ENGLISH REVIEWER.docx

ENGLISH REVIEWER 1^st^ Quarter **[Noting Context Clues]** **Context Clues** \- words that appear in sentences to help understand the meaning of difficult words. \- hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to understand the meaning of new or unfamiliar words. *...

ENGLISH REVIEWER 1^st^ Quarter **[Noting Context Clues]** **Context Clues** \- words that appear in sentences to help understand the meaning of difficult words. \- hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to understand the meaning of new or unfamiliar words. **Types of Context Clues** **Definition** \- the unfamiliar words defined in a sentence. **Synonym ** \- a similar word is placed in the same sentence to know the meaning of the unfamiliar word. **Antonym**  \- an opposite word is placed in the same sentence. **Comparison ** \- a similar word with the same meaning of the unfamiliar word is placed with an object to be compared. **Example ** \- sample are provided in the sentence to understand the meaning of the unfamiliar word. **Explanation ** \- a description is given to understand the meaning of the unfamiliar word. **Cause-Effect**  \- the meaning of the difficult word depends on the cause-effect relationship or other words as expressed in the sentence. **List or series of clues ** \- to understand the meaning of the unknown word, it is included in a series of words given in a sentence. **Inference ** \- to understand the meaning of the unknown word, one has to make a guess based on the description given in the sentence. **[Writing a Bibliography]** **Reasons why you need to Cite or List the Sources:** It gives credit to the authors. It provides you and the reader with more information about the sources. It shows the writer\'s credibility, referring to whether his/her sources are reliable. It prevents plagiarism, an act of stealing someone else\'s ideas and presenting them as your own. **Bibliography** \- is taken from the Greek word \"biblion\" which means \"book\" and \"graphia\" which means \"to write.\"  \- contains an alphabetical list of sources like books,\" periodicals, and websites used by the writer or researcher. A research paper should contain a bibliography written on a separate page and should be located at the end of the paper.  Each entry uses a hanging indention, also known as a second line indentation. There are many styles or formats in citing or listing sources, depending on the subject.  **Three main citation styles** **American Psychological Association (APA) Style**  \- which is used in social and behavioral sciences. **Modern Language Association (MLA) Style**  \- which is used for writing papers on literature and related subjects like theater or film. **Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)** **-** which is often used in many academic fields, especially in the humanities and social sciences. **Types and formats of sources of information** **Print Sources** \- these are sources that have been published in printed format, such as books and periodicals. **1. Books** \- these are the most common and reliable sources of information. **Format:** Author\'s last name and first name. Title of Book: Subtitle. Place of publication: Name of Publisher. Year of publication. **Note:** Two or more authors should be listed in the order as they appear as authors, and not necessarily alphabetically. For sources with more than ten authors, include only the first seven in the bibliography followed by et.al - a Latin phrase which means \"and others.\" **2. Periodicals**  \- these are magazines, scholarly journals, newspapers, and newsletters published at regular intervals.  \- publication dates are essential when citing periodical sources. **a. Journal** - it is a scholarly published periodical containing articles written by researchers, professors, and other experts. **Format:** Author\'s last name and first name. \"Title of Article.\" Journal Title, Issue information. **b. Magazine** - it is a periodical publication that contains stories, essays, pictures, and the like, usually published every week or month. **Format:** Author\'s last name and first name. \"Title of Article.\" Magazine Title, Issue Date. **c. Newspaper** - it is a periodical that is printed and distributed usually daily or weekly containing news, opinions, features, and advertisements. **Format:** Author\'s last name and first name. \"Title of Article.\"  Newspaper name. Month, Day, and Year. **Online Sources ** \- these refer to any materials or information taken from the internet.  \- other terms for online sources are \"electronic sources\", \"web sources", and \"internet sources\". **1. Website** \- this refers to the collection of files and related resources accessible through the World Wide Web and organized under a domain name. **Format:** Author\'s last name and first name. \"Page Title.\" Website Title, Published Date/Access Date. URL. **2. E-Books** \- these are books that are read on a computer or electronic devices.  \- are cited exactly as a printed book with the addition of a format at the end of the citation: Kindle, PDF, EPUB, etc.  \- if books are referred online, include the URL at the end of the citation. **Format:** Author\'s last name and first name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Name of Publisher. Year of publication. Format or URL. **3. Online Journals ** \- these are journals read from digital libraries or online databases. **Format: ** Author\'s Surname, First Name. \"Article Title.\" Journal Title Volume, No. Issue (Year): Page range of article. URL of journal article webpage or Name of database. **4.Online Magazine and Online Newspaper**  \- these are the online versions of magazines and newspapers. \- both sources have the same format in writing a bibliography entry. **Format:** Author\'s last name, first name. \"Article Title.