Reading and Writing Strategies Past Paper PDF

REVIEWER: Reading and Writing Lesson: Reading Process and Reading 2. During-Reading Strategies Strategies Context Clues...

REVIEWER: Reading and Writing Lesson: Reading Process and Reading 2. During-Reading Strategies Strategies Context Clues - Words, phrases. And sentences that Reading surround an unfamiliar word that can - Is a cognitive process of decoding symbols to help us recognize the meaning of it. derive meaning from a text. Using context clues allows us to read - It is an interaction between the text and the more fluently and increases our reader. vocabulary. - It is also a skill that can be improvised through consistent practice. Common types of Context clues 1. Synonyms 1. Pre-reading Strategies - Used when the unfamiliar word is compared to - Getting an overview of the text. a word with a similar meaning. Previewing - Compare with words such as “like” “as” - looking at the readily visible parts of the 2. Antonyms texts, like title and subtitles and also visuals - Reveals the opposite meaning of the and graphs, pictures, and charts. unfamiliar word. - allow you to make predictions and enable you - Uses words such as “but” “despite” “even to anticipate information about what you’re though” etc. about to read. 3. Examples To preview a text, you may: - Are specific details in a text that are used to - Identify purpose for reading. clarify the meaning of a word. - Examine titles and subtitles. 4. Explanations and Definitions - Browse introduction and conclusion. - Explanations : given as clues to describe an - Look at visual elements. unfamiliar word. Uses phrases like “because” Skimming and Scanning “that is” etc. - Skimming : looking for the main point and - Definitions : may follow an unfamiliar word. identifying ideas that develop it. Involves Uses terms like “is” “means” “is defined as” going through beginning and concluding “refers to” etc. sentences of paragraphs. 5. Situations - Scanning : looking for specific details of - This is the situation where the word is used. information. You already have a specific detail - The meaning may vary depending on the you’re looking for. Useful for doing research context or where the word was used. and taking an examination. Denotation and Connotation Recalling Background Knowledge ❖ Denotation : is the literal meaning of a - as we read a text we try to connect it from word that can be found in a what we already know. Our background dictionary. knowledge is informed by our experiences. ❖ Connotation : is a word that has feelings, attitudes, ideas or  association with a word. Can be ❖ When and where give us limited positive, neutral or negative. answers. Read Types of Connotation - Highlighter and pencils are a must when 1. Positive reading to mark important details such as - Favorable associations toward a word. names, dates, concepts, and key points. Your 2. Negative goal is to to read the chapter thoroughly - Unfavorable feelings or ideas toward a word. Recite 3. Neutral - To say something out loud. - Objective or unbiased associations with a - After each section, stop and test your word. comprehension. - Recite the answers to your guide questions. 1. SQRRR - Write out your answers. Survey - To preview a text before you read it. Review 3 goals of Surveying - Recall knowledge by looking at the headings. 1. To get a general overview - Skim over underlined and annotated words. 2. To observe the writer’s style and - Add additional margin notes and markings. organization. 3. To get an idea of the text’s natural Lesson: Patterns of Written Text break or divisions. How to survey a text? 1. Paragraph 1. Read the title. - A group of sentences that convey an idea and 2. Read introductory material. create an overall thought or impression 3. Formulate a general question about the overall point. Parts of a paragraph 4. Read the first sentence of each heading. 1. Topic sentence- main point of the paragraph. 5. Look at the visuals. 2. Supporting sentences- details and examples 6. Read all bold-printed and italicized words. to prove the main point. 7. Read summaries and questions. 3. Clincher- wraps up the point of the paragraph. Question 2. Writing Patterns - Turn heading or subheading into questions to - A.k.a Patterns of Paragraph Development. guide your reading - A specific strategy used by writers to ❖ What? develop ideas in a paragraph. ❖ Who? - Helps to make sense of the different pieces ❖ Why? of information. ❖ How? 3. Narration - To narrate or tell a story. 2  - Emphasizes the what, when, and where of - Exemplification is when a writer uses something that happened. examples to illustrate and further explain an - Comes along with effective sequencing of idea. events in a chronological order. - Classification organizes ideas on concepts, Take note: groups or categories based on criteria and Action words and transitional words characterize a relationships between the items. narrative paragraph. 7. Cause and Effect 4. Description - Discusses why something happens and what - Gives characteristics or details on what an the result will be. object, a person or place looks like. Used for - May be a paragraph emphasizing a cause tangible things. (starts with an effect) or a paragraph Types of senses emphasizing an effect (starts with causes). 1. Sight (Vision) 8. Comparison and Contrast 2. Hearing (Auditory) - Comparing : similarities 3. Smell (Olfactory) - Contrasting : differences 4. Taste (Gustatory) - Used in organizing people, events, places or 5. Touch (Tactile) things based on their similarities and 6. Movement (Kinesthetic) differences. 