Reading and Writing Strategies PDF

## Reading and Writing **Reading** * Defined according to two types (Lapp and Flood, 1978): * A decoding process (breaking down of written codes) * A comprehension process **Defining Reading** * Reading can be defined as a cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning from a te...

## Reading and Writing **Reading** * Defined according to two types (Lapp and Flood, 1978): * A decoding process (breaking down of written codes) * A comprehension process **Defining Reading** * Reading can be defined as a cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning from a text. It is always an interaction between the text and the reader. * Is a process carried out and used by a reader to acquire a message which is conveyed by a writer through words. * When you read the text, your eyes are not only glancing at symbols on a page, but rather comprehending them. **Reading is also a skill that can be improved through consistent practice. In order to comprehend the text we apply many sub-skills simultaneously while we read.** * Identifying the author's purpose * Grasping the main ideas of the text * Locating important details * Using context clues to understand unfamiliar words * Answering specific questions * Analyzing the text points * Critiquing the text **Why Do We Read?** * To develop a broad background * To anticipate and predict * To create motivation and interest * To build a good vocabulary * For pleasure and enjoyment **Benefits of Reading** 1. Exposes readers to accurate spelling and correct forms of writing 2. Shows readers how to write more complex sentences 3. Invites readers to be more experimental in their own writing 4. Allows readers to hear the thoughts of others **Pre-Reading Strategies/Most Common Styles of Reading** 1. Previewing 2. Scanning 3. Skimming 4. Intensive reading 5. Extensive Reading 6. Recalling background knowledge ### 1. Previewing * Means surveying a text quickly before you read it carefully. * You preview when you want to get information. * Can help you with your reading. When you preview a passage, you get some ideas about it. This way, your brain is already thinking about the topic when you start reading. * Previewing is a pre-reading skill by which the reader tries to gather as much information about the text as he/she can before reading it. This gathering of information helps the reader to have a general picture of the text. ### 1. Scanning * Is a reading technique which is done by looking at the most important details of a text in a quick manner. * Allows readers to locate "specific information" like names, dates, places, statistics, or facts which are usually noticeable in a text. * Skips a large section or part of a text. * Examples: bus ticket, wedding invitation, pie graph ### 2. Skimming * Is also a speed type of reading. * Focuses on the "main idea" or "general overview" of a text. * Compels readers to find the "topic sentence" which summarizes the whole text itself. * Does not give much attention to small details present in a text. * Examples: newspaper, magazine, travel brochure ### 3. Intensive Reading * Requires readers to read and familiarize even the smallest details of a text * Is applied when there is a specific task given, and an output is expected from the learners. * Examples: * List the events that happened in the story in a chronological order. * Cite all the elements of the story analyzed ### 4. Extensive Reading * Is done for "fun" and "pastime". * Is loose and comfortable since no task or output is expected after reading. * Develops general reading skills. * Examples: story books, comics, tales, riddles, jokes ### Summary **Scanning:** A reading technique which is done by looking at the most important details of a text in a quick manner. **Skimming:** Also a speed type of reading that focuses on the "main idea" or "general overview" of a text. **Intensive Reading:** Requires readers to read and familiarize even the smallest details of a text since a task is going to be accomplished after reading. **Extensive Reading:** Is done for "fun" & "pastime" and is loose & comfortable since no task or output is expected after reading. ## 5. Recalling Background Knowledge Which means that as you read, you make sense of the text by seeing how it fits with what you already know. Your background knowledge is informed by your experience; thus, the more you connect new knowledge and information to what you already know, the more your comprehension will increase. ## During Reading Strategies ### 1. Using Context Clues * Are words, phrases, and sentences that surround an unfamiliar word that can help you recognize the meaning of an unknown word because the text gives you information about it. **Context Clues** are hints a reader can use to discover the meanings of unfamiliar words and phrases. Authors use different types of **context clues:** * Examples * Synonyms * Antonyms * Definitions ### 1. Synonyms * Are used when the text has words or phrases that are similar in meaning to the unknown word. Synonym clues may be signaled by the following words “like or as”. ### 2. Antonyms * Is a word that reveals the opposite meaning in relation to the unknown word. When you see words like "although, but, despite, instead, in contrast, unlike, however, even though, on the contrary, and conversely," these are used to show contrasting ideas. ### 3. Examples * Are specific details in a text that are used to clarify the meaning of a word. ## Writing * A method of representing language in visual or tactile form. * A system of graphic symbols that can be used to convey meaning. ## Why Do We Write? * Express * Entertain * Inform * Describe * Solve problems * Explain * Persuade * Explore and learn ## Benefits of Writing 1. Allows writers to voice their thoughts. 2. Provides writers with a vehicle to use their imaginations. 3. Gives writers a chance to engage in a conversation with other writers. 4. Aids writers in reading critically of other works. 5. Motivates writers to engage with the texts they are reading.