Empowerment Technologies Senior High School PDF

Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGIES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL MR. R. LAPITAN  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Objectives for learning...

Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGIES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL MR. R. LAPITAN  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Objectives for learning improve their knowledge on how ICT affects their everyday lives and the state of our nation; compare and contrast the differences between online platforms, sites, and content; understand the features of Web 2.0; understand the future of the World Wide Web through Web 3.0; and learn the different trends in ICT and use them to their advantage. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Activity 1: (by pair) With your partner, you are given 2 minutes to think of terms or phrases you believe are related to ICT. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur What is Information and Communications Technology? Information and Communications Technology (ICT) deals with the use of different communication technologies such as mobile phones, telephone, Internet, etc. to locate, save, send and edit information. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur What is Information and Communication Technology? ICT is the term that is currently favored by most businesses and educational institutions. The "C" reflects the important role that computers now play in communications, e.g. by email, the Web, by satellite and cellphone (mobile phone). Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur What is Information and Communications Technology? We always insist on the "s" at the end of communications, which is a term that predates computer technology and was originally associated with morse code, radio, etc. and often abbreviated to comms. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur What is Information and Communications Technology? It refers to technologies, both hardware and software that enable humans to communicate. It is a misconception that ICT is Internet or computer alone. It is any form of technology that enables you to communicate. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Formative Question How does ICT affect your life or the Philippines in different aspects of living (social, spiritual, economic etc.)? Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Tagudin, Ilocos Sur What does the acronym WWW stand for? Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Tagudin, Ilocos Sur What does the acronym URL stand for? Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Tagudin, Ilocos Sur What does the acronym TCP/IP for? Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur WORLD WIDE WEB An information system on the Internet allows documents to be connected to other documents by hypertext links, enabling the user to search for information by moving from one document to another. It is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by URLs, interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet. Invented by Tim-Berners Lee Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur INTERNET The global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link billions of devices worldwide. It is sometimes called "the Net," which is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which use users at any one computer can get information from any other computer. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur WORLD WIDE WEB Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur WORLD WIDE WEB Web 1.0 (Static) Web 2.0 (Dynamic) Web 3.0 (Semantic) Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur WEB 1.0 When the World Wide Web was invented, most web pages were static. Static (also known as flat page or stationary page) in the sense that the page is “as is” and cannot be manipulated by the user. The content is also the same for all users. This is referred to as Web 1.0. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur WEB 2.0 Web 2.0 is the evolution of Web 1.0 by adding dynamic web pages—the user is able to see a website differently than others. Examples of Web 2.0 include social networking sites, blogs, wikis, video sharing sites, hosted services, and web applications. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur WEB 2.0 Web 2.0 allows users to interact with the page: instead of just reading a page, the user may be able to comment or create a user account. Web 2.0 also allows users to use web browsers instead of just using their operating system. Browsers can now be used for their user interface, application software (or web applications), and even for file storage. Empowerment Technologies WEB 2.0 Folksonomy It allows users to categorize and classify/arrange information using freely chosen keywords (e.g., tagging). Popular social networking sites such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, etc. use tags that start with the pound sign (#). This is also referred to as hashtag. Rich User Experience Content is dynamic and is responsive to user’s input. An example would be a website that shows local content. In the case of social networking sites, when logged on, your account is used to modify what you see in their website.  Long Tail Services are offered on demand rather than on a one-time purchase. In certain cases, time-based pricing is better than file-size-based pricing or vice versa. This is synonymous to subscribing to a data plan that charges you for the amount of time you spent in the Internet, or a data plan that charges you for the amount of bandwidth you used.  