7. Emotions (Organic) - There are 2 approaches : separately or 2 types of description side-by-side - Objective description is used to describe factual 9. Problem-Solution and scientific characteristics. - Presents a problem that needs to be resolved. - Subjective description is used in favor of the - States a concerning issue then follows with a writer's own perspective. solution. - 3 main parts : topic sentence, body sentences, 5. Definition - To explain or give a comprehensive and ending sentence. understanding of a concept, a term or an idea. 10. Persuasion Used for Intangible things. - Describes an issue and states his/her - May define a term by its characteristics, position.The goal is to convince the readers to functions, example, origin or effect. agree with your position in a particular topic 2 types of definition or issue. - Scientific definition defines concepts in a factual - 3 main parts : topic sentence, body sentences, way, and closing sentence. - Subjective definition defines complex terms in a personal way. 6. Exemplification and Classification 3  Can be achieved by: ★ Using topic sentence at the beginning of the paragraph; Lesson: Evaluating Written Text Based on its ★ Placing major ideas in another paragraph; and Properties ★ Sequencing the ideas in logical order by numbering. Organization - Cohesion helps ideas to become meaningful by - Refers on how ideas in the text are organized sticking the ideas together at the sentence or how the paragraph is arranged with its level. introduction, body, and conclusion. Can be achieved by : ★ Using transitional devices, pronouns, 1. Sequential order subordinate and coordinators, and lexical - arranging a text in chronological order or time, patterning. process or sequence, and narration of events. Signal words : first, second, third, primarily, 1. Transitional devices following, etc. Giving emphasis : indeed, importantly, in fct, furthermore, and moreover 2. Spatial order Stating contrast : in contrast, conversely, compared - Pertains to space, position, or location of people or to, another point things. Summarizing : finally, overall, lastly, to sum up, and in - describes geographical location of things or people conclusion Signal words : above, below, inside, outside, nearby, Giving examples : for instance, for example, namely, etc. such as Adding similar points : similarly, likewise, again, and 3. Complexity order also - refers to logical order from simple to complex, inductive to deductive, cause and effect, and problem 2. Pronouns and solution. - he, she, they, them, it, etc -can also be done by defining and illustrating.. Signal words : for, because, since, due to, so that, 3. Coordinators and Subordinators therefore, etc. 4. Lexical Patterning 4. Listing order - means changing the function of the word into - ordering of ideas following the alphabet. another part of speech. - can also be done by enumerating ideas through numbers in ascending or descending order. Language Use - Refers to style or register, denotative and Coherence and Cohesion connotative language, figures of speech, and - Coherence is helpful when jumping from one idiomatic expression. idea to another. 4  Mechanics - Concerned with spelling, punctuation marks, 1. Register or Style abbreviation, indention, and capitalization. - either spoken or written, and formal or informal. 3 dimensions of register or style ★ Field - language used in a certain profession. ★ Tenor - refers to the formality or informality of language used. ★ Mode - refers to the medium of communication whether it is spoken or written. 2. Denotative and Connotative language - Denotative : literal meaning, can be fined in a dictionary - Connotative : subjective and figurative meaning. 3. Figures of speech. - phrase that has an implied meaning and should not be taken seriously or literally Lesson: Claims ★ Simile Claim - a statement that is not considered - Comparing things, ideas, and people accepted by all and may be unverified or figuratively using words such as like or as. controversial to a certain degree. It is usually ★ Metaphor related to one side of an issue. If so, the - Used in comparing figuratively without using claim is also called a Position. like or as. Characteristics of a Good Claim ★ Personification - should be argumentative and - Giving human characteristics or actions to non debatable human things. - should be specific and focused ★ Hyperbole - should be interesting and engaging - Exaggeration of statements to create a - should be logical literary effect. Explicit - Explicit information is any idea that ★ Oxymoron is stated. With explicit Information, you see - Placing two opposite things beside each other the text explained. There is no need to look or together for clues. Implicit - Implicit information is understood 4. Idiomatic Expression but it is not stated. To find implicit - expressions that do not give literal meaning of the information in what is read, you will have to words but they have figurative meaning. think about what you read. This is where the 5  ability to make inferences based an clues - Which claims endorse what is good or within the text is applied right? Types of Claim - What qualities should be considered ★ Claim of Fact - statement that presents good? Why? ideas as true or false. It is something that - Which of these values contend with has existed (past), exists (present), or will others? Which ones are more exist (future) which could also be verified important, and why? Whose standards using actual evidence. are used? HOW CAN WE EXAMINE CLAIMS OF FACT - What are some concrete examples of ○ Are the author's claims backed by such value? research findings ○ Did the author use a credible source ★ Claim of Policy - statement that presents of information ideas as solutions to problems,usually involving ○ Did the author accurately deliver the groups, organization or society iN general data presented by the original source (should, ought, must) or was the statement a product of his PROOF REQUIRES: or her own conclusion? - Making proposed action clear ○ Is this issue related to a possible - Need (justification) cause or effect? - Plan (must workable) ○ Is this statement true or false? How - Benefit (advantages) can truthfulness be verified? - Consider opposition counter ○ Is this claim controversial or arguments debatable? HOW CAN WE EXAMINE CLAIMS OF POLICY? - Does the claim suggest a specific ★ Claim of Value - statement that presents remedy to solve the problem? ideas as good or bad, right or wrong, better - Is the policy clearly defined? or worse. These claims are often influenced - Is the need for the policy by morals, beliefs, and preferences. established? Proof requires: - Is the policy the best one available? - Establishing the standards for For when? According to whose evaluation standards? - Note the priority of the value in this - How does the policy solve the instance problem? - Establish the advantage of your standards - Use examples to clarify abstract values - Use credible authorities for support HOW CAN WE EXAMINE CLAIMS OF VALUE? 6