Earth Science Reviewer Midterms Q1 PDF

Earth Science Reviewer Earth’s unique Characteristics Location Size and Mass Magnetic Field Factors That Make’s The Earth Unique TEMPERATURE - It influences how quickly atoms, molecules, or organisms move. WATER - Absence of this will interfere reactions necessary for life....

Earth Science Reviewer Earth’s unique Characteristics Location Size and Mass Magnetic Field Factors That Make’s The Earth Unique TEMPERATURE - It influences how quickly atoms, molecules, or organisms move. WATER - Absence of this will interfere reactions necessary for life. Water on Earth -Ocean Water 97% ❖ Fresh Water 3% -Glaciers 70% -Underground 29% -Rivers and Likes 1% ATMOSPHERE - It provides significant insulation or shielding from the sun and impact of small to medium size meteorites. -Nitrogen 78% -Oxygen 21% -Carbon Dioxide 0.04% -Other Gases(mostly argon) 0.96% ENERGY- Earth has available energy–rich sunlight to support life Earth is located in the Habitable zone (Goldilocks zone) Photosynthesis: 1. The plant draws up water through its roots 2. The leaves take in from the air 3. The leaves trap energy from sunlight 4. The plant uses the energy of sunlight to turn water into sugars and oxygen 5. The plant releases oxygen into the air 6. The plant uses the sugars for growth NUTRIENTS - an essential factor used to build and maintain organism's body structure. -Water, carbon and oxygen, phosphate and nitrogen cycle are processes that recycle nutrients. Four Earth’s Subsystem System- A set of interconnected components that are interacting to form a unified whole. 3 types of Subsystem ➔ Open System ➔ Closed System ➔ Isolated System Ecosystem- A geographic area where plants, animals and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life. Ecology- The study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Earth System- Is essentially a closed system. -The EARTH receive energy from the sun and returns some energy to space. The Earth Subsystems BIOSPHERE- The zone of Earth where all forms of life exist in the sea, on land, and in water. Biosphere is a very thin layer of the Earth's surface -Atmosphere(Air) -Hydrosphere(Water) -Lithosphere(Earth) HYDROSPHERE-The surface of the Earth is about 71% water and the remaining 29% is land. ATMOSPHERE- The atmosphere supports life. Air acts as both a blanket and a filter, Atmospheric Circulation- One of the most important processes by which heat on the Earth's surface redistributed. GEOSPHERE- The solid Earth, from the core, mantle, and crust of the Earth. Physical and Chemical Properties Of a Mineral MINERALS- is a naturally occurring, is not man-made or machine-generated, inorganic, is not a byproduct of living things. Mineralogists use the criteria to determine whether a material is classified as a mineral or not. Characteristics of Minerals 01. Naturally occurring a product of Earth's natural processes 02. Inorganic it must be a product of Earth's physical processes. 03. Homogeneous solid minerals should have definite volume and rigid shape 04. Definite chemical composition represented by a chemical formula 05. Orderly crystalline structure atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern 2 Properties of Minerals 01 PHYSICAL PROPERTY- describe their characteristics and behavior under various physical conditions. 02 CHEMICAL PROPERTY- related to the composition of the minerals and other substances that make up the rock. These properties provide insight into the rock's chemical makeup, reactivity, and how it may interact with its environment. Physical Properties Of Minerals  1. COLOR- Is the most obvious property of a mineral, and it is often used in identification. 2. STREAK- refers to the color of the fine powder of a mineral, 3. HARDNESS- The resistance of a mineral to scratching, 4. CLEAVAGE- The tendency of a rock to break 5. CRYSTAL HABIT- Refers to the overall shape or growth pattern of the mineral 6. LUSTER- is the quality and intensity of light reflected from the surface of a mineral. -METTALIC LUSTER:(Shiny) Gold, Hematite, Galena -NON-METALLIC LUSTER:( Do not reflect light) Quartz, Fluorite, Calcite 7. FRACTURE- the manner in which mineral breaks. 8. SPECIFIC GRAVITY- is the weight of the substance relative to the weight of an equal volume of water. 9. TENACITY- describes the minerals reaction to stress. Types Of Tenacity 01. BRITTLENESS a mineral turns into powder 02. MALLEABILITY a mineral can be flattened by pounding with a hammer 03. DUCTILITY A mineral can be stretched into wire. 04. FLEXIBLE BUT INELASTIC minerals are bent but they remain in the new position. 05. FLEXIBLE AND ELASTIC Minerals are bent, and they bring back to their original position. 