User Participation The owner of the website is not the only one who is able to put content. Others can place a content of their own by means of comment, reviews, and evaluation. Some websites allow readers to comment on an article, participate in a poll, or review a specific product (e.g., Amazon.com, online stores). Software as a Service (SaaS) Users will subscribe to a software only when needed rather than purchasing them. This is a cheaper option if you do not always need to use a software. Software as a Service (SaaS) Instead of buying and installing it on your computer, SaaS allows you to use the program over the internet. You access it through a web browser without needing to download or install anything. It's like renting the program rather than owning it. Software as a Service (SaaS) You log in to a website, use the software's features, and your data is stored securely in the cloud. Popular examples of SaaS include Google Workspace (formerly G Suite), Microsoft 365. Mass Participation It is a diverse information sharing through universal web access. Since most users can use the Internet, Web 2.0’s content is based on people from various cultures.  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur WEB 3.0 People call it the “Internet of Things(IoT)”. It is also known as Semantic Web. Acts as the personal assistant as you search the web, the browser learners what you are interested in. The idea behind Web 3.0 is to make searches on the Internet much faster, easier and more efficient to process even complex search sentences in no time. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur WEB 3.0 A read-write-interact web (powered by Artificial Intelligence) where people can read, write and interact with content, including 3D graphics, on websites and apps. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur WEB 3.0 Bookmarking Sites This would give more accurate results as you would be seeing websites which have been voted on by humans and so your chances of finding better websites are increased. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur WEB 3.0 Artificial Intelligence AI imitates human behavior. It is an extension from the web where content expressed can be processed independently by intelligent by software agents. These software agents use specific search criteria from the user to find the perfect content to present on the user screen. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur WEB 3.0 And Metaverse Metaverse is quite a buzzword since Facebook recently announced its new name ‘Meta’. The idea is to showcase that the company is moving fast towards a Metaverse. However, Metaverse is still not a reality, but soon could be the next evolution of the Internet. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur WEB 3.0 And Metaverse Metaverse generally refers to shared virtual world environments or a computer-generated environment, which is accessible to users via the Internet. It is a digital space that is designed as more lifelike by using “extended reality,” the combination of augmented, virtual and mixed reality. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur WEB 3.0 And Metaverse At the moment, people interact with each other through social media platforms or by using messaging applications. In the virtual space, users will have their own “character” that can walk around and interact with other users. They can communicate with one another through avatars, text messages, sounds, music videos, video games, etc. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur WEB 3.0 And Metaverse This means that people will have a 3D experience on the Internet. They can interact, play, work, or join in digital environments as if they are experiencing it in reality rather than just watching the content. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur WEB 3.0 And Digital Marketing Reduction in “near me” queries: There will be a drastic decrease in “near me” queries because people know that the results will automatically be relevant to their location. Hence, they have stopped adding “near me” or zip codes to their search. Web 3.0 automatically considers the user’s geo-location and behavior data and shows relevant results that match their interest. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Examples of WEB 3.0 In Real-life Web 3.0 is already implemented in various areas, including virtual assistance, education, social networking, messaging, exchange services, browsing, etc. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Examples of WEB 3.0 In Real-life For instance, while you’re sitting in the office, if you wish to check the availability of groceries in your home, you can ask your digital assistant to examine the contents of your fridge by communicating with the interconnected smart devices at your house. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Examples of WEB 3.0 In Real-life You can organize your holiday plan, business trip, weekend party, household tasks and even ensure your home security by using your ubiquitous Internet- connected devices at home. The virtual assistant’s personalized recommendations help you arrange the perfect weekend, from booking your tickets with a discount to finding exciting places to explore to reserving hotels. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Examples of WEB 3.0 In Real-life Siri is a perfect example of voice recognition software as a key component of Web 3.0. Using this technology, Siri and other personal assistants communicate, share information (through linked blocks), and provide users with more helpful search results for every meaningful query, including how to, why, and what. Previously, Siri could accomplish only simple tasks, like reminders and directions to the local grocery store, by using pre-programmed algorithms. Empowerment Technologies  Saint Augustine’s School Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Examples of WEB 3.0 In Real-life Wolfram Alpha is a computational intelligence platform that now uses Web 3.0. The platform can compute answers of users from different fields like mathematics, nutrition and science. It quickly connects with other apps to gather information from their databases and streamlines the information for end-users. As a result, it is now faster and provides more accurate results than it used to be with web 2.0. Siri is a frequent user of Wolfram Alpha. Empowerment Technologies Formative Assessment 1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Web 1.0? A. Static content B. User-generated content C. Read-only access for users D. Limited interaction between users 2. An example of dynamic content in Web 2.0 is: A. A printed newspaper article. B. A website displaying the same content to all users C.A social media feed that updates based on user interactions D. A static company website 3. What is the term used for the “personal assistant” aspect of Web 3.0 that learns user interests? A. Semantic Web B. Intelligent C. Metaverse D. Bookmarking sites 4. Artificial Intelligence in Web 3.0 helps in: A) Providing static web pages. B) Using browsers only for file storage. C) Personalizing content by learning user behavior. D) Using hashtags to categorize posts. 