Lesson 1: Human Variation (Social and Cultural Background) PDF

HUMAN LESSON 1 VARIATION (Social and Cultural Background) Are humans really different from one another, or our differences just skin-deep?  Environment and history are two primary factors that shape the behavior of human groups. Ethnicity and Nationality -are...

HUMAN LESSON 1 VARIATION (Social and Cultural Background) Are humans really different from one another, or our differences just skin-deep?  Environment and history are two primary factors that shape the behavior of human groups. Ethnicity and Nationality -are the two of the most common ways of expressing, constructing, or classifying shared identities. Ethnicity  is frequently linked with a person’s racial, cultural or religious group.  can include several characteristics, such as race, language and religion.  Nationality  related to the state to which an individual belongs or share affiliation.  usually implies that a person is from a specific country or a territory dominated by a certain ethnic group.  Inhabits a particular territory delineated by a political border and controlled by government. Ethnic group  Smaller cultural groups that share specific environments, traditions, and histories that are not necessarily subscribed to by the mainstream culture.  Naturalization is a process of legal applications. * Jus Sanguinis (Latin: karapatan ng dugo) * Jus Soli (Latin: karapatan ng lupa)  There are about 180 indigenous ethnic groups in the Philippines and 100 tribal groups who mostly inhabit ancestral domains in the lowland, upland and coastal areas. SOCIAL DIFFERENCES Categories: *gender *socioeconomic class *political identity *religion *exceptionality/non-exceptionality GENDER VS. SEX Sex  refers to the biological characteristics of humans such as male and female.  primarily related to chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs. Sexual Orientation  a person’s attraction to others, whether it’s romantic, emotional, or sexual. 1. GENDER  refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.  refers to the composite of attitudes and behavior of men and women (masculinity and femininity) Gender Expression  This is how someone chooses to express their gender through appearance, behavior, and mannerisms. Gender Identity  this is an individual’s internal sense of being male, female, both, neither, or something else. Some types of gender identities:  Cisgender- when a person’s gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth.  transgender- when persons gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth.  non-binary- an umbrella term for gender identities that are not exclusive male or female.  Genderqueer- similar to non-binary, a term for individuals who reject traditional gender distinctions.  Genderfluid- when a person’s gender identity changes over time or depending on the situation.  Demigender- when a person partially, but not fully, identifies as boy or girl, repectively.  Agender- when a person identifies as having no gender or being gender- neutral.  Bigender- when a persons identifies as having two gender, either simultaneously or switching.  Omnigender- having or experiencing all genders. Types of Sexual Orientation  Heterosexual- a person who is sexually attracted to a person of the opposite sex.  Homosexual-a person who is sexually attracted to a person of the same sex.  Gay- a male who is romantically and sexually attracted to another male.  Lesbian - a female who is romantically and sexually attracted to another female.  Bisexual - an individual who is attracted to both sexes.  Asexual - an individual who is totally incapable of being attracted to any sex.  Pansexual – accommodates all types of gender.  Polysexual – attracted to multiple types of gender. 2. SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS  The concept of socioeconomic class varies between societies as the ideas associated with being poor or rich differ based on the collective experiences of individuals.  People falling into different social classes are bound to experience life differently such as in the form of transportation and the type and amount of food that they can afford and consume daily.  Global North- refers to the political and economically advanced societies in the world.  Global South- refers to the countries whose political and economic indicators are within developing category.  The typical determinants of one’s social status include income, value of assets and savings, cultural interests and hobbies, and economic status of his/her peers and relatives. Great Britain’s three class system  Upper  Middle  Working Great Britain’s seven class system 1. Elite 2. established middle class 3. technical middle class 4. new affluent workers 5. traditional working class 6. emergent service crew 7. precariat In the Philippines, indicators of social status is by range of monthly family incomes. poor low income but not poor Lower middle income middle income upper middle income upper middle income but not rich rich 3. POLITICAL IDENTITY  Refers to the set of attitudes and practices that an individual adheres to in relation to the political systems and actors within his/her society.  Ang Ladlad- a party that negotiates for the welfare of the LGBTQI community.  Kabataan Partylist -a party that promotes youth empowerment. 4. RELIGION  Is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses beliefs, practices, rituals, and moral codes.  Early human art exuded ancient forms of superstitions that included beliefs in the afterlife and that of superhuman capabilities. Sorcerer of Les Gabillou - a Paleolithic artwork that depicts the supernatural ability of a religious practitioner to become half- man and half-animal.  Monotheistic - believing in the existence of one God.  Polytheistic - believing in the existence of multiple Gods. World Religious Affiliations (2022)  31.6%- Christians  25.8%- Muslims  15.1%- Hindus  14.4%- Unaffiliated  6.6%- Buddhists  5.4%- Folk religionist  0.8%- Others  0.2%- Jews 5. Exceptionality/ Non-exceptionality  Some individuals do not conform to behavioral or cognitive norms, not because they intend to deviate from such, but because they are exceptional. Some field of studies that would help us understand our society better:  Anthropology  Political Science  Sociology Anthropology  is the study of people throughout the world, their evolutionary history, how they behave, adapt to different environments, communicate and socialize with one another.  Traditions, social norms, and political identities are not static.  Social change occurs as human populations adapt to their surroundings. It includes factors like technology and globalization.  Race - a form of human classification that was based on observable human traits and characteristics.  Major Races -Caucasoid, Australoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid  Spanish, American and Japanese - three major colonizing powers of the Philippines.  Biological Egalitarianism - this perspective promotes the equality of our biological makeup despite our ancestry. According to a topic introduction from the University of California, Davis Campus (2020):  Anthropology is the systematic study of humanity, with the goal of understanding our evolutionary origins, our distinctiveness as a species, and the great diversity in our forms of social existence across the world and through time. Political Science  the study of politics and power from domestic, international and comparative perspective. Sociology Commonly defined as the scientific study of social relations, social institutions, and societies, is characterized by a great diversity of ways of conceiving its objectives. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!