Earth Science Reviewer Quarter 1 PDF

EARTH SCIENCE REVIEWER Thermospshere – The beautiful color of aurora borealis or northern lights occur in this Important Biological Factors...

EARTH SCIENCE REVIEWER Thermospshere – The beautiful color of aurora borealis or northern lights occur in this Important Biological Factors atmospheric layer. Characteristic of Earth Necessary to Support Life 2. Geosphere “geos” ROCKS naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals, organic material or natural glass. Regolith 3. Hydrosphere “hydro” Cryosphere – ice Radius: 6,371 km It also plays an important role in Surface area: 510.1 million km² absorption and redistribution of solar radiation. Land area: 148.9 million km² 4. Biosphere Mass: 5.972 × 10^24 kg “bio” It is composed of all living things and the Distance from Sun: 149.6 million km areas where they are found. It includes all Age: 4.543 billion years animals, microbes, and plants. Population: 7.888 billion (2021) World Bank Extension Earth’s Subsystem and Flow of Matter and Energy It is also in this zone that the interaction between the different subsystems is most 1. Atmosphere dynamic. Biogeochemical Cycles It involves biological, geochemical, and chemical factors. It allows the circulation of important nutrients that form and support life like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and water. It also maintains the balance of substances in the different subsystem of the Earth. Any interference and disturbances in the flow of matter and energy may cause damage to any of the subsystems and its components. Minerals Naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure.  The earth is composed of mineral elements, 8. Phosphates either alone or in a myriad of combinations 9. Mineraloid called compounds. 1. Crystal Habit A mineral is composed of a single element or It refers to the overall shape or growth pattern of compound. the mineral. It can Hematite be described as equant, elongate and platy. Chromite Equant – three dimensions of the Copper mineral have about the same length, Quartz like that of a cube or sphere. (ei. garnet) Gold Feldspar Elongate – forms prismatic or prism- Fluorite like crystals that are thicker than the needle as in a pencil. (ei. Indicolite) PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS Platy – looks like a flattened and thin PHYSCIAL PROPERTIES: crystal (like plate). (ei. Wulfenite) 1. Crystal Habit 2. Luster 2. Luster The overall sheen of its surface – it may have the 3. Cleavage and Fracture sheen of polished metal, or that of an unpolished 4. Hardness metal that is pitted by weathering – or it may have the sheen of glass, or look dull or earthy, etc. 5. Color 3. Cleavage and Fracture 6. Streak Additional Properties: 1. Magnetism 2. Reaction with Acid 3. Striation 4. Specific Gravity 5. Taste, Odor Feel CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: 1. Native Elements 2. Silicates 4. Hardness 3. Oxides 4. Sulfides 5. Sulfates 6. Halides 7. Carbonates 5. Color 6. Streak CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS - IGNEOUS ROCKS - SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - METAMORPHIC ROCKS 1. IGNEOUS ROCKS (Melting/Cooling) Intrusive igneous rocks. (Magma) Granite, diorite, gabbro, pegmatite, and peridotite Extrusive igneous rocks. (Lava) Andesite, basalt, dacite, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite and tuff. 2. Sedimentary Rocks (Through pprocess of weathering) a. Clastic Sedimentary (other rocks) Example: breccia, conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale. b. Chemical Sedimentary (dissolved minerals) Example: rock salt, iron ore, chert, flint, some dolomites. c. Organic Sedimentary (animal or plants) 3. Metamorphic rock (undergo process of metamorphism or heating)  Mining -extracts useful materials from the earth. -it can also harm people and the environment. -Mining is the process of mineral extraction from a rock seam or ore –a natural rock or sediment containing one or more valuable mineral. Surface Mining It is used to extract ore minerals near the surface of the earth. The soil and rocks that covered the ores are removed through blasting. Blasting is a controlled use of explosives and gas exposure to break rocks. Open-pit mining This is the most common type of surface mining. Open pit means a big hole (or pit) in the ground. The pit in mine is created by blasting with explosives and drilling. It is used to mine gravel and sand and even rock. Strip mining This mining type involves the removal of a thin strip of overburden (earth or soil) above a desired deposit, dumping the removed overburden behind the deposit, extracting the desired deposit, creating a second, parallel strip in the same manner and depositing the waste materials from that second (new) strip onto the first strip. This mining method is used for coal, phosphates, clays, and tar mining. Underground mining It is used to extract the rocks, minerals and other precious stones that can be found beneath the earth’s Fossil fuels surface. In underground mining, miners need to create #1 provider or energy a tunnel so they can reach the ore minerals. This kind of mining is more expensive and dangerous as Coal, Oil and Natural Gas compared to surface mining because miners need to use explosive devices to remove the minerals from Non-Renewable the rocks that cover them. Minerals Dredging Surface Mining This is the process of - Open Pit Mining - Strip Mining mining materials from - Dredging Underground Mining the bottom of a body of water, including rivers, lakes, and oceans. Sampling, Analysis, Comminution, Concentration, “Originally found as a solid material between layers of Dewatering sedimentary rock, like shale. This material is heated in order to produce the thick oil that can be used to make gasoline” Natural gas It is usually found in pockets above oil deposits. It can also be found in sedimentary rock layers that don’t contain oil. Natural gas is primarily made up of methane. It is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas with the mixture of methane. 1. Sampling It is the Earth’s cleanest fossil fuel and is odorless and 2. Analysis colorless in its natural state. 