5. Which of the following is an example of interacting in the Metaverse? A) Commenting on a blog post B) Reading a static webpage C) Walking around and communicating through avatars in a virtual space D) Browsing a social networking site using hashtags 6. Which of the following is an example of a Web 3.0 application in real life? A) A static website with no user interaction B) A social networking site that uses hashtags C) A computational platform that gathers data and provides intelligent search results D) A blog site where users can comment on posts 7. Which of the following statements best describes Web 1.0? A) It allows users to interact with web pages by commenting. B) It provides dynamic content responsive to user input. C) It consists of static web pages with content that is the same for all users. D) It is powered by artificial intelligence for personalized searches. 8. Which of the following features is primarily associated with Web 2.0? A. Static web pages B. AI-powered personal assistants C. User interaction and content creation. D. 3D virtual environments 9. Which of the following best describes the World Wide Web? A. A computer hardware system. B. A software application. C. A global network of computers D. A system of interconnected documents accessible through the internet 10. What is the protocol suite used to communicate over the internet? A. HTTP B. FTP C. TCP/IP D. SMTP Trends in ICT Convergence Technological convergence is the synergy of technological advancements to work on a similar goal or task. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Social Media Social media is a website, application, or online channels that enable web users to create, co-create, discuss, modify, and exchange user- generated content. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Social Media It is a platform where people from around the world can connect, share, and communicate with each other. Users can create profiles or accounts to post pictures, videos, thoughts, and updates for others to see. People can follow or connect with others, allowing them to interact by liking, commenting, or sharing posts. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT  Six Types of Social Media Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Social Networks These are sites that allow you to connect with other people with the same interests or background. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Bookmarking Sites It is also called social bookmarking. It allow users to save and share links to websites or interesting articles with others. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Bookmarking Sites Reddit (reddit.com) the articles that get the most votes from the community will make it to the front page. Users can submit links, rate content by voting up or down, comment on links and "friend" one another. Stories that receive the most “up votes” rise to the top of the page, while less popular stories sink to the bottom. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Bookmarking Sites Pinterest (pinterest.ph) is a great platform to choose if you have a lot of visual content, or if you include interesting and high quality images in your blog posts. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Examples of Bookmarking Sites StumbleUpon (stumbleupon.com) is a discovery and recommendation engine rather than a traditional bookmarking tool. Users can click the "Stumble" button, which directs them to a webpage relevant to their interests without scrolling through lists of links. You can vote to "Like" or "Dislike" the content, and StumbleUpon uses your preferences to refine future recommendations. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Social News These are sites that allow users to post their own news items or links to other news sources. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Social News Digg (digg.com) is one of the more popular social news sites. On Digg, members can share news about almost any topic— from celebrity gossip all the way to politics. Users can then peruse the news being shared, and when the come across something that interests them, they can “digg” it. The more “diggs” a news story receives, the higher it ranks on the site. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Social News Newsvine (nbcnews.com) is a platform where popular global stories are compiled and ranked based on user interest. User-generated content drives the site, allowing users to share interesting news or write and publish their own stories. Top stories are featured prominently, reflecting the collective interests and contributions of the Newsvine community. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Social News Fark (fark.com) specializes in news articles, and administrators moderate the site, so only approved content and links are posted. Basic services are free, with varying subscription levels and additional access to be able to comment or access and post adult content. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Media Sharing Sites These are sites that allow you to upload and share media content like images, music, and video. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Microblogging Sites These are sites that focus on short updates from the user. Those subscribed to the user will be able to receive these updates. Examples: Twitter/X and Plurk Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Microblogging Sites Twitter allows users to share news stories, events, and updates in real-time using hashtags and retweets. Plurk is a microblogging and social networking platform that allows users to share short messages, known as "plurks," with their followers. