Combat Logistics Fundamentals Exam Questions

103 103 COMBAT LOGISTICS FUNDAMENTALS References: [a] NTTP 4-01.5, Strategic Mobility and Unit Movement Operations [b] JP 3-30, Command and Control for Joint Air Operations [c] MCRP 4-11.3G, Unit Embarkation Handbook [d] JP 1-02, DoD Dictionary of Military and Associated Ter...

103 103 COMBAT LOGISTICS FUNDAMENTALS References: [a] NTTP 4-01.5, Strategic Mobility and Unit Movement Operations [b] JP 3-30, Command and Control for Joint Air Operations [c] MCRP 4-11.3G, Unit Embarkation Handbook [d] JP 1-02, DoD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms [e] NAVSUP P-485 (Rev.4), Afloat Supply Procedures Manual, Vol. 1 [f] FM 4.0, Combat Service Support, 29 August 2003 [g] NAVEDTRA 14081, Equipment Operator Basic [h] NAVSUPINST 4200.99, DoN Policy and Procedures for the Operation and Management of the Gov’t-wide Commercial Purchase Card Program (GCPC) [i] NAVSUPINST 4200.85D, Department of the Navy Simplified Acquisition Procedures [j] Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation System, Part 2, 253-208 [k] dpassupport.golearnportal.org/ [l] http://www.dispositionservices.dla.mil/index.shtml [m] Basic User’s Guide. “JARB FOR DUMMIES” U. S. Forces in OIF [n] NTTP 4-01.3, Tactical Convoy Operations 103.1 Describe the following as it pertains to how equipment and cargo are to be prepared for air, land and sea movement: a. Palletization [Ref. a, App. G, Pg. 5-3] Units shall palletize cargo from the heaviest to the lightest and distribute large and heavy objects from the center of the pallet outwards to prevent the pallet from becoming heavy on one end. Doing this also helps maintain the CB at or near the center. Units shall: 1. Place lighter and/or smaller items on top of or beside the heavier cargo. 2. Ensure containers are positioned right side up with special handling labels facing out. 3. Construct the load in a square or pyramid shape whenever possible to make the load stable, easy to handle, and easier to secure on the pallet. 4. Always put three points of dunnage under 463L pallets prior to cargo placement. The dunnage shall consist of a minimum of three 4-inch by 4-inch by 88-inch pieces of lumber equally spaced under the 463L pallet. This aids the movement of the pallets by forklift and protects the lower surface from damage. If dunnage is not available on location, USAF technical manual (TM) Technical Order ( T.O.) 35D33-2-2-2, 463L Air Cargo Pallets, provides suitable field expedients. Dunnage shall be shipped with the pallets for storage after offloading at the DEST. 47 b. Weighing and Marking [Ref. a, Pg. F-1 thru F-7] The CB of cargo must be determined to accurately compute the weight and balance condition of a loaded aircraft. The unit offering cargo for air shipment is responsible for marking each item with the correct GWT and a CB point. This includes any item measuring 10 feet or longer and/or any item having a balance point other than its center. All vehicle type cargo shall have axle weights marked above each axle, on both sides of the vehicle, and with weather resistant material. Vehicle-type cargo with a load-carrying capability shall be marked to indicate an empty or loaded CB. Items not properly marked as outlined herein shall not be accepted for airlift since unknown weight and CB represent an unsafe condition relative to aircraft weight and balance. c. Shoring [Ref. a, Pg. 5-10] Shoring and dunnage may be required when loading cargo and equipment on all modes of transportation. The unit owning or presenting the equipment for shipment is responsible for purchasing and providing the shoring and dunnage required for the movement. Shoring and transportation RQMTs should be addressed during load-plan preparation. There are four types of shoring: 1. Rolling Shoring: Protects parking ramps, cargo floor, or loading ramps of cargo airplanes from damage 2. Parking Shoring: Protects the surface or floor area from damage 3. Sleeper Shoring: Protects the surface or floor area while in transit under the vehicle frame or axle. 4. Approach Shoring: Decreases the approach angle of aircraft ramps when loading aircraft d. Joint Inspections [Ref. a, Pg. J] The JI is conducted between the deploying unit, DACG, and USAF airlift support personnel using DD Form 2133. The JI ensures that all unit supplies and equipment presented for air movement are properly prepared, documented, and manifested. The JI procedures checklist is broken into five main sections that address the heading, documentation, vehicles and non-powered equipment, pallets, and pallet trains, and helicopters (flyaway). e. 463L Pallet System [Ref. a, Pg. G, Pg. G-1 thru G-4] The 463L cargo system was designed to reduce the time required to load and unload an aircraft. The 463L pallet is made of corrosion-resistant aluminum with a soft wood core and is framed on all sides by aluminum rails. The rails have 22 tie-down rings attached so that there are six rings on each long side and five rings on each short side. Each ring has a 7,500 lb restraint capacity. The overall dimensions of the 463L pallets are 88-inches by 108-inches by 2-1/4 inches thick; however, the usable dimensions of the upper surface are only 84-inches by 104-inches. This allows 2-inches around the periphery of 48 the pallet to attach straps, nets, or other restraint devices. An empty 463L pallet weighs 290 lbs (355 lbs with nets). ___________________________________ (Signature and Date).2 State the types of Air Mobility Command (AMC) organic aircraft and their primary use and mission. [Ref. a, Pg. 6-3 thru 6-5] a. C-130 Hercules b. C-17 Globemaster c. C-5 Galaxy d. KC-10 Extender There are four basic airlift missions to support strategic, operational, and tactical RQMTs: PAX and cargo movement, combat employment and sustainment, aeromedical evacuation, and special OPS support. _________________________________ (Signature and Date).3 Explain the procedures to calculate the center of balance for Civil Engineer Support Equipment (CESE). [Ref. a, Pg. F-1 thru F-8] Computing the Center of Balance on Wheeled Vehicles Multiply the weight by distance of each axle from the RDL (in inches) and then divide the total results by the vehicle GWT to compute the CB location of vehicles. The resulting figure is the number of inches to be measured aft from the reference line to the CB of the vehicle. The vehicle CB is computed to the nearest whole inch. Any answer with a fraction of 0.5 or higher is increased to the next higher number. If 0.4 or less, drop the number. After computing the CB of a vehicle, mark its location and GWT on both sides using weather resistant masking tape and grease pencil/magic marker, forming the letter “T”;. The horizontal portion of the “T” shall contain the GWT information, and the vertical portion of the “T” shall contain the letters “C/B,” to indicate the exact position of the vehicle’s CB. Also indicate the number of inches from the RDL of the CB location and mark the axle weights on each axle. The RDL measurements shall be taken from the FFE of the vehicle. For the Center of Balance Formula: 1. W1 = FAW 2. W2 = RAW 3. D1 = Distance from RDL to front axle or center of articulated tandem axle 4. D2 = Distance from RDL to rear axle or center of articulated tandem axle. ___________________________________ (Signature and Date) 49 103.4 Discuss the information found on a Time-Phased Force Deployment Data (TPFDD). Ref. c, App. a, Pg. a-1 thru a-7] TPFDD development begins with mission analysis and determining force structure to satisfy mission requirements. TPFDD provides the following information: In-place forces (units already deployed). Forces deployed to support the OPLAN with a priority indicating the phased sequence for their arrival at the POD/destination. Routing of forces to be deployed. Movement data associated with deploying forces. Estimates of non-unit related cargo and personnel movements to be conducted concurrently with force deployment. Estimated transportation requirements that must be fulfilled by common-user lift resources and requirements that can be fulfilled by assigned or attached transportation assets. ___________________________________ (Signature and Date.5 Discuss the Military Sealift Command mission. [Ref. a, Ch. 7, Pg. 7-5] The mission of MSC is to provide ocean transportation of equipment, fuel, supplies, and ammunition to sustain U.S. forces worldwide across the ROMO for as long as operational RQMTs dictate. MSC provides the sea transportation component for USTRANSCOM. MSC operates ships that provide combat logistics support to USN ships at sea, special mission support to U.S. government agencies, pre-positioning of U.S. military supplies and equipment at sea, and ocean transportation of DOD cargo. ___________________________________ (Signature and Date).6 Discuss Op Funds. [Ref. e, Ch. 9, Pg. 9-5 thru 9-6] 1. GENERAL. Congress provides Operations and Maintenance, Navy (O&M, N) obligation authority for a twelve-month fiscal year. The Navy Comptroller provides these O&M, N funds to the Fleet Commanders (i.e. COMLANTFLT for Atlantic Fleet and COMPACFLT for the Pacific Fleet). The Fleet provides them to the Type Commanders who then allocate the OPTAR grants quarterly to the fleet units. The Fleet issues an operating budget to each Type Commander (TYCOM) to finance operation and maintenance for assigned ships, squadrons and staffs. TYCOMs grant each ship or activity funding authority in the form of Operating 50  Targets (OPTARs) to obtain the material and services necessary for day-to- day operations. 