06. SECTILE Mineral's ability to be sliced by a knife MINERAL CLASSES AND THE ROCKS-FORMING MINERALS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Geologists classify minerals based on their chemical elements. Out of over 3,500 known minerals, only 50 to 100 are common or valuable. Most of Earth's crust is made up of nine rock-forming minerals. Seven of these are silicates, while the other two, calcite and dolomite, are carbonates. Classification of minerals based on their chemical compositions minerals 01. SILICATES- silicon and oxygen. largest group of minerals 90% of earth’s crust(feldspar -60% of earth’s crust) 02. OXIDES- minerals composed of oxygen anion (magnetite-attracted to magnets, hematites-handles hinges) 03. SULFATES- minerals containing sulfur and oxygen. (soft and translucent) 04. SULFIDES- minerals containing sulfur and a metal; (heavy and brittle) 05. CARBONATES- minerals containing the carbonate (CO3)2 06. NATIVE ELEMENTS minerals that form as individual elements. a. Metals and Intermetals- minerals with high thermal and electrical conductivity, typically with metallic luster, low hardness (gold, lead) b. Semi-metals minerals- that are more fragile than metals and have lower conductivity (arsenic, bismuth) c. Nonmetals- nonconductive (sulfur, diamond) 07. HALIDES minerals containing halogen elements combined with one or more metals 08. PHOSPHATES Often formed when other minerals are broken down by weathering and they are often brightly colored (brightly colored) 09. MINERALOIDS The term used for those substances that do not fit into one of the eight classes of minerals 4 Different factors that influence the formation of a Certain mineral. 1. Temperature 2. Time 3. Pressure 4. Concentration & availability of ions in a solution Under some conditions, minerals can be formed from solids and gases. gas to solid = deposition liquid to solid= Solidification Examples 1. Silicates - Feldspar 2. Oxides - Magnetite 3. Sulfates - Gypsum 4. Sulfides -Pyrite 5. Carbonates - Dolomite 6Native elements 7. Halides - Halite/Table Salt 8. Phosphates - Apatite What is (are) the importance of minerals in our daily life? 1. Construction and Infrastructure 2. Electronics and Technology 3. Energy Production 4. Manufacturing and Industry 5. Agriculture 6. Health and Medicine 7. Jewelry and Ornaments 8. Environmental Applications 9. Art and Culture Rocks Rocks is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals. The rock cycle describes the processes through which the three main rock types (igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary) transform from one type into another. Three Rock Types Igneous Rock- formed from hardening and crystallization of magma Two types of igneous rock A. Extrusive/Volcanic rock - forms when magma makes its way to Earth's surface as lava and then cools (the cooling process is fast). B. Intrusive/Plutonic - It cools slowly beneath the Earth surface and are created by magma (coarse-grained). Igneous rocks are classified based on 1. Composition- it refers to rock's mineral and chemical make-up. Felsic - igneous rocks that are light in colors; feldspar and silicates Mafic - dark-colored igneous rocks made up of magnesium, calcium and iron Intermediate - refers to igneous rocks between mafic and felsic composition. Ultramafic - denotes igneous rocks that composed chiefly of mafic minerals. 2. Texture - overall appearance of a rock based on the size, shape, and arrangement of interlocking mineral crystals. Aphanitic - fine-grained rocks with crystals seen by aid of microscope. Phaneritic - coarse-grained rocks Porphyritic - large crystals with small crystals Glassy - a rock that looks like colored glass with no visible mineral crystal. Pyroclastic- results from explosive fragmentation of volcanic material. EXAMPLE: GLASSY (Obsidian) APHANITIC (Basalt) PYROCLASTIC (Tuff) PHANERITIC (Diorite) PORYPHYRITIC (Feldspar Crystals) Sedimentary rocks- provide information about surface conditions that existed in the Earth's past. Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of materials called sediments, accumulate in layers and over long period of time harden into rocks. Compaction-due to increase of pressure of layered sediments it bind together to form the sedimentary rocks. Three types of sedimentary rocks a. Clastic Sedimentary rock - formed from accumulation of clasts: little pieces of broken rocks and shells. Examples: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale b. Chemical - formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution. Example: Halite - formed when a body of seawater becomes closed off and evaporates, Gypsum, Chert, Travertine. c. Organic - rocks formed from the accumulation of animal debris Example: Coal composed of organic matter in the form of plants fragments, Chalk, Limestone with Fossils. Metamorphic Rocks from pre-existing rocks: either metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary or other metamorphic rocks that have been altered by agents of metamorphism. Examples: quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite Metamorphism- transformation of one rock type into another. 