Earth and Life Science Reviewer PDF

4 Spheres Atmosphere Composition Atmosphere-A mixture of gases in layer of earth Nitrogen-78% Hydrosphere-Earths water Oxygen-20.95% Geosphere-The solid of Earth Argon-0.93% Biosphere-The zone inhabi...

4 Spheres Atmosphere Composition Atmosphere-A mixture of gases in layer of earth Nitrogen-78% Hydrosphere-Earths water Oxygen-20.95% Geosphere-The solid of Earth Argon-0.93% Biosphere-The zone inhabited by life Other Gases-0.04% Terretrial Planets/Jovian Planets Mineral Properties Earth Jupiter 1.Color 6.Crystal Form Venus Saturn 2.Streak 7.Specific Gravity Mercury Uranus 3.Luster 8.Others Mars Neptune 4.Hardness 5.Fracture/Cleavage Breaks unevenly/Breaks Straight Rocks And Minerals Minerals are the ingredients of rocks or rocks are made of minerals Identifying Characteristic of Rocks Igneos Sedimentary Metamorphic Intergrown crystal Cemented fragments Banding Glassy Texture (sediments) Foliated Fossils Organic Material The three states of matter are: SOLID, LIQUID, GAS -bringing about the changes in arrangement in surface of the earth 2 types of gemorphic process Exogenic Process -process occur in surface of earth surface Endogenic Process -processes beneath of the earth surface DEGRATION PROCESSES Weathering -breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface Mass Wasting -downhill movement of soil and rock due to gravity. Erosion -wearing away of the upper layer soil Transportation - move from one place to another TYPES OF WEATHERING Physical or Mechanical Weathering -Exfoliation, Frost Wedging, Salt Wedging Chemical Weathering -Oxidation, Hydrolysis, Carbonation and Solution Biological Weathering -Roots, Lichens, Burrowing animals ENDOGENIC PROCESS Process occur beneath the surface of earth MAGMA mixture of molten rock, minerals and gases Ways to generate magma Types of magma 1.) Decompression Melting -upward movement of mantle 1.) Felsic magma 2.) Transfer of Heat -transfer to surrounding crust 2.) Intermediate magma 3.) Flux Mealting -melting point of rock 3.) Mafic magma 4.) Ultramafic magma Relative Age/Dating  indicates older or younger than another layer based on surroundings Absolute Age exact age or specific as you wanted to be The Principle of Original Horizontality states that sedimentary rocks, left undisturbed, will remain in horizontal layers. Scientists use a basic principle called the Law of Superposition to determine the relative age of a layer of sedimentary rock. Unconformity A break in the geologic record is called an Unconformity. -An unconformity shows that deposition stopped for a period of time and rock may have been removed by erosion before deposition started again. There are three types of unconformities. 1. An unconformity in which stratified (layers) of rock rests upon unstratified rock is called a nonconformity. 2. The boun dary between a set of tilted layers and a set of horizontal layers is called an angular unconformity. 3. The boundary between horizontal layers of old sedimentary rock and younger, overlying layers that are deposited on an eroded surface is called a disconformity. The Law of Crosscutting Relationships states that a fault or intrusion is always younger than all the rocks it cuts through, above and below the unconformity. Bozman Science Law of Superposition Index fossils are fossils that occur only in rock layers of a particular geologic age. Paleontologist scientist who studies the history of life on Earth through the fossil record. Index Fossil qualifications: 1. It must be present in rocks scattered over a large area. 2. It must have features that clearly distinguish it from other fossils. 3. Organisms from which the fossil formed must have lived during a short span of goeologic time. 4. The fossil must occur in fairly large numbers within the rock layers. BASIC CONCEPT OF HAZARD WHAT IS HAZARD? > Are those elements of the physical environment. harmful to man and caused by forces extraneous to him (Burton et al 1978). >A source of potential harm or a situation with a potential to cause loss (Standards Australia 2000) > A natural event that has the potential to cause harm or loss (ADPC 2012). >A phenomenon or situation, which has the potential to cause the disruption or damage to people, their property, their services, and their environment ( USGS Hazard Terminologies). GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS 1. NATURAL HAZARDS – such as earthquakes or floods arise from purely natural processes in the environment. 2. QUASI-NATURAL HAZARDS -such as smog or desertification that arise through the interaction of natural processes and human activities. 3. TECHNOLOGICAL OR HUMAN-MADE HAZARDS - such as the toxicity of pesticides to agricultural lands, accident leaks of chemicals from chemical laboratories or radiation from a nuclear plant. These arise directly as a result of human activities. SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS 1. ATMOSPHERIC (SINGLE ELEMENT) 2. ATMOSPHERIC COMBINED ELEMENTS / EVENTS Excess Rainfall Hurricanes Freezing Rain (Glaze) Glaze storm Hail Thunderstorms Heavy Snow Falls Blizzards High Wind Speeds Tornadoes Extreme temperature Heat/cold stress 2. HYDROLOGIC -Floods -river and coastal ares, Wave action, Drought, Rapid glacier advance 3. BIOLOGIC Floods -Epidemic in humans, Epidemic in plants, Epidemic in animals, Locusts 4. GEOLOGIC -Mass movement, landslides, Mudslides, Avalanches ,Earthquakes, Volcanic eruption, Rapid sediment movement 5. TECHNOLOGIC -Transportation accident, Industrial explosions and fire, Accidents release of toxic elements, Nuclear accidents, Collapse of public buildings, Cyber terrorism IMPACTS OF VARIOUS HAZARDS ON DIFFERENT EXPOSED ELEMENTS > PHYSICAL IMPACT Death of People, Destruction and loss of vital infrastructure like transport system. roads, bridges, power lines, and communication lines, Widespread loss of housing. > PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT Grief and psychological trauma – Post Traumatic Severe Disorder (PTSD) Marital Conflicts, Depression due to loss of loved ones and properties. > SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACT Displacement of population, Loss of cuitural identity, Forced adoption of new sets of culture Ethnic conflicts. > ECONOMIC IMPACT Loss of job due to displacement, Loss of harvest and livestock, Loss of farms. fish cages, and other sources of living. > ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Loss of forests due to forest fires, Loss of fresh water due to salination - intrusion of salt water to fresh water sources Distribution of biodiversity, Loss of natural rivers and other tributaries. > BIOLOGICAL IMPACT Epidemic to people. flora and fauna, Chronic and permanent illnesses due to nuclear radiation, Mental disorder developed from consumption of contaminated foods. 1. Earthquakes -Geologic 2. Cyclones -Atmospheric (Combined Elements/Event) 3. Flash floods - Hydrologic 4. Thunderstorms -Atmospheric (Single Element) 5. Typhoons -Atmospheric (Combined Elements/Event) 6. Storm Surge -Hydrologic 7. Tsunami -Hydrologic 8. Volcanic Eruption -Geologic 9. Cyber Terrorism -Technologic 10. Epidemics -Biologic