Examination Coverage Reviewer PDF

EXAMINATION COVERAGE (REVIEWER) Prepared By: Jasmin Lim Disclaimer This reviewer is intended solely for educational purposes within this class. The content has been compiled from various sources, including the PowerPoint presentations used in the course. I do not claim ownership or credit for any...

EXAMINATION COVERAGE (REVIEWER) Prepared By: Jasmin Lim Disclaimer This reviewer is intended solely for educational purposes within this class. The content has been compiled from various sources, including the PowerPoint presentations used in the course. I do not claim ownership or credit for any of the materials. Unauthorized distribution, reproduction, or dissemination of this reviewer outside this class is strictly prohibited. -Miss Jas _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Cultural Variations and Social Differences in Exceptionality/Non-Exceptionality Society What constitutes a society? Society is a structured community of individuals who share common traditions, institutions, and collective activities. It encompasses social relationships, cultural norms, and organized patterns of behavior that enable cooperation and coexistence. The Difference Between Sex and Gender  Definition & Differentiation: Sex refers to the biological characteristics that distinguish males and females, including reproductive anatomy and genetic makeup. Gender, on the other hand, is a social and cultural construct that defines roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female in a given society. Two Main Categories of Sex  Male: Individuals with XY chromosomes, producing sperm.  Female: Individuals with XX chromosomes, producing ova. Gender Roles  Definition: Culturally-assigned tasks and activities to sexes.  Social Constructs: o Example: Only males can handle physically demanding activities. o Example: Females should handle domestic tasks.  Gender and gender roles are associated with one’s biological sex. However, modern societies challenge these constructs.  Cultural Influence: Culture plays a major role in defining gender in societies.  Gender Flexibility: Gender is malleable and changes across societies. Socioeconomic Class Defining Socioeconomic Class  Definition: The concept of socioeconomic class categorizes individuals and groups based on wealth, income, education, occupation, and social status. Cultural Variations & Social Differences in Socioeconomic Class  Higher Class: Focus on luxury goods, exclusive memberships, and status symbols.  Middle Class: Prioritize home ownership, savings, and education for children.  Lower Class: Focus on necessities and are more likely to face financial instability. Socioeconomic Class by Karl Marx  Bourgeois: Owners of the means of production (monetary, land, technological capital). Accumulate wealth without working.  Proletariat: Do not own the means of production. Must sell their labor to survive. Cultural Variations and Social Differences in Ethnicity and Religion Ethnic Group & Ethnicity  Ethnic Group: A group of people with similar characteristics and a distinct cultural identity.  Ethnicity: Shared culture, including language, religion, traditions, norms, values, and beliefs. Differences and Similarities Between Ethnicity & Race  Ethnicity: Based on cultural traits, diverse.  Race: Based on biological traits, more singular.  Similarities: Both are socially constructed. Ethnolinguistic Groups  Definition: Ethnic groups with their own language.  Examples: Ifugao, Itneg, Kalinga. Religion  Definition: A system of beliefs, worldviews, and practices related to humanity and spirituality.  Animism: The belief that spiritual forces or supernatural beings inhabit natural elements such as trees, oceans, mountains, rivers, and animals. Many indigenous cultures practice animism, believing that spirits influence daily life and must be respected through rituals, offerings, and ceremonies. o Examples:  The Bagobo tribe in the Philippines worships spirits residing in nature and performs rituals for guidance and protection.   Shintoism in Japan holds that kami (spirits) inhabit natural elements and sacred places.  Native American tribes honor spirits of animals and land through ceremonies and storytelling. Key Terms to Explain  Prejudice: A preconceived opinion or judgment about individuals or groups, often based on stereotypes rather than actual experiences or knowledge.  Stereotype: A generalized belief or assumption about a particular group of people.  Minority Groups: Populations that have less power or representation in a society. Cultural Variations and Social Differences in Exceptionality/Non-Exceptionality Disability  Definition: Interaction of an individual's health condition with environmental factors, causing hindrances in activities and interactions. Exceptionality  Definition: Describes individuals whose abilities (physical, intellectual, behavioral) differ significantly from the average. Non-Exceptionality  Definition: Used to differentiate those without exceptionalities.  Importance: Society must ensure that individuals with exceptionalities receive individualized assistance, support, and accommodations. Cultural Variations and Social Differences in Nationality Nationality  Definition: A person’s belonging or membership to a specific nation or nation-state.  Acquisition of Nationality: Determined by a state’s nationality law. Two Types of Nationality Acquisition 1. Jus Sanguinis (Right of Blood): Citizenship is based on parent(s)' nationality. o Example: A child born to French parents anywhere in the world is eligible for French citizenship. 2. Jus Soli (Right of Soil): Citizenship is based on place of birth. o Example: A child born in the U.S. is granted U.S. citizenship regardless of the parents' nationality. Naturalization  Definition: Legal process of acquiring citizenship from a different state. Steps & Requirements for Naturalization 1. Eligibility Requirements: o Minimum age requirement (e.g., 18+ years old). o Specified period of lawful residence (e.g., 3-10 years). o Good moral character (no serious criminal record). o Language proficiency. o Knowledge of the country (history, government, culture test). 2. Background Checks: Authorities verify criminal records, immigration status, and legal compliance. 3. Naturalization Test/Interview: Applicants may be required to pass a test on history, government, and culture. Political Jurisdiction of Nation-States Over Nationals  Dual Nationality or Multiple Citizenship: A person may belong to two or more nations simultaneously. Social, Political, and Cultural Behavior and Phenomena What are Social, Political, and Cultural Behaviors and Phenomena?  Social Behavior: How people interact within communities and groups.  Political Behavior: How individuals engage with power and governance.  Cultural Behavior: Traditions, values, and shared practices within a group. Socialization  Definition: Process of immersing oneself in a society and culture from birth. Social Sciences  Definition: Fields of study focusing on human behavior, society, and interactions. Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural Relativism  Ethnocentrism: Judging another culture based on one's own cultural norms. Example: A tourist from the U.S. criticizes locals in an Asian country for eating with their hands instead of using utensils.  Cultural Relativism: Assessing a culture based on its own standards. Example: A historian studies the caste system in India without applying Western perspectives of equality, instead analyzing it within its cultural context. Social, Political, and Cultural Change Forms of Cultural Change  Diffusion: Culture spreads from one group to another.  Acculturation: A person adapts to a new culture while maintaining some original cultural traits.  Enculturation: Learning one's own culture from birth. Agents of Cultural Change in Society  Family  School  Religion  Media  Leadership  Law