9001 BUDGETS 1. GENERAL. OPTAR funds are derived from the activity's projected obligations and expenditures based on the amount used during the previous 12 months and their operating schedule for the next 12 months. The activity submits its budget request to their Type Commander who then consolidates all subordinate command budget projections and submits them to the next level of command until a consolidated budget for the entire Department of Defense reaches the President. The President accumulates the budgets from all cabinet secretaries and sends Congress a consolidated budget for the entire U.S. Government. Congress then works with the President to pass appropriation bills into law. These funds are then distributed back through the chain of command. 9002 OPERATING TARGET (OPTAR) FUNDS 1. GENERAL. Operating targets are issued to activities for a particular fiscal year. Obligations can only be incurred during the first twelve months of the accounting cycle. Expenditures (i.e.,payment for obligations) can be made throughout the entire 72 month or 6 year period. The 6-year period includes the current fiscal year and next 5 years to where expenditures can be incurred or previous obligations may be adjusted or canceled. ___________________________________ (Signature and Date).7 What are the 10 Army Classes of Supplies. [Ref. f, Pg. 4-9] i. Food ii. Expendables iii. Petroleum iv. Construction materials v. Ammunition vi. Personal demand items (health and hygiene items) vii. Major end items (launchers, tanks, mobile machine shops, etc…) viii. Medical material ix. Repair parts x. Material to support nonmilitary programs such as agriculture and economic development ___________________________________ (Signature and Date) 51.8 State the purpose of your departments Table of Allowance (TOA) TA-77. [Ref. e, Ch. 2, Pg. 189 thru 191].9 Explain the uses of the Government commercial purchase Card (IMPAC) (VISA) card. [Ref. h, Ch. 1, Pg. 1-1] The GCPC is intended to streamline small purchase methods, minimize paperwork, eliminate the Imprest Fund (petty cash, streamline payment processes, and simplify the administrative effort associated with traditional and emergent purchase of supplies and services..10 Describe the purpose of shipper declaration of dangerous goods. [Ref. c, Ch. 4, Pg. 4- 5].11 Describe the different types of cargo containers that may be used for unit movements. [Ref. a, Pg. 5-3 thru 5-6] 1. Internal Airlift/Helicopter Slingable Container Unit (ISU). There are two variations based on size: ISU-60 (108 inches by 88 inches by 60 inches) and ISU-90 (108 inches by 88 inches by 90 inches). 2. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Container. There are two basic variations based on overall length: 20-foot (240 inches by 96 inches by 96 inches) and 40-foot (480 inches by 96 inches by 96 inches). 3. Triple Container (TRICON). There are two variations depending on size: Individual (77.5 inches by 96 inches by 96 inches) and a set (three individuals) connected together: TRICONs (240 inches by 96 inches by 96 inches). 4. Quadruple Container (QUADCON). There are two variations depending on size: Individual (58 inches by 82 inches by 96 inches) and a set (four individuals) connected together: QUADCONs (240 inches by 96 inches by 96 inches). 5. PALCON. There is only one type (48 inches by 40 inches by 41 inches). 6. Half-Height Container (HALFCON). There is only one type (240 inches by 96 inches by 48 inches). 7. Flat Rack Loaders. There is only one type (240 inches by 96 inches by 96 inches). 8. Side-Opening Containers. There is only one type (240 inches by 96 inches by 96 inches). 103.12 Define the following as applied to embarkation: a. ACL [Ref. a, Ch. 6, Pg. 6-4, 6-5] Allowable cabin load (ACL). The maximum payload that can be carried on an individual sortie. (JP 1-02) b. CRE/CRT [Ref. a, Ch. 3, Pg. 3-5 and App. I, Pg. I-1] Designated Contingency Response Element/Contingency Response Team (CRE/CRT) c. Marshaling [Ref. a, App. H, Pg. H-2] The marshaling area is provided by the installation or base CDR of the geographic OA from which the deploying unit departs. Marshaling area activities are the responsibilities of the 52 deploying unit CDR. The marshaling area activities shall take place as close as possible to the departure airfield. However, the marshaling activities may take place within the deploying unit’s permanent assigned area in order to ease movement. The location must not cause unnecessary congestion to airfield OPS or undue hardship to the deploying unit. Units shall maximize preparation before arriving at the marshaling area, which is used for final preparations. Using a marshaling area allows rapid clearing of the POE and makes aircraft/vessel loading space available for its primary purpose. Responsibilities within the marshaling area are indicated below. 1. Support installation/host activity responsibilities include: a. Designate and control the marshaling area b. Provide necessary support functions to allow the deploying unit to concentrate on deployment preparations c. Provide energy maintenance, POL (including defueling capability), and related services. 2. Deploying unit responsibilities include: a. Conduct final preparations for loading b. Assemble vehicles, equipment, supplies, and personnel into mission loads/chalks or in convoy order for movement to the POE c. Prepare personnel and cargo manifests d. Prepare any additional required paperwork (e.g., hazardous certification, agricultural certification) e. Appoint and brief planeload or troop CDRs for departure f. Ensure that adequate shoring and dunnage material for aircraft loading is readily available g. Provide personal safety equipment to load-team members h. Brief personnel on the situation and mission, movement plan, assembly plan, OPLAN, convoy discipline, loading procedures, safety, and assembly procedures i. Provide liaison with activities agreed to during the joint planning conference. 3. Departure airfield control group (APOE only) responsibilities include: a. Arrange for technical assistance b. Provide liaison with the deploying unit and mobility force. 4. Mobility force (APOE) responsibilities include: a. Provide technical assistance b. Provide aircraft scheduled departure times d. AACG [Ref. a, Ch. 6, Pg. 6-8 and App. I, Pg. All] Arrival airfield control group e. DACG [Ref. a, Ch. 6, Pg. 6-8] Departure airfield control group The AACG/DACG is designed to assist AMC and the deploying unit in receiving, processing, and loading personnel and equipment. The capabilities of the DACG are based on the mission and the units performing aerial port OPS. Overall responsibility for AACG/DACG OPS in CONUS is assigned to the installations. Personnel and equipment resources come from units or 53 activities that are not required to move with the deploying force. Outside the continental United States (OCONUS), AACG/DACG OPS are supported by resources drawn from the deploying or redeploying force..13 Explain the four types of shoring used during embarkation operations. [Ref. a, Pg. 5-10] a. Sleeper Protects the surface or floor area while in transit under the vehicle frame or axle. b. Rolling Protects parking ramps, cargo floor, or loading ramps of cargo airplanes from damage c. Parking Protects the surface or floor area from damage d. Approach Decreases the approach angle of aircraft ramps when loading aircraft.14 Discuss the following convoy planning element: a. Route Reconnaissance and Selection [Ref. n, Pg. 1-8 thru 1-9] a. Route Reconnaissance and Selection. A reconnaissance of possible convoy routes should precede the actual selection of a route in order to avoid predictability. (Don’t be easily timed, approached, or observed.) Higher headquarters may specify the route selected or the determination may be left to the CC. The CC or a designated representative should make a reconnaissance of both the primary and alternate route by ground or air if circumstances