\" Newspaper/Magazine Title, Month, Day, Year. URL. **[Modals]** **Modal Verbs** \- are auxiliary or helping verbs which modify or change the meaning of the main verbs. \- you use modal verbs in giving advice or suggestions, in making requests, or in giving predictions and prohibitions. \- are used to add information to the main **Uses of Modal** **Really certain** - will, shall, must, won\'t/will not, shan\'t/shall not, can\'t/cannot **Very likely** - should, ought to **Possibility** - may, might, could **Strong obligation** - must, have to, need to **Weak obligation** - should, ought to **No obligation** - needn\'t/need not, don\'t need to/do not need to, don\'t have to/do not have to **Permission** - can, may, could, might **No permission** - can\'t/ cannot, may not, must not **Offer** - will, shall **Request** - will, would, could **Promise** - will **Decision** - will **Advice and suggestion** - shall, should, shouldn\'t/should not **Ability** - can, could **General truth** - can, may **Modal Nouns** \- these words are used as nouns that express modality. \- are mostly names of qualities or states. \- are similar to modal verbs in a way that they also express modal meaning. \- are different from modal verbs in the way they are used in a sentence. \- name a quality, state, or condition that state modality. **Uses of Modal** **Possibility** - the condition or fact of being possible. **Obligation** - a condition or feeling of being obligated or required. **Necessity** - the quality or state of being in need. **Ability** - the quality or state of being able. **Permission** - the right or ability to do something given by someone who has the power to allow or disallow. **Request** - the condition or state of being requested or sought after. **Promise** - a declaration to do or refrain from doing something. **Chance** - the condition or fact of a particular outcome in an uncertain situation. **Requirement** - a condition that something is needed or must be done. **Responsibility** - the quality or state of being responsible. **Capacity** - the quality or state of being able to do something. **Modal adverbs** \- describe or give more meaning or information to verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. \- used in the given sentences describe the adjective and modal verbs or expressions found in each sentence. **Uses of Modals** **Possibly** - used to state that something is possible to happen. **Certainly** - in a manner that is sure of without a doubt. **Obligately** -- in an obligate or necessary manner. **Necessarily** - used to state that something is necessary or needed. **Ably** -- in a skillful or competent manner. **Requisitely** - used to state something is essential or important for a promising manner. **Promisingly** - in a particular purpose. **Decidedly** - in a manner that is free from doubt. **Responsibly** - in a responsible manner. **Permissively** - used to state something that is granted or given permission. **[Using Transition Signals]** **Transition Signals** \- are words and phrases that connect ideas of sentences and paragraphs for coherence. \- they also indicate building up new idea or thought or compare ideas or draw conclusions. **Common Types of Transition Signals** **Comparison/Contrast** - points out alternatives or differences. **Comparison: Contrast** as but also despite likewise however similarly even though in the same way on the contrary **Chronology** -- helps define time. **Chronology:** after before during first later next simultaneously soon **Cause/Effect** -- shows the consequence of an action. **Cause: Effect:** accordingly consequently because as a result due to therefore since so **Illustration/Example** -- adds emphasis or introduce evidence. **Illustration: Example:** to demonstrate for example specifically such as truly namely **Addition** -- adds information or reinforces ideas. **Addition:** furthermore also moreover and in addition as well equally important then **Clarification** -- shows support. **Clarification:** that is in other words to put it in another way I mean under certain circumstances in this case **Qualification** -- presents conditions or intentions. **Qualification:** almost with this in mind probably frequently possibly never **Summary/Conclusion** -- restates ideas. **Summary: Conclusion:** as can be seen in the long run given this point in conclusion to summarize to conclude to sum up therefore so finally **[Expressing Emotional Responses Using a Range of: Verbs, Adjectives and Adverbs]** **Verbs** \- can be used in expressing opinions and emotions to persuade or convince ** Linking Verbs** \- this verb links or connects the subject to its predicate. \- the predicate states or tells information about the subject which could be an emotion or a description. Example: am appreciate think is believe deny was feel doubt were know dislike love disagree seem want Modal Verbs \- these are verbs that express suggestion or recommendation which is an effective way to convince or persuade. \- to further clarity the difference of each modal, they are arranged from weaking to strongest in terms of expressing a suggestion or recommendation. **Types of Modal Verbs** **Could** -- it is used to give a suggestion which a person may or may not follow. **Should** -- it is also used to give a suggestion but more insistent that the modal could. **Ought to** -- it is used to formally give an advice or a recommendation usually coming from an expert. **Had better** -- ir is used to give a recommendation by presenting the possible negative consequence if the advice is not followed. **Must** -- it is used to show a strong obligation that needs to be followed. **Using Adjectives to Express Emotional Responses** **Adjectives Showing Positive Emotions** Happy Thankful Satisfied Glad Inspired Excited Inspired Objective Strong Delighted Helpful Amused Secured Safe Supportive Encouraging Active Carefree Hopeful Better **Adjectives Showing Negative Emotions** Sad Resentful Scared Discouraged Unsupportive Harsh Afraid Desperate Boring Insulting Unsure Weak Embarrassed Helpless Discouraging Regretful Dangerous Anxious Insignificant Dissatisfied Worst **Using Adverbs to Express Emotional Responses** Adverbs of Opinion \- this type of adverbs emphasizes the intensity of your stand or opinion. \- they help clarify your belief about certain issues. **Fortunately** -- owing to good luck or favor. **Strongly** -- firmly grounded. **Clearly** -- clear manner. **Obviously/Evidently** -- very evident or easily seen **Personally** -- in a personal way or as far as oneself is concerned. **Truthfully/Truthful** -- telling the truth **Disappointingly** -- unhappy because of failing to meet expectations. **Completely** -- entirely or nothing is missing. **Definitely** -- exact or certain. **Really/Actually** -- in reality or emphasizing a point. **Unfortunately** -- unlucky or unfavored. **Hopefully** -- expressing desire or hope. **Surely/Absolutely** -- in a sure manner or without doubt. **Probably** -- likely to happen.