURFACES INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION: Epidermis – outer portion of the skin Dermis – inner structure of the skin CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF FINGERS 1. Polydactylism – appearance of extra fingers as anatomically known.  2.Macro Dactyl – It is the enlargement of finger or toes  3. SYNDACTYL / SYNDACTYLISM – Having two or more fingers or toes joined together, congenital abnormality.  4. ORTHO DACTYL – The fingers or toes cannot be flexed, ordinarily as a result of symphalangy.  5. ECTO DACTYL – The congenital absence of one or more digits of finger.  6. ANKYLOSIS – A bone condition in which the fingers joints cannot be bent. CAN YOU FORCE A PERSON TO BE FINGERPRINTED? YES! As long as the person is under legal arrest he can be forced to be fingerprinted. A person under arrest who refuses to be fingerprinted may be prosecuted by disobedience to the agent of the person in authority, defined in, and penalized under Article 151 of the RPC. RECITATION! BRIEF HISTORY OF FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION Alphonse Bertillion- Father of Personal Identification. The first to devise a scientific method of identification called Anthropometry. Fingerprint was first used by the Chinese as a form of authentication in their documents. Nehemiah Grew is the first person to publish a study describing ridges and pores of the hand and feet. Marcelo Malpighi discovered the two layers of the skin, the dermis (inner layer) and epidermis (outer layer) and became known as Grandfather of Fingerprint. Sir Francis Galton is a British Anthropologist and Biologist who published his study on classification and filing system using all the ten (10) fingers. He assigned the patterns in to three (3) general types: Arches, Loops and Whorls. He said that the possibility of two prints being alike was 1:65,000,000,000. Johannes Purkenjie – Professor at the University of Breslau, Germany. Established a certain role for classification and be able to identify nine (9) types of pattern although never associated to identification. Father of Dactyloscopy William Herschel – the first to advocate the use of fingerprints as substitute for signature from among Indian native to avoid impersonation. Juan Vucetich – A Spanish counterpart of Henry who developed his own system of classification in Argentina and was accepted in almost all Spanish Speaking country. IN AMERICA Gilbert Thompson - a geologist in New Mexico, adopted the first individual use of fingerprint in august 8, 1882 as a protection to prevent tampering with the pay order. Mary K. Holand - first American instructress in dactyloscopy. People vs. Jennings, Dec. 21, 1911 = United States leading case wherein the first conviction based on fingerprint was recognized by the judicial authorities. FINGERPRINTS IN THE PHILIPPINES 1.1900- Mr. Jones- first to teach fingerprints in the Philippines in the phil. Constabulary. 2.1918-The Bureau of Prisons records show that CARPETAS (commitment and conviction record) already bear fingerprints. 3. Under the management of Lt. Asa N. Darby during the American occupation in the Philippines, a model incomplete fingerprint file has been established for the commonwealth. 4.1937- The first Filipino fingerprint technician employed by the Phil. Constabulary was Mr. Generoso Reyes. Capt. Thomas Dugan of New York City Police department and Mr. Flaviano C. Guerrero of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) gave the first examination in fingerprints. 5.1933-The conviction based on fingerprints was handed by the Supreme Court of the Phil. In the case People vs. Medina and this case is considered the leading judicial decision in the Philippine Jurisprudence concerning fingerprinting (December 23).It accepted ten (10) points or identical ridge characteristics. 6. The science of fingerprinting was first offered as a subject in the Philippines through the effort of the Plaridel Educational Institution. 7. Isabela Bernales- first Filipina Fingerprint Technician 8. People of the Phils. Vs. Medina- First conviction base on Fingerprint and leading case decision in the Phil. Jurisprudence. END OF PRELIMS! Hello, Preliminary Exam!