will allow it. NOTE: Route characteristics and other key information required may be requested through higher headquarters. CC should request information in advance to allow for sufficient time for planning. b. Reconnaissance. (1) A map reconnaissance is made first, followed by a physical (ground or air) reconnaissance, if possible. When making the map reconnaissance, other available information such as engineer intelligence, military police/security force information, civilians supporting military (e.g., security contractors and military contracted vehicle operators), and overhead photos should be used. Since route conditions are susceptible to change in a relatively short time due to enemy action or weather, a physical reconnaissance is highly beneficial if time and the security situation permit. (2) Ground/physical reconnaissance should be conducted in concert with the supporting engineer element. This is particularly critical when gap crossings and route construction may be required. Aerial reconnaissance may be conducted visually, using overhead photography, or using other intelligence assets to identify danger areas and choke points on each proposed route. c. Convoy Reconnaissance Considerations. (1) In general, convoy routes are selected by identifying, evaluating, and comparing those factors which tend to facilitate convoy movement and control. 54 (2) Route Characteristics. Considerations related to route characteristics include: (a) Road surface and bridge capacity. (b) Grades. (c) Height, weight, widths, and turning radius limitations. (d) Trafficability. (e) Rural versus urban areas. (f) Estimated operating speeds over various sections of the route. (g) Probable traffic conditions. (h) Probable effect of adverse weather on trafficability. (i) Convoy control requirements. (j) Friendly and threat force locations. (k) Choke points. (3) Enemy Capability. The enemy’s capabilities along a route are fully evaluated based on current intelligence. Other considerations in evaluating the enemy threat include recent experiences by other convoys utilizing the route and the identification of danger areas along the route, which enhance the enemy’s ability to interdict the convoy. (4) Route Classifications. Movement restrictions and highway route control classifications must be considered within the AO. Route classification is assigned to a route using factors of minimum width, worst route type, least bridge, raft, or culvert military load classification, and obstructions to traffic flow. b. Convoy Troop Leading Procedures [Ref. n, Pg. 1-2 thru 1-5] Receive the mission. Issue the warning order (WARNO). Make a tentative plan. Initiate movement. Reconnoiter. Complete the plan. Issue the convoy brief. Supervise. a. Receive the Mission. (1) CCs receive the mission in a warning order (WARNO), an operations order (OPORD), fragmentary order (FRAGO), transportation movement request, or verbal order (due to time constraints). (2) CCs ensure that both the mission and the specified and implied tasks involved are completely understood. (3) CCs quickly analyze the unit’s current capability to accomplish the assigned mission. The CC must make a rapid assessment of any problems (people, supplies, or maintenance) that could jeopardize the mission. If the issues are serious enough to require assistance from higher headquarters, the CC raises them immediately. 55 b. Issue the WARNO. CCs issue WARNOs to ensure that subordinate leaders have key information they need to maximize their preparation time. The initial WARNO should include a manifest and timeline. The manifest provides the detailed organization for combat: formation, personnel, and equipment. The timeline is a schedule of all preparatory tasks from receipt of the mission to start point (SP). CCs may issue multiple WARNOs as additional information or changes from higher headquarters are received. (Appendices A and C) c. Make a Tentative Plan. CCs ensure every member in the convoy has enough information needed to complete the mission. A simplified approach to tactical analysis and planning makes use of the following basic considerations of mission, enemy, terrain and weather, time, troops available and civilian (METT-TC). (1) Mission. CCs plan to execute all specified and implied tasks found in the higher headquarters OPORD and commander’s intent. CC determines specified and implied tasks. Restrictions and limitations must be identified, considered, and applied (detours, restricted routes, ROE). (2) Enemy. CCs coordinate with the unit intelligence officer (S-2), movement control element, engineers, area security forces, and the military police (MP) to assist in development of the enemy situation. CCs determine danger areas and possible ambush sites. CCs gather any additional information needed to complete the mission. (3) Terrain and Weather. (a) Terrain. Normally leaders focus on the standard military aspects of terrain for combat operations known as OCOKA: Observation/fields of fire Cover and concealment Obstacles Key terrain Avenues of approach While this traditional approach is occasionally necessary during convoy operations, the primary focus should be the route. This analysis cannot be accomplished using only a map. Combat imagery base (CIB) products and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery available through intelligence (S-2) imagery channels are additional tools, but nothing replaces a thorough ground reconnaissance. CCs take detailed notes pertaining to navigation, trafficability, congestion, and the threat. The primary method for providing information to convoy leaders concerning the route is the strip map. These sketches are easily developed, refined, and produced. Strip maps for long haul routes should be constructed at high levels of command, but maps for local short haul routes are ideally produced at battalion or lower levels. Appendix A provides a detailed example and discussion of information that should be included on a strip map. CCs should issue these maps to every vehicle in the convoy. (b) Weather. Terrain and weather analysis are inseparable. The effects of weather should be factored in during the review of the terrain. In this substep, weather analysis evaluates the weather’s direct effects on a convoy operation. The military aspects of weather include: Visibility 56 Winds Precipitation Cloud cover Temperature Humidity Light Data. CCs should collect and review the following information concerning light data prior to each operation. The effects of light could provide advantages to the threat. Before morning nautical twilight (BMNT) and end of evening nautical twilight (EENT) are defined as the first and last time of the day that an individual can engage a target at the maximum effective range of his/her weapon system, unaided. Percentage of illumination is defined as the percentage of illumination present based on the moon. An example would be ¼ moon is 25 percent, ½ moon is 50 percent, and full moon is 100 percent. In order to analyze illumination, there is also a requirement to understand moon-rise (MR) and moon-set (MS). During the hours of darkness, before MR and after MS, percentage of illumination is zero percent. (4) Time. CCs complete the plan as quickly as possible to allow for subordinate preparation and implementation. CCs supervise pre-combat checks (PCC). See discussion of PCC and timeline in Appendix A. (5) Troops Available. CCs should analyze the positive or negative affects of the factors listed below. Any limitations noted result in increased risk to the convoy and should be mitigated during the preparation phase. Also CCs should look at the support available from friendly units along the convoy route. Coordinate movement support through adjacent units' area of operations (AO) if required. Identify battle hand-off procedures with quick reaction force (QRF). Identify logistics and life support along the route. Identify availability of materials handling equipment. Identify any additional requirements to military forces to safeguard civilian drivers and vehicles within the convoy. (6) Civilian. The Law of Armed Conflict imposes strict limitations on the use of civilian personnel in the combat environment. DOD, Service, and combatant commander guidance will dictate policy, limitations, and restrictions for civilians supporting military forces. Heavy civilian presence in operational areas will be a major complicating factor along any convoy route. The potential interference may vary when considering the following types of potential civilian activity. Active insurgents Criminals (pilferage/theft) Sympathizers (nonlethal harassment such as children throwing rocks) Unwilling accomplices Innocent bystanders Vehicle traffic Legitimate armed