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Blog and Forums These websites allow users to post their content. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Mobile Technologies The popularity of smartphones and tablets has taken a major rise over the years. This is largely because of the devices’ capability to do tasks that were originally found in personal computers. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Kinds of Operating System iOS Android Blackberry OS Windows Phone OS Symbian WebOS Windows Mobile Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Assistive Media Assistive media is a nonprofit service designed to help people who have visual and reading impairments. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Assistive Media Screen Readers: Software that reads text on a screen aloud, helping individuals with visual impairments. Closed Captioning: Text displayed on a screen that represents spoken dialogue and sound effects, aiding those who are deaf or hard of hearing. Audio Books: Recorded readings of books, which can assist individuals with visual impairments or reading difficulties. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Assistive Media Speech-to-Text Software: Programs that convert spoken words into written text, useful for individuals with mobility impairments or those who have difficulty typing. Magnification Software: Tools that enlarge text and images on a screen for individuals with low vision Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Assistive Media Alternative Input Devices: Devices such as adaptive keyboards, eye- tracking systems, or voice-controlled interfaces that allow users with physical disabilities to interact with computers. Text-to-Speech (TTS) Systems: Software that converts written text into spoken word, aiding individuals with reading disabilities. Braille Displays: Devices that translate text on a screen into Braille, allowing individuals who are blind to read digital content. Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Essay. Write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper 1. Explain the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in shaping modern society. How has ICT transformed how we communicate, work, and access information? 2. Compare and contrast the characteristics and functionalities of Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0. How has the evolution of the web influenced user interactions, content creation, and online experiences? Empowerment Technology Trends in ICT Thank You SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL   Form groups with three members each. Research for various news and events related to cybercrime. Using your cellphone or any video-recording device, report it as if you were a newscaster. Present in 1-2 minutes recording. … …” There is still a risk in sharing your first name. Chances are, a hacker already knows plenty of stuff about you even if you only give out your first name. You cannot just walk into a room and start introducing yourself to everyone. You do not know whom you can come across.  If sharing your first name is a small risk, having both your first and last is riskier. You will be vulnerable to being searched for using search engines, which include image searches. Matching a name with a face can lead to several cybercrimes like identity theft. Sharing just your middle name is probably not the riskiest of this shared information, but sharing your entire full name would be.  Most people who steal identities study their subject. They can use this information for verification purposes.  Your cellphone number should never be posted over the Internet. The Internet is a public place. It is the same as posting your number on a billboard. Risky, yet not as risky as posting their full names, especially your mother's maiden name. In fact, if you have already encountered many websites that require your mother's maiden name as an answer to a secret question whenever you lose your password.  This is a huge risk, especially if you have younger siblings. Strangers may pretend or use their identity to dupe you.  Giving the Internet your number is one thing, giving them your address is a whole other level. It would be much easier for criminals to find you.  This shared information is riskier than sharing your personal phone number. Scams usually use this information to deceive you, one of which is when a stranger pretends to know your parents or pretends to be you.  Letting people know your birthday is probably a must if you want to get as many gifts as possible. But having it in your profile makes you vulnerable to identity theft.  stands for malicious software software that is specifically designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to a computer system.  a malicious software program loaded into a user's computer without the user's knowledge and performs malicious actions and can be transferred from one computer to another through the Internet or local networks or data storage like flash drives.  stand-alone malicious programs that can self-replicate and propagate via computer networks without human help. An example is the ILOVEYOU worm (Love Bug Worm) created by a Filipino. ILOVEYOU is also known as the "love letter virus" and the "love bug worm." Although commonly referred to as a computer virus, ILOVEYOU is actually a worm. The ILOVEYOU virus comes in an email with "ILOVEYOU" in the subject line and contains an attachment that, when opened, results in the message being re-sent to everyone in the recipient's Microsoft Outlook address book.  While a virus is malicious code that replicates itself following human intervention, a worm is a type of malware that can replicate itself and spread from system to system without human interaction or intervention.  A malicious program disguised as a helpful program but leaves your PC unprotected and allows hackers to get your information once downloaded or installed. A hollow wooden statue of a horse in which the Greeks concealed themselves in order to enter Troy.  It tricks the user into posing that it is security software. It asks the user to pay to improve their security, but they are not protected at all.  