2 types of metamorphism 1. Regional- due to changes in pressure and temperature over large region of the crust. It may happen when rock is buried deep below the surface of the earth. 2. Contact- the rock minerals and textures are changed mainly by heat due to contact with magma. Classification of Metamorphic Rock 1.Texture - refers to the size arrangement and grains within the rock. Foliation - any planar arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within the rock. a. Foliated rocks - can be arranged in terms of increasing metamorphism, and it appeared layered or banded with compressed mineral grains. Example: mica b. Non-foliated rocks - usually made up of only few minerals. Andesite: Andesite is an igneous rock that contains the minerals feldspar, quartz, and feldspathoid. Basalt is an igneous rock containing alkali feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, and feldspathoid. Chert is a sedimentary rock containing microcrystalline quartz. Coal is a sedimentary rock that mainly contains carbon. Gneiss is a metamorphic rock rich in the minerals feldspar and quartz. Slate is a metamorphic rock containing mica, chlorite, and quartz. Examples of Metamorphic rocks Foliated (direct heat and pressure) Non-Foliated Gneiss Marble Schist Quartzite Slate Phyllite Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks ANDESITE CHALK GARNET AMPHIBOLITE DIORITE LIMESTONE SLATE BASALT SANDSTONE SPALERITE ORE ROCK GABBRO MARBLE PUMICE SCHIST GRANITE ECLOGITE RHYOLITE JADEITE OBSIDIAN GNEISS PEGMATITE PHYLLITE PERIDOTITE SCORIA TUFF Mineral and Ore Deposit MINERAL DEPOSIT- Designates a natural occurrence of a useful mineral It is a "geologic" term ORE DEPOSIT- Denotes a mineral deposit of sufficient extent and concentration to invite exploitation. It is an "economic" term MINERAL EXPLORATION- a complete sequence of activities which aims to discover deposits of minerals and rocks that can be used to meet the resource needs of society. HISTORY OF MINING FLINT First mineral used It is because of its conchoidal fracturing pattern, could be broken into sharp- edged pieces that were useful as scrapers, knives and arrowheads. MINING Process of mineral extraction from a rock seam or ore. ROCK SEAM or ORE Natural rock or sediment containing one or more valuable mineral. MODERN MINING TECHNOLOGY -Uses geophysical techniques that involve measuring the magnetic, gravity and sonic responses of rocks above and around a prospective mineral ore body. TWO METHODS OF MINING A. SURFACE MINING- Used to extract ore minerals near the surface of the Earth Soil and rocks that covered the ores are removed through blasting. BLASTING- A controlled use of explosives and gas exposure to break rocks SOME EXAMPLES OF SURFACE MINING 1. OPEN-PIT MINING- Most common type of surface mining Open pit means "big hole" (or pit) in the ground Used to mine gravel, sand and even rock. 2. STRIP MINING- Involves the removal of a thin strip of overburden (earth or soil) above a desired deposit, dumping the removed overburden behind the deposit, extracting the desired deposit, creating a second, parallel strip in the same manner and depositing the waste materials from that second (new) strip onto the first strip. 3. DREDGING- Process of mining minerals from the bottom of the body of water, including rivers, lakes and oceans. 4. PLACER MINING- It is mining of stream bed (alluvial) deposits for minerals. This may be done by open- pit or by various surface excavating tunneling equipment. B. UNDERGROUND MINING- Utilized to extract ore minerals from the orebody that is deep under the Earth's surface. MILLING OR MINERAL PROCESSING- Process of extracting minerals from the ore, refining them and preparing these minerals for use. The primary Steps involved in processing minerals include: STEPS IN MINERAL PROCESSING 1. SAMPLING -Removal of a portion which represents a whole needed for analysis of this material. 2. ANALYSIS -Is important to evaluate the valuable component in an ore. Includes chemical, mineral and particle size analysis. 3. COMMINUTION -Process where the valuable components of the ore are separated through crushing and grinding 4. CONCENTRATION -Involves the separation of the valuable minerals from the raw materials. 5. DEWATERING -Involves filtration and sedimentation of the suspension and drying of the solid materials harvested from this suspension. EXAMPLES OF MILLING OR RECOVERY METHODS OR PROCESSES: 3. Flotation – The powdered ore is placed into an agitated and frothy slurry where some minerals and metals based on physical and chemical properties may either sink to the bottom or may stick to the bubbles and rise to the top thus separating the minerals and metals from the waste. 4. Cyanide Heap Leaching – Method used for low-grade gold ore where the crushed rock is placed on a "leach pile" where cyanide solution is sprayed or dripped on top of the pile.