police/militia Civilian/government property 57 d. Initiate Movement. During the preparation period it may be necessary to move elements of the convoy for refueling, rearming, or to pickup loads. CCs should schedule these moves in the timeline and delegate execution to subordinate leaders so that convoy planning is not disrupted. e. Reconnoiter. A reconnaissance of possible convoy routes should precede the actual selection of a route. CCs identify checkpoints (CP), release points (RP), and rally points along the route. As time and conditions permit, CCs should conduct a map recon, ground (physical) recon, or aerial recon. Unit intelligence, military police, area security forces, and engineers responsible for the route or route segments can amplify and update route information. Imagery recons are an excellent method to obtain information regarding specific areas of interest, such as, known enemy "hot spots" or areas that may slow or restrict movement thereby increasing the threat environment for a convoy. f. Complete the Plan. All convoy briefings are verbal orders; however, several planning products should be completed and used during the briefing. Examples of each with preparation guidance are listed below. Manifest (Appendix A) Timeline (Appendix A) Strip map for every vehicle and subordinate leader (Appendix A) Convoy Briefing Format (Appendix C) Risk Management (Appendix D) g. Issue the Convoy Brief (OPORD). (Appendix C) CCs determine a site conducive to giving an order for a combat operation and properly set up for the convoy brief. This site should support the use of multiple visual aids such as charts, map blow-ups, and a whiteboard or butcher paper board. CCs must prepare carefully and rehearse the presentation. Subordinate leaders should give a back brief or confirmation brief to their CCs at the conclusion of all convoy briefings. h. Supervise. Every aspect of preparation for a convoy should be supervised. CCs designate an assistant convoy commander (ACC). The CC and ACC cannot accomplish the planning requirements without the assistance of all subordinate leaders and noncommissioned officers (NCO). CCs conduct mission planning while their ACCs and subordinate leaders concentrate on staging, inspections, manifesting, and rehearsals. CCs should alert their ACCs to time- consuming tasks that must begin at the outset of preparations including cross-loading, distribution of tow-bars and cables, and vehicle hardening. CCs delegate preparatory tasks in priority order. CCs remain responsible for all preparations. c. General Planning Considerations [ref n, Pg. 1-6 thru 1-8] a. Additional factors CCs should consider: (1) Have gun trucks. Gun trucks will provide the convoy with additional firepower to deter and/or destroy an enemy threat. See chapter II for further discussion. (2) Use a forward security element (FSE). An advance security element should be used in conjunction with a convoy escort. Its purpose is to move ahead of the convoy as a reconnaissance element providing CCs with route information, as well as current enemy and civilian situational awareness. 58 (3) Maintain operations security (OPSEC). Throughout each phase of planning, preparation, and execution, every effort must be made to maintain OPSEC to deny intelligence to the enemy, such as: Conceal the reflective parts of the vehicles’ windows and headlights. Consider conducting convoys at night. Use proper radio procedures and authorized communications equipment. Cover and protect high-value cargo with armed guards. Do not stencil or write names, rank, or information, such as call signs and frequencies, on windshields. (4) Have a destruction plan to destroy classified documents, radio fill, and in extreme cases be prepared and equipped to destroy some vehicles or loads. Absent of higher headquarters direction, CCs determine priorities of destruction based on items within the convoy that may be used against the convoy or other friendly forces. (5) Develop a vehicle recovery plan. (6) Have ambulance/medical coverage (ground and/or air). (7) Disperse combat life savers (CLS)/medics throughout convoy. (8) Designate aid and litter teams throughout convoy. (9) Designate assault teams. (10) Develop a rest or rotation plan for drivers. (11) Have window screens to deflect grenades. (12) Have a supply guard to prevent pilferage. (13) Have MP, security force, infantry, or other escort. (14) Disperse commodities throughout the convoy—cross load! (15) Use convoy signals (i.e., flares, hand and arm, use of vehicle signals/lights). (16) Develop a fire support plan along the route (indirect and close air support (CAS)). (17) Have aviation support. (18) Develop deception plan considerations. (19) Complete a closure report at destination and upon return. (20) Coordinate boundary crossing considerations. Convoys that cross unit or national boundaries must be properly coordinated by movement control organizations—before the convoy moves. CCs must also have the information available and the capability to contact the units along the route in order to facilitate boundary coordination and convoy support if required. CCs should contact stationary units upon entering that unit’s battlespace and have call signs/frequencies for the QRF of those units. b. Rehearse. Well planned rehearsals are a critical aspect of preparation for any combat operation. With limited time, rehearsals must concentrate on battle drill reactions to the most likely threat. Rehearsals ensure that everyone in the convoy understands and demonstrates a capability to execute the plan and essential drills. Rehearsals instill confidence in all convoy participants that they (and the entire convoy) are fully prepared. (1) Routes. Conduct sand table exercise or route walkthrough with focus on immediate action drills. 59 (2) Medical Evacuation (MEDEVAC). Plan for and rehearse medical evacuation procedures (ground and air) during convoy operations. (3) Communication. Include audio, visual, and radio. Communication rehearsals and redundant means of communication are a must. There should be redundancy for both long haul and short haul communications. Nonsecure means of communication should not be used. (4) Escorts. Ensure escort (FSE, gun trucks) roles, responsibilities, and actions are understood. (5) Vehicle Recovery Operations for Disabled Equipment. Ensure PCC included checking for tow bars or cables for each vehicle. c. Conduct convoy operation actions (battle drills). d. Complete post convoy actions. (1) Immediately upon convoy closure, report vehicle convoy operation completion to the higher headquarters. (2) Conduct thorough mission debrief with key leaders from convoy. (3) Conduct debrief with operations and intelligence section. Report any intelligence element. (4) Record and report actual convoy route taken (as opposed to planned route). These should be used as a historical record to avoid patterns and predictability (sometimes referred to as “Honesty Trace”). (5) Vehicles, Weapons, and Equipment: Refuel, clean, inventory, and perform Preventative Maintenance Checks and Services (PMCS). (6) Conduct PCCs/pre-combat inspections (PCI) to prepare for next mission. e. Summation. The bottom line is that a tactical convoy requires all the preparation requirements of any detached tactical operation. CCs plan, prepare, and rehearse to execute convoys the same way infantry squads conduct a combat patrol..15 Discuss how the Operating Target (OPTAR)/budget impacts your Department. [Ref e, Pg. 798 thru 799] 1. OPTAR ALLOCATION. The Supplies and Equipage (S&E) OPTAR, the Aircraft Operations Maintenance (AOM) OPTAR, and the Repair of Other Vessels (ROV) OPTAR can be allocated by the Commanding Officer of the ship or activity to the divisional or departmental level. Therefore, it is imperative that each division and department within a ship or activity provides accurate budget input in the form of anticipated requirements for operating funds during the upcoming fiscal year. These requirements are based on past usage data as well as on anticipated requirements and operating schedules for the next fiscal year. This process will help the Supply Officer in making recommendations to the Commanding Officer as to how Operating Target (OPTAR) funds will be allocated within the unit’s departments and divisions. Flight Operations (FLTOPS) and reimbursable OPTARs are not allocated to the divisional level. 2. OPTAR HOLDERS. Each ship, aviation squadron, or other command issued an OPTAR is responsible for its efficient and effective use, including accurate and timely accounting and reporting. OPTAR holders will take prompt action to comply with all requirements of this manual, including submission of obligations, Budget OPTAR Reports and process, research, and validation of Summary Filled Order Expenditure Listings (SFOEDL) and Unfilled Order Listings (UOL). 