These windows might appear on your screen while you surf the web. The "updates" or "alerts" in the pop- up windows call for you to take some sort of action, such as clicking to install the software, accept recommended updates, or remove unwanted viruses or spyware.  A program that runs in the background without you knowing it (thus called "spy"). It can monitor what you are currently doing and typing through keylogging.  It is used to record the keystroke done by the users. This is done to steal their password or any sensitive information. It can record email, messages, or any information you type using your keyboard.  An unwanted email mostly from bots or advertisers. It can be used to send malware.  Netiquette, or network etiquette, is concerned with the "proper" manner of communication in the online environment. When communicating in the virtual world, consider the following "rules," adapted from Virginia Shea's Core Rules of Netiquette. Rule 1: Remember the Human(Kim Aquino) Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life (Dwayne) Rule 3: Know where you are in cyberspace Rule 4: Respect other people's time and bandwidth(Ivan) Rule 5: Make yourself look good online(Clarence) Rule 6: Share expert knowledge(Xyriel) Rule 7: Help keep flame wars under control(Denster) Rule 8: Respect other people's privacy(Alison) Rule 9: Don't abuse your power(Francis) Rule 10: Be forgiving of other people's mistakes(Jellie) Group Activity. Create a poster on your given Netiquette Rule. You can use draw or use graphic editing software for your poster. The Core Rules of At heart, Netiquette (etiquette for the Internet) is simple, good manners and business courtesy. Some of it may seem basic, but some infringements can result in major problems for others or can create an unintended insult to another user.  Be polite. Never mail or post anything you wouldn't say to your reader's face. Keep in mind the fact that although you are looking at a keyboard and a computer screen, there are real people with real feelings reading your words.  When communicating electronically, whether through email, instant message, discussion post, text, or some other method, practice the Golden Rule: Do unto others as you would have others do unto you. Remember, your written words are read by real people, all deserving of respectful communication. Before you press "send" or "submit," ask yourself, "Would I be okay with this if someone else had written it?"  While it can be argued that standards of behavior may be different in the virtual world, they certainly should not be lower. You should do your best to act within the laws and ethical manners of society whenever you inhabit "cyberspace." Would you behave rudely to someone face- to-face? On most occasions, no. Neither should you behave this way in the virtual world. "Netiquette varies from domain to domain." (Shea, 1994) Depending on where you are in the virtual world, the same written communication can be acceptable in one area, where it might be considered inappropriate in another. "Electronic communication takes time: time to read and time in which to respond. Most people today lead busy lives, just like you do, and don't have time to read or respond to frivolous emails or discussion posts.  As a virtual world communicator, it is your responsibility to make sure that the time spent reading your words isn't wasted. Make your written communication meaningful and to the point, without extraneous text or superfluous graphics or attachments that may take forever to download. One of the best things about the virtual world is the lack of judgment associated with your physical appearance, sound of your voice, or the clothes you wear.  You will, however, be judged by the quality of your writing, so keep the following tips in mind: Always check for spelling and grammar errors Know what you're talking about and state it clearly Be pleasant and polite The Internet offers its users many benefits; one is the ease in which information can be shared or accessed and in fact, this "information sharing" capability is one of the reasons the Internet was founded.  Share what you know! When you post a question and receive intelligent answers, share the results with others. Are you an expert at something? Post resources and references about your subject matter. Recently expanded your knowledge about a subject that might be of interest to others? Share that as well.  Flaming is what people do when they express a strongly held opinion without holding back any emotion." (Shea, 1994). “Flame wars“ refers to when two or three people exchange angry posts between one another, must be controlled or the camaraderie of the group could be compromised. Don't feed the flames; extinguish them by guiding the discussion back to a more productive direction.  Depending on what you are reading in the virtual world, be it an online class discussion forum, Facebook page, or an email, you may be exposed to some private or personal information that needs to be handled with care. Respect the privacy of others. Be sure to err on the side of caution when deciding to discuss or not to discuss virtual communication.  Just like in face-to-face situations, there are people in cyberspace who have more "power" than others. They have more expertise in technology, or they have years of experience in a particular skill or subject matter. Maybe it's you who posesses all of this knowledge and power! Just remember: knowing more than others do or having more power than others may have does not give you the right to take advantage of anyone. Think of Rule 1: Remember the human. Not everyone has the same amount of experience working in the virtual world. And not everyone knows the rules of netiquette. At some point, you will see a stupid question, read an unnecessarily long response, or encounter misspelled words; when this happens, practice kindness and forgiveness as you would hope someone would do if you had committed the same offense. If it's a minor "offense," you might want to let it slide. If you feel compelled to respond to a mistake, do so in a private email rather than a public forum.