3. Comminution Natural gas is produced from sedimentary rock 4. Concentration formation by forcing chemicals, water, and sand down a well under high pressure. 5. Dewatering The Philippines’ main domestic source of energy is the Transportation Malampaya natural gas field which is located at TYPES OF FOSSIL FUEL FORMATION Palawan Island. COAL Energy Resources OIL Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they NATURAL GAS are consumed. Fossil fuels Geothermal Energy Resource These are made from decomposing plants and Hot and Cold animals. These fuels are found in Earth’s crust and contain carbon and hydrogen, which can be burned ENDOGENIC - EXOGENIC for energy Hydroelectric Power Resource Coal WATER IS LIFE It is a material usually found in sedimentary rock deposits where rock and dead plant and animal matter are piled up in layers. More than 50 percent of HYDROLOGIC CYCLE a piece of coal’s weight must be from fossilized plants. Oil ENERGY IN CURRENT Most of the oil that we are using today started forming millions of years ago. Oil is an organic material, mostly algae, which was buried in mud at VOLUME GRAVITY the bottom of the sea and lakes. It is used mainly to produce transportation fuels and petroleum-based products. Philippines imports crude oil and petroleum HYDROELECTRIC PP from Saudi Arabia and Russia. The majority of the market are Petron Corporation, Pilipinas Shell, and Two Types of Water Sources Chevron Philippines.  Surface Water Water present on the surface of the earth in the form of oceans, rivers, lakes, reservoir, ponds and streams is called surface water. The water in rivers and lakes comes from rain and melting of snow on mountains. Rivers flow into the sea. Underground Water Some of the rainwater seeps through the soil on to the non-porous rocks below. This is underground water. Sometimes due to high pressure, this water sprouts out in the form of springs. It can be obtained by digging wells or sinking tube wells, etc. Groundwater lies under the surface of the land, where it travels through and fills openings in the rocks. The rocks that store and transmit groundwater are called aquifers. Water quality describes the condition of the water, including chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, usually concerning its suitability for a particular purpose such as drinking or swimming. Water has physical and chemical characteristics. Some of the physical attributes include temperature, color, taste, odor, and turbidity. The temperature of water affects some of the important physical properties and characteristics of water: thermal capacity, density, specific weight, viscosity, surface tension, specific conductivity, salinity, and solubility of dissolved gases, etc. Human activities that may affect the quality and quantity of soil Checklist of Activities Farming 6. Maintaining Soil pH: The contamination of soil by addition of acidic or basic pollutants and due to acid rains has an adverse effect on the soil pH. Soil pH is an indicator of the level of nutrients in soil. The uptake of nutrients by plants also depends on the pH of soil. Maintaining the correct value of soil pH, is thus essential for soil conservation. 7. Water the Soil: We water plants, we water the crops, but do we water the soil? We seldom do. Watering soil is a good measure of soil conservation. Watering the soil along with plants growing in it is a way to prevent soil erosion caused by wind 8. Salinity Management: The salinity of soil increases due to excessive accumulation of salts in the soil. This has a negative effect on the metabolism of crops. The salinity of soil is detrimental to the vegetative life in it. The death of vegetation leads to soil erosion. Hence, salinity management is an indirect way of conserving soil. 9. Promote Helpful Soil Organisms: Nitrogen-fixing and denitrifying bacteria are important constituents of the nitrogen cycle. They live in soil. Bacteria and fungi help keep the soil healthy. Organisms like earthworms help decompose organic material in the soil. They aid soil aeration and help it maintain porosity. Rodents too, help soil the same way. This increases the absorbing capacity of soil. Earthworms, through aeration of soil, enhance the availability of macronutrients. These helpful organisms boost soil fertility and help in soil conservation. 10. Grow Indigenous Crops: Planting native crops is beneficial for soil conservation. If non-native plants are grown, fields should be bordered by indigenous crops to prevent soil erosion, thus achieving soil conservation.  2. Solid Rubbish can include a variety of items found in your household along with commercial and industrial locations. Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance that is discarded after primary use or is worthless, defective, and of no use. A by-product by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value. A waste product may become a byproduct, joint product, or resource through an invention that raises a waste product's value above zero. Examples include a municipal solid waste (household trash/refuse), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others. What is solid waste? Solid waste is defined as any garbage, refuse, sludge from waste treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other materials, including solid, liquid, semisolid, contained gaseous resulting from industrials, commercials, mining, and agricultural operations from community activities. Types of Waste A. Biodegradable waste. These are the wastes that come from our kitchen, and include food remains, garden waste, etc. These are also known as moist waste. These can be composted to obtain manure. They decompose themselves over a period depending on the material B. Non-biodegradable waste. These are the wastes which include old newspapers, broken glass pieces, plastics, etc. These are known as dry waste. Dry wastes can be recycled and can be reused. Non-biodegradable wastes do not decompose by themselves and hence are major pollutants Classification of Waste 1. Liquid Waste - commonly found both in households as well as in industries. It includes dirty water, organic liquids, wash water, waste detergents, and rainwater.