60 103.16 Discuss the following forms and they’re purpose: a. DD Form 1348-6 [Ref. e, Ch. 3, Pg. 235 thru 237] DOD Single Line Item Requisition System Document (Manual Long Form). The DD Form 1348-6 is a six part form which is carbon interleaved. It is used for requisitioning non-NSN items. It is also used for NSN, part number, or other items for which a DD 1348 does not permit inclusion of sufficient identifying data. The DD Form 1348may be used when the CAGE and part number do not exceed 15 digits; however, to assist the supply source in positive item identification and timely delivery, it is recommended that the DD Form 1348-6 be used to requisition all non-NSN repair parts (see par. 3026). The DD 1348-6 should be used when the NAVSUP 1250-2 is not available. b. NAVCOMPT 2276 [Ref. i, Ch. 2, Pg. 2-4] The NAVCOMPT 2276 is used to request contracting action for work or services from a Navy contracting office or office in support of the command such as a facility maintenance contract (2276 is used to request contracting support from Navy Public Works). This form is a commitment when accepted. The obligation is created once the actual contract (SF1449) is issued. This form requires a SDN with a DTC of RC. c. NAVSUP 1250-2 [Ref. e, Ch. 3, Pg. 238 thru 240] The NAVSUP Form 1250-2 is a seven part multipurpose form used for procuring non-NSN material. d. DD Form 448 (MIPR) [Ref. i, Ch. 2, Pg. 2-4] This Department of Defense form authorizes funds for an external command, outside the Department of the Navy, to perform work or services for the requesting command. For example, a Marine unit is training at an Army base. The Marine unit will send funds to the Army comptroller to fund work or services required by the Marine unit. This example is commonly used by all the services when the training unit is not capable of providing the services for themselves. This form cites a 15-digit document number (AAC/FY/DTC/Serial#) with a Document type Code (DTC) MP. This document is always a commitment document because it documents the request to the external command to perform the services required. The external command has the option of accepting or declining the work request. e. SF 44 [Ref. i, Ch. 7, Pg. 7-37] The SF 44, Purchase Order-Invoice-Voucher, is a multipurpose pocket-size purchase order form designed primarily for on-the-spot, over-the-counter purchases of supplies and nonpersonal services while away from the purchasing office or at isolated activities. It also can be used as a receiving report, invoice, and public voucher. a. This form may be used if all of the following conditions are satisfied: 61  1. The amount of the purchase is at or below the micro-purchase threshold, except for purchases made under unusual and compelling urgency or in support of contingency operations. Agencies may establish higher dollar limitations for specific activities or items. 2. The supplies or services are immediately available. 3. One delivery and one payment will be made. 4. Its use is determined to be more economical and efficient than use of other simplified acquisition procedures. b. General procedural instructions governing the form's use are printed on the form and on the inside front cover of each book of forms. c. Since there is, for all practical purposes, simultaneous placement of the order and delivery of the items, clauses are not required for purchases using this form. d. Agencies shall provide adequate safeguards regarding the control of forms and accounting for purchases. f. DD Form 1155 [Ref. i, Ch. 5, Pg. 5-3] DISTRIBUTION OF PURCHASE ORDERS 1. GENERAL. When Purchase Orders, DD Form 1155, are prepared in accordance with NAVSUPINST 4200.85, the DD Form 1155 will be distributed as follows: a. The signed copy to the contractor; b. One copy to the Open Purchase File folder, or Stock Control History File after SUADPSRT/RSUPPLY processing, as applicable. c. Remaining copies destroyed. g. SF 1449 [Ref. i, Ch. 4, Pg. 4-9] The SF 1449 is a multi-purpose used throughout the Department of Defense to document the legal, binding contract issued to a private business for providing goods/services to the government. This form is created by the RCO based on a requisition submitted by a supply unit (DD 1149). The document cites the document number and the appropriation data directly from the requisition document. The SF 1449 can also be used as a receipt or liquidation voucher if the bottom left-hand blocks or right-hand blocks are completed. If the bottom left-hand blocks are complete, it is an expense document. If the bottom right-hand blocks are competed, it is a liquidation document (voucher). If neither of these blocks were completed, it is always an obligation document. h. SF 30 [Ref. i, Ch. 10, Pg. 10-2] The Standard Form 30 is used to amend or modify (DIC ADJ) an existing SF 1449 (obligating document). This form is commonly used to change price, quantity, color, etc. on the original contract. It is also used to cancel a contract in its entirety. Some changes, such as color or size, may not have a financial impact, while other modifications or even a cancellation, will greatly affect a BEA/BESA’s account. You must carefully read the entire document to determine its 62 financial impact. If you determine the document does have a financial impact from the modification or amendment, it becomes an obligation document. i. DD Form 200 [Ref. i, Ch. 1, Pg. 1-54] If government-owned property used by Department of Defense personnel is lost, stolen, damaged or destroyed, an investigation will be launched and Form DD 200 Financial Liability Investigation of Property Loss will be filed to determine if personnel showed negligence or abuse in the situation. This form must be completed by the initiator who is the Accountable Officer or the person who has knowledge concerning the item damaged or lost. The process of initiation starts from the date of the damage or loss of property and must be completed within 15 days..17 States the purpose of the following: a. Table of Allowance (TOA) [Ref. j, Pg. 2-75] Most branches of the military use a Table of Allowance, or TOA, to help them control fleet size. A TOA is basically a listing of the number of vehicles and equipment by vehicle type authorized for a given installation or base. After a TOA is established, increases in the fleet size at a location require a fairly high level of approval and modification of the TOA. This approach to monitoring and controlling fleet size helps prevent what is known as “Fleet Creep,” which is a gradual increase in the size of a fleet that usually goes unnoticed unless a tool like a TOA is in place. b. Defense Property Accountability System [Ref. k] The purpose of DPAS is to assure the timely availability of industrial resources to meet current national defense and emergency preparedness program requirements and to provide an operating system to support rapid industrial response in a national emergency..18 Define and discuss DLR procedures: [Ref. e, Ch. 8, Pg. 747 thru 781] Depot Level Repairables (DLR) are those Navy managed items which, based on unit cost, annual demand, difficulty of repair, or other economic considerations, have been selected by cognizant inventory managers for special inventory control. DLRs must be returned to the Designated Support Point (DSP) / Designated Overhaul Point (DOP) when they are Beyond Capable Maintenance (BCM) at the authorized maintenance activity. DLR items are listed and identified by NSN, cognizance symbol, and Material Control Code (E, G, H, Q or X) in FEDLOG. All stock records, custody records, and supply documentation for DLR items will include the applicable Material Control Code (see Appendix 9I) as a mandatory data element. An appropriate Source, Maintenance, and Recoverability (SM&R) Code is assigned to each DLR indicating the level and degree of maintenance authorized. Every effort should be made to screen and repair all DLRs through 2M. 2. AVIATION ACTIVITIES. Aviation activities will use the Aviation Intermediate Maintenance Department (AIMD) or the Intermediate Maintenance Activity (IMA) to provide local repair of not 63 ready for issue (NRFl) DLRs. DLRs which may be locally repaired are known as Local Repair Cycle Assets (LRCA). Financial posting and carcass tracking procedures for repairables issued from stock do not begin until the issue is posted via DIFM return from NALCMOMIS..19 Discuss the functions and purpose of: a. Joint Acquisition Review Board (JARB). [Ref. m, Pg. 3] Items requiring JARB approval generally include procurements costing over $200,000, force protection items, and other special interest items that must be prioritized for procurement. The JARB is a review board. It does not determine unit requirements, nor does it really “validate” those requirements. Commanders determine requirements, and the staffing process through the MSC provides the validation. The JARB simply reviews the requests and verifies that the requirement has been well justified and properly validated through the MSC. Of course it also verifies that the package submitted is complete and self-sufficient to complete any funding action needed, (if the package is not complete the JARB cell will return the package back to the unit to complete it) but I’ll get into more detail on what that means as we go. Then the JARB, with its “corporate wisdom” discusses the request and determines as a collective body whether or not to recommend that we spend limited theater resources on it. How do they do that? The JARB is made up of “voting members” and advisors, and is chaired by the MNC-I C4 Deputy. MNC-I staff sections C1, C3, C4, C7, and C8 provide a field grade officer to validate JARB requirement documents and be voting members. These five members are the JARB voting representatives. The following agencies provide officers to review JARB document and serve as advisors: PARC, DCMA and LOGCAP (may provide equivalent civilian pay grade). Additionally, MNC-I provides another field-grade SJA officer to validate JARB requirement documents, be an advisor and provide written legal reviews of all packets reviewed by the JARB. Furthermore, MNC-I provides an additional field-grade officer to serve as an advisor and validate force protection issues. The advisors are non-voting members, but have expertise in special areas. MNC-I C4 provides a field-grade officer to manage the JARB cell, review the requirement documents and assist the process. They also provide the MNC-I C4 Deputy to chair the JARB. The MNC-I CoS serves as the final review and approving authority for the JARB requirement documents. However, they may designate other personnel as non-voting JARB advisors as the need arises. b. Joint Facilities Utilization Board [Ref. d, Pg. 289] A joint board that evaluates and reconciles component requests for real estate, use of existing facilities, inter-Service support, and construction to ensure compliance with Joint Civil-Military Engineering Board priorities. Also called JFUB..20 Discuss the procedures for hardening vehicles. [Ref. a, Pg. 1-15] Use Kevlar blankets, armor plating, ballistic glass, and other protective devices (i.e., sand bags). (1) Makes certain vehicle components less vulnerable. (2) Significantly protects occupants from injury or death in the case of attack. 103.21 Discuss the duties and responsibilities of the following personnel: 64 a. Convoy Commander/A-Convoy Commander [Ref. a, Pg. 1-10] CC-The leader charged with responsibility for the planning, preparation, execution, and tactical employment of a convoy. (a) Overall responsibility for conduct of convoy. (b) Ultimate on-ground decision maker. (c) Approves task organization and delegates personnel and vehicle responsibilities. (d) Conducts convoy OPORD/brief (see Appendix C), and debrief. (e) Responsible for maintaining internal and external communications. (f) Optimal location for the CC is in the center or just forward of center of the convoy in order to facilitate C2. However, CCs are free to travel or move to any location to enhance their ability to command and control the convoy. ACC- Prepared to assume the duties of the CC in addition to the following responsibilities: (a) Normally in charge of the rear convoy element to monitor rear security. (b) Assists the CC in all duties. (c) Responsible for logistics and maintenance (vehicles, weapons, communications) and other key equipment support of the convoy. (d) Prepares and coordinates medical assets to treat and evacuate casualties. (e) Records changes to route and provides to S-2/Intelligence, postoperation. b. Lead Vehicle Commander [Ref. n, Pg. 1-10] LVC responsibilities are given to mature, experienced subordinate leaders. (a) Performs convoy navigation duties. Ensures vehicle is on correct route via map, global positioning system (GPS) based movement tracking system (Blue Force Tracker, Movement Tracking System (MTS), and/or Qualcomm). Communicates checkpoints, turns, danger areas, etc., to CC. (b) Covers assigned sector with direct fire. (c) Maintains convoy speed/interval as seen from their location or via radio. (d) Is familiar with the route. c. Vehicle Commander [Ref. n, Pg. 1-10 thru 1-11] The VC is part of the convoy chain of command. (a) Responsible for standard equipment requirements (ammunition, food, water, fuel, etc.) as well as, organizing and rehearsing crew drills of assigned vehicle. (b) Task organizes all personnel in vehicle based on type of assigned vehicle. (c) Responsible for PCCs of all individuals and equipment of assigned vehicle. (d) Supervises rehearsals for individuals of assigned vehicle to include: Dry shooting practice left and right sides. Exiting the vehicle on the left and right sides. Security at halts. Re-entry of the vehicle from the left and right sides. (e) Maintains communications with CC and other vehicle commanders. 65 (f) Provides supervision and guidance to driver as required. (g) Serves as alternate navigator (if applicable based on type of assigned vehicle). (h) Designates alternate driver (if applicable based on type of assigned vehicle). (i) Designates crew-served weapon (CSW) sectors of fire. d. Driver/A-Driver [Ref. n, Pg. 1-11] (a) Primary duty is to drive. (b) Scans assigned sector of observation. (c) Is prepared to return fire in extreme situations. (d) Responsible for fueling and maintaining vehicle. (e) Can be rotated out when required. e. Crew Served Weapons Operator [Ref. n, Pg. 1-11] (a) Responsible for primary and alternate sectors of fire. (b) Targets greatest threat along the route. (c) Can be rotated out. f. Designated Marksman [Ref. n, Pg. 1-11] (a) The purpose of the designated marksman is to facilitate precision fires. (b) Assists the CC to ensure proportionate fire is used for any given threat. This helps to prevent collateral damage and unnecessary civilian casualties (e.g., a single designated marksman in the convoy engaging a single IED trigger man). (c) Should be an expert shooter if possible and/or have an advanced optical sight. g. Combat Life Savers/Medics [Ref. n, Pg. 1-12] CLS/medics render medical treatment and supervise evacuation of casualties. If possible, multiple CLSs should be assigned throughout the convoy and given responsibility for designated vehicles in order to speed medical attention. If limited capability exists, CLS assets should be positioned in the rear of the formation to better support the convoy. h. Litter Team [Ref. n, Pg. 1-12] The A&L teams consist of two personnel each and are responsible for providing buddy aid, preparation of casualties for movement and/or evacuation under supervision of the CLS. If possible, multiple A&L teams should be assigned throughout the convoy and assigned responsibility for designated vehicles to speed medical assistance. If limited capability exists, teams should be positioned in the rear of the convoy to support the CLS. CLS personnel should not be assigned to an A&L team. They should focus on treatment. i. Landing Zone Team [Ref. n, Pg. 1-12] The LZ team consists of a minimum of two personnel responsible for establishing and marking the LZ for possible MEDEVAC 66 or other required support provided by air. If possible, assign an alternate team. PCC should include inventory of all equipment necessary for LZ establishment. j. Assault Team [Ref. n, Pg. 1-12] The CC may designate personnel within the convoy to act as an assault element in the event the convoy encounters heavy enemy action requiring the convoy to halt. If designated, this assault element should travel within the body of the convoy to act as an assault element under the guidance of the CC. The assault team should be spread throughout several vehicles, have a designated assault team leader, and have its own communication capability. k. Recovery Team [Ref. n, Pg. 1-12] Maintenance recovery personnel and vehicle(s) should be designated to assist with maintenance and recovery of convoy assets along the route. Wheeled maintenance and recovery vehicles are preferred. If not available, the recovery vehicle should be capable of towing any vehicle in the convoy and be equipped with chains, tow cables, etc., and requisite tools to provide minor repairs and recovery. The personnel assigned to this vehicle rehearse hasty recovery prior to SP. This vehicle is normally the next to last vehicle in the convoy if there is a rear gun truck. If it is the last vehicle, it must have a rear guard with an automatic weapon to provide protection to the rear of the convoy. As an additional recovery capability, all vehicles should carry tow cables or ropes in order to be able to recover a like or smaller size vehicle. l. Security Personnel [Ref. n, Pg. 1-13] All other personnel participating in the convoy. THERE ARE NO PASSENGERS IN A TACTICAL CONVOY! (a) Observe for potential close threats. (b) Signal and direct civilian traffic as required by VC. (c) Rotate as necessary into other positions (except for VC). (d) Dismount on order. (e) Under duress, can serve as VC. (f) Should be formed into tactical elements and rehearse as such..22 Discuss advantages and disadvantages of the following formations: a. File [Ref. n, Pg. 3-3] (1) Best used with inexperienced or foreign drivers. (2) Advantages: (a) Simplicity. (b) Usable at night but interval will have to be compressed. (c) Minimizes IED blast effects (when driving on centerline of road). (3) Disadvantages: (a) Weak left flank security. 67 (b) Reduced field of view. (c) Reduced headlight coverage at night. b. Staggered [Ref. n, Pg. 3-4] (1) Used only on multilane roads. (2) Advantages: (a) Allows for all around security. (b) Greater flexibility. (c) Permits ease of maneuver during contact. (d) Limits third party vehicle interference. (e) Greater headlight coverage at night. (3) Disadvantages: (a) Requires more command and control and driver experience. (b) More vulnerable to IED blast effects. c. Offset [Ref. n, Pg. 3-5] (1) Used to block third party traffic and assists in changing lanes. (2) Advantages: (a) Combines flexibility of stagger with the ease of file Formation. (b) Allows CC to control third party traffic. (3) Disadvantages: (a) Vulnerable to IED blast effects. (b) Difficult to command and control. d. Inverted “T” [Ref. n, Pg. 3-5] (1) Used on multilane roads, convoy runs the centerline of their lanes. (2) Advantage: Limits third party vehicle infiltration. (3) Disadvantages: (a) Requires experienced drivers. (b) Difficult to command and control without sufficient communications. e. Diamond [Ref. n, Pg. 3-6] (1) Used on multilane roads. (2) Advantage: Limits third party vehicle infiltration. (3) Disadvantages: (a) Requires experienced drivers. (b) Difficult to command and control without sufficient communications..23 Discuss actions for the following battle drills: a. Downed Driver [Ref. n, Pg. 54] (a) VC gains control of steering wheel. 68 (b) If possible, third person pulls driver out of driver’s compartment and VC moves into driver’s seat. b. Bailout [Ref. n, Pg. 54] Used when vehicle is inoperative or when occupants are required to use the vehicle as cover. (a) Crew on the cold side dismounts, assumes hasty position to the rear of the vehicle and returns fire. (b) Hot side returns fire until clear to dismount on the cold side and moves to the front of the vehicle. (c) Assume firing positions using the vehicle as cover. (d) Establish 360 degree security. Look for indications of enemy presence. c. Hasty Vehicle Recovery [Ref. n, Pg. 82] (a) Use a strap, cable, or chain. Preposition the straps, cable, or chain ahead of time. (b) After fire superiority is obtained, recovery vehicle moves forward. (c) Driver stays in vehicle while VC ties onto disabled vehicle. (d) VC gets into disabled vehicle to steer/work brakes. (e) Recovery vehicle moves out pulling disabled vehicle behind it. (f) Recovery vehicle moves to a rally point and reconfigures to a more stable means of towing. (g) If unable to get in front of disabled vehicle, push-through is an option. (h) Pre-mounting a used tire on the front of the vehicle assists with pushthrough. d. In-Stride Hasty Vehicle Recovery [Ref. n, Pg. 82] (a) For small to medium vehicles and not a heavy or tractor trailer configuration. (b) Minimum of two 10,000 lb (HMMWV/NTV) or 25,000 lb straps (LMTV, 5-ton, 7-ton, or HEMTT) with a connecting device (clevis or 10,000 lb carabineer). (c) Straps are mounted on the left front and right rear of the vehicles. (d) Straps are s-rolled and held in place by a break-away method (retainer bands, Velcro, ¼” 80 lb test cotton webbing or 100 mile-per-hour tape). (e) Front strap runs into the driver’s compartment. (f) Rear strap runs into VC compartment. (g) If vehicle is disabled, the driver and VC extend the strap from both the disabled and recovery vehicle. (h) Recovery vehicle moves alongside disabled vehicle. (i) VC and driver attach connecting device and release straps. (j) Recovery vehicle continues to move forward slowly taking up the slack and pulling the vehicle out. e. Dismount/Re-mount procedures [Ref. n, Pg. 60] These procedures can be used to dismount when not in contact but in proximity of persons who may pose a threat. (a) Dismount/Mount. Dismount call is made by the VC. Dismounts do not get in between any vehicles but protect space between vehicles. 69 Dismounts use buddy teams to overwatch each other. They always maintain line of sight with buddy. Rear security is the only one behind a vehicle, but should stay off to the side. If necessary, dismounts use hand motions and verbal commands to motion civilians back. If that fails, they use weapon at port arms to motion civilians back. If more force is required, dismounts ensure actions taken are in accordance with current ROE. If fired upon, dismounts move to cover, suppress with fire, or mount and extract (situation dependent). Vehicles moving forward can signal the mounting call. (b) Dismount: Short Halt. Used for slow traffic, market places, or for quick rests: Rear of convoy is protected by vehicles and 360 degree security. Dismounts act as a buffer between third party personnel and vehicles. Dismounts maintain situational awareness. They continually scan sectors and act as a deterrent. They begin by scanning the area within 5 meters and increase the scan out to 25 meters (5/25 meter scan technique). Have more than one egress route at all times. Dismounts should be prepared to use the vehicle as a lethal weapon if necessary. CSWs remain manned and have interlocking sectors of fire. Drivers remain in vehicles and ready to drive. If vehicles are slowly moving with dismounts, VCs make sure that dismounts can keep pace. If dismounts are running, then either slow down orremount. Dismounts ensure no third party personnel/vehicles get between or near vehicles. Remount call given by CC through VCs. Dismounts collapse the perimeter back into vehicles. (c) Dismount: Long Halt Used for longer durations, i.e., vehicle breakdowns, dropping off cargo, etc. Dismounts seek out and use hard cover, i.e., vehicle hard points, buildings, etc. Dismounts clear blind spots and cover adjacent alleys and streets. f. React to Contact: Blow Through [Ref. n, Pg. 64] Speed up. Signal. Visual signal to indicate general direction of enemy. Return fire. Proportional and accurate fires within the ROE. Send a report. Move to a rally point away from site based on SOP and METT-TC. Establish 360 degree security. Send ACE report. Continue the mission. g. React to Contact: Recovery: No Obstacle [Ref. n, Pg. 64 thru 65] 70 Convoy is forced to stop; no obstacle to movement. Convoy stops. Dismount. Dismounts establish 360 degree security. Maintain sector of scan/fire. Look for indications of enemy presence. Achieve fire superiority by maneuvering gun trucks (escorts if available) to support by fire positions. Report to higher headquarters and request assistance if needed. Dismounts recover casualties from cold side of vehicle. Recovery vehicle executes hasty recovery with strap, chain, or cable, or have a rear vehicle push disabled vehicle out of kill zone. Convoy continues movement. Gun trucks/escort vehicles cover movement out of area. Convoy moves to rally point. It establishes 360 degree security. CC sends ACE report. Convoy continues the mission. h. React to Contact: Recovery: Obstacle [Ref. n, Pg. 64-65] Crowd or other impediment prevents movement and convoy is forced to stop. Convoy stops. VCs and other personnel on vehicles dismount. Drivers and CSW operators remain on vehicle and remain ready to react. Establish 360 degree security. Maintain sector of scan/fire. Look for indications of enemy presence. Achieve fire superiority by maneuvering gun trucks/escorts to support by fire positions. Dismounts recover casualties from cold side of vehicle. CC assesses situation and establishes a hasty defense and awaits QRF, or directs escort force to assault through ambush using fire and maneuver i. Hasty Attack [Ref. n, Pg. 68] Gun trucks, designated marksmen, assault force suppress identified threat with accurate fires. Gun trucks maneuver to suitable position to protect convoy and cutoff enemy egress route by fire. 103.24 Discuss sectors of observation and fields of fire in a convoy. [Ref. n, Pg. 47 thru 49] (1) Sector of observation is comprised of the entire area visible to the crew member. Not all areas that can be observed can be affected by direct fire. Observers scan both in depth and width without excessive focus on any object, activity, or person. Their eyes do not depart from their sector of observation regardless of what others within their vehicle are doing. (a) Driver’s sector of observation is from 9 o’clock to 1 o’clock. (b) VC’s sector of observation is from 11 o’clock to 3 o’clock. 71 (2) Sector of fire is the area that can be covered with direct fire. Consider designating primary and alternate sectors of fire for both crew compartment as well as CSW personnel. Drivers must be trained to fire their weapon while continuing to operate the vehicle. The driver’s primary mission is to operate the vehicle and should only engage targets if the vehicle is halted unless there is no one else who can neutralize the threat from that side. (a) Driver’s sector of fire is from 9 o’clock to 11 o’clock. (b) VC’s sector of fire is from 1 o’clock to 3 o’clock..25 Discuss convoy communications. [Ref. n, Pg. 50 thru 51] a. Primary means of communication with movement control, air support, and within the convoy is by radio. Radios must be secure-capable communications means. b. There are three types of communications to be considered: (1) Vehicle internal. (2) Vehicle to vehicle. (3) External to convoy. c. Alternate communications techniques within the convoy (e.g., hand signals, pyrotechnics, vehicle signals, etc.). Techniques must be covered by the CC during the convoy briefing and rehearsals. d. Strive to have a minimum of two GPS navigation and messaging systems within each convoy. e. CC and ACC must know theater-level convoy channel to coordinate with battalion-level command posts that monitor and can assist with QRF. They must also know the emergency frequencies for MEDEVAC and air support along the route and brief this information to the drivers. Most USAF aircraft are not single channel ground and airborne radio system (SINCGARS) capable, with the exception of Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS) and some special operations aircraft..26 Identify characteristics and considerations of a roadside IED or VBIED. [Ref. n, Pg. 4- 1 thru 4-6] a. IEDs are one of the greatest threats to convoys and are often used to initiate an ambush. Convoy personnel should always expect an ambush immediately following an IED detonation. CCs should brief convoy personnel on the latest IED threat: what types of IEDs are being used and where they have previously been emplaced along the route. b. The bottom line is to protect the convoy. All personnel must maintain situational awareness looking for actual IEDs and likely IED hiding places. Varying routes and times, switching lanes at random, entering overpasses on one side of the road and exiting on the other, training weapons on overpasses as the convoy passes under them, and avoiding chokepoints will reduce the risk from these devices. c. When to expect an IED attack. (1) Anytime. IEDs present reduced exposure time for the enemy compared to a traditional ambush. 72 (2) Mornings are especially dangerous. Many IEDs are emplaced under cover of darkness. (3) Periods of reduced visibility. d. Suspicion categories. The following categories enable leaders to better prioritize responses and minimize wasting time or resources: (1) Level 1: Large amounts of debris on road that has a history of recent IED attacks. (2) Level 2: Evidence of on-going emplacement: prepared holes (no device visible), removed curbstone, suspicious activity or total lack of activity when there would be otherwise. Report immediately. (3) Level 3: Suspicious object, activity, or condition on road. Rucksacks, mail bags, dead animals, meals ready to eat (MRE) bags, roadside mounds, rock piles, etc. could conceal IED. There are no obvious IED indicators (wires, det cord, antennas). Report immediately. Requires explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) response. (4) Level 4: Clear indicators of imminent IED activity: protruding wires, an individual with a command detonating device, etc. Verifiable and easily identified. Report immediately. Requires direct action or EOD response. (a) IEDs may be constructed using mortar shells, artillery projectiles, antitank mines, diesel fuel, rockets, black powder, fertilizer, chemical explosives, etc. Construction is only limited by the enemy’s imagination. (b) IEDs can be hidden in potholes, abandoned vehicles, in dead animal carcasses, and secured to telephone poles and guardrails. (c) IEDs may be disguised as loose trash/debris, trash bags, soda cans, milk cans, buckets, burlap bags, MRE bags, etc. (d) IEDs can be command detonated, victim activated, or timed. Car alarms, battery-powered remote doorbell devices, remote controlled light switches, and cordless and cellular telephones are common means of detonation. (e) Insulated wire or det cord is used to connect the detonator to the explosive. (f) IEDs can be dropped from or attached to the underside of overpasses. Drivers should watch for suspicious activity on overpasses and never stop under one. (g) Enemy hide positions will usually have line of sight to the kill zone and an easy escape route. IEDs are commonly placed along the side of the road on the shoulder or placed on the median strip (Figure IV-2). (h) IEDs can be daisy chained in a decoy attack. A daisy chain is two or more explosive devices wired together so that a single signal will detonate all the munitions at once. (i) VBIEDs, as illustrated in Figures IV-4 and IV-5, can be initiated by either the driver, an occupant, or remotely. SUVs, pickup trucks, and delivery trucks can carry a large payload. Watch for abandoned vehicles, vehicles parked where they do not belong, vehicles sitting low on suspension system (due to weight of explosives), and vehicles with loose wires hanging off of them. Mobile VBIEDs may ignore warnings or wave-offs when approaching checkpoints, TCPs or convoys. Suspicious Activities and Objects a. Abandoned or disabled vehicles parked on or near the roadway. 73 b. Animal-drawn carts or wagons moving near or on the roadway. c. Signs of tampering, exposed wires, or objects taped or otherwise attached to the backsides of guardrails. d. Fresh concrete or asphalt work on or around the road surface. e. Suspicious packages, containers, or any other foreign objects on or near the roadway. f. Markings warning the local population of IEDs (e.g., a blue “X” painted on a rock). Obtain latest techniques from Intel/S-2 during pre-convoy brief. g. Third party vehicles attempting to pass or enter convoy formation. h. Third party personnel, including children, approaching convoy vehicles (may be wearing explosive vests). i. Possible indicators of an IED or impending ambush: (1) Absence of women and children where normally present. (2) Dramatic changes in population from one block to the next. (3) No activity where there are normally large crowds. (4) Sudden activity within crowds as convoy approaches (small IEDs can be thrown). (5) Third party personnel dispersing or disappearing as convoy approaches. (6) Sudden reduction or absence of civilian traffic. (7) Signals with flares/city lights (turned off/on) as convoy approaches. (8) Suspicious movement in upper floor windows of buildings. (9) Presence of vehicles or personnel on overpasses. (10) Third party personnel with video cameras or presence of a media crew. (11) Vehicle following convoy for long distances and then pulling off to the side. (12) Freshly dug holes along the roadway. (Possible future IED site. Report it.) (13) Obstacles in roadway in order to channel the convoy. (14) Personnel inside traffic circles. Driving Considerations a. Be unpredictable: vary SP times and convoy routes. b. Attach signs to convoy vehicles in common languages of the indigenous population warning civilians to stay clear of military vehicles. c. Configure vehicle to eliminate blind spots (i.e., move mirrors, fording kits, and avoid obscuring vision during vehicle hardening). d. Use available optics to facilitate scanning (binoculars, tube-launched optically tracked wire- guided missile sight optics, other weapons sights, handheld forward looking infrared devices, etc.). e. If available, use two designated “spotter personnel” to scan (using optics) in the forward convoy element. f. Use available electronic countermeasure systems. g. Wear helmets, ballistic vests (with collars attached), seat belts, and ballistic eye protection. h. Maintain the minimum designated convoy speed when possible. i. If conditions permit, periodically change your rate of speed and vary convoy formations to avoid predictability. 74