Fruits PDF

FRUITS Dr :AZZA ABBAS SHAFEI Structure of a typical ower  Classi cation of fruits True fruits. False fruits. Composite (or collective) fruits.  I- True Fruits Simple: formed from a single ovary (i.e. from monocarpellary or syncarpous gynaecium with one pistil)...

FRUITS Dr :AZZA ABBAS SHAFEI Structure of a typical ower  Classi cation of fruits True fruits. False fruits. Composite (or collective) fruits.  I- True Fruits Simple: formed from a single ovary (i.e. from monocarpellary or syncarpous gynaecium with one pistil) as Senna Pods, Wheat, Fennel, Citrus, etc. Aggregate: formed from an apocarpus gynaecium (i.e. more than one pistil) as Star Anise.  i- Simple Fruits A) Simple, Dry, Dehiscent Fruits: These are where the pericarp becomes dry. They usually remain a ached to the plant and split open when ripe to set free seeds enclosed. This group includes the following types:- 1-Legume: A fruit formed from monocarpellary ovary which splits along both dorsal and ventral sutures as Senna Pods. 2-Follicle: A fruit formed from monocarpellary ovary which dehisces by the inner suture only. Follicles commonly occur in aggregates (or etaerios ) as in Star Anise, Aconite, and Strophanthus. 3-Capsule: A fruit derived from a syncarpous ovary, formed of two or more united carpels. It is a many-seeded fruit. Capsules dehisce in various ways: By valves, produced by longitudinal slits through the ventral suture as in Linum or along the midribs of the carpillary walls (dorsal suture) as in Cardamom. Legume & Sillique  Follicle Fig.6 Capsule  Simple, Dry, Dehiscent Fruits By lid, produced by transverse slits throwing o the upper part of the fruit (the lid) as in Hysocyamus. It is termed Pyxis or Pyxidium. By holes or pores which may be apical as in Poppy or basal as in Campanula. 4-Siliqua: It is a many-seeded fruit; the ovary is unilocular formed of two carpels, becoming bilocular through the formation of false septum. It splits by two valves from base to apex as in Mustard.  Simple, Dry, Indehiscent Fruits These are where the pericarp becomes dry, they usually become detached but do not split open when ripe. This group includes the following types:- 1-Achene: A one-seeded fruit, formed of one carpel. The pericarp is free from the testa. Achenes are usually small and aggregated together in groups as in Strawberry. 2-Caryopsis or Grain: It is an achene in which the pericarp and testa are fused together as Wheat and other graminacious fruit. 3-Nut: It is similar to an achene but usually bigger and typically formed from two or three carpels. The nut has a hard and woody or leathery pericarp as Chestnut. 4-Samara: it is a winged, one-seeded fruit, formed of one carpel as Elm or of more carpels as Rumex. The wings are membranous developments from the pericarp. 5-Cypsela: It is one-seeded fruit, formed of two carpels; the ovary is inferior, unilocular, the pericarp and testa are free as fruits of Compositae. Achene Caryopsis Nut Samara  Simple, Dry, Schizocarpic or Spli ing Fruits These are where the pericarp becomes dry. As they ripen, they split up into a number of one-seeded, indehiscent parts called mericarps. Cremocarp: The cremocarp splits longitudinally between the two locules into two one- seeded indehiscent mericarps as in the Umbelliferae, e.g. Caraway, Ammi; Fennel. Schizocarp Cremocarp  Simple, Succulent Fruits These fruits have part or most of the pericarp formed of a eshy tissue. They are usually indehiscent but in some cases the soft part of the pericarp during ripening may split or peal o leaving the seed or seeds exposed as Nutmeg or enclosed in the hard endocarp as Almond. This group includes the following types:  Simple Succulent Fruits 1-Drupe:The epicarp is leathery; the mesocarp is eshy, the endocarp is hard and woody and encloses one seed as Almond, Olive,….etc. 2-Berry: The pericarp is entirely eshy. Capsicum, Colocynth, Orange, Lemon.Special terms which are sometimes used are pepo for berry of the Cucurbitaceae and hesperidium for that Berry Pepo Hesperidium  ii- Aggregate Fruits They are formed from an apocarpous gynaecium and thus formed of a collection of fruits arranged on a single receptacle, generally called etaerio, being etaerio of achenes as Strawberry, or etaerio of follicles as Star Anise. Aggregate Fruit  Star anise Etaerio of follicle  II- False Fruits They are derived from mature ovary or ovaries of a single ower, accompanied by other parts of the same ower which on ripening become usually swollen and eshy (Apple, pear) the receptacle has become eshy, constituting the main part of the fruit, and enclosing the leathery or hard pericarp. In such case is termed the pome. False Fruit  III- Composite Fruits (multiple, collective or compound fruits) Strobile: A fruit derived from a spike in orescence ( as Hops). Sorosis: In pineapple (Ananas) the fruit develops from a spike/spadix in orescence, where the axis, the bract and the perianth became eshy and juicy. Syconus: develops from the hypanthodium in orescence. After fertilization the hollow receptacle becomes eshy. e.g., Ficus Spike in orescence Multiple Fruit  Syconus Succulent hollow receptacle Syconus fruit Ex: Ficus  Macroscopical features The fruit usually shows two, mostly distinct scars, one at the base, marking the a achment to the stalk or to the parent plant, the other mostly apical and minute, marking the remains of the style and stigma.  Microscopical Characters The wall of the pericarp is divided into three regions: the epicarp, the endocarp and the mesocarp. Fruits belonging to family Umbelliferae 1- Fructu 2- Fructus 3- Fructus Ammi Ammi Majus. Anisi. Visnagae. 4- Fructus 5- Fructus 6- Fructus Carvi. Corianderi. Foeniculi.  Other o cial fruits 1- Fructus 2- Fructus 3- Fructus Capsici. Colocynthid Sennae. is. 4- Flavedo 5- Flavedo Auranti Lemonis amara (Lemon (Orange peel) peel) Non o cial fruits of medicinal importance 1- Fructus 2- Fructus 3- Fructus Cardui mariae Crataegi papaveris ( Milk thistle ) (Hawthorn ) ( Poppy capsule) 4- Fructus 5- Fructus 6- Strobili Lupuli Tritici Vanilla ( Hops ). ( Wheat (Vanilla grain) pod). COMMON CHARACTERS OF UMBELLIFEROUS FRUITS  General Character 1- The fruits derived from inferior ovary. 2- They are usually cremocarps either entire or separated into its mericarps. 3- At the apex of fruit, there may be ve small inconspicuous sepals, e.g., coriander, and in the centre are the two styles surrounded below by disc-like nectary forming the stylopod 4- Each mericarp has 2 surfaces, a at surface called the commissural surface and a rounded one called the dorsal surface. 5- The dorsal surface shows 5 raised ridges over the vascular bundle called primary ridge between which may be found 4 ridges over the secretory canals and called secondary ridges; primary ridges are mostly more prominent except in coriander where the secondary ridges are more conspicuous. 6- There is a minute thread lies between the 2 mericarps usually a ached basally to the pedicel and apically to the stylopod, it is called carpophore.  Cont. 7- Each mericarp encloses a single seed derived from anatropous ovule. The seeds show a large oily endosperm, small apical embryo and a raphe in the middle of the commissural side. 8- Mostly, the mericarp is longitudinally traversed by 5 vascular bundles in the primary ridges and by 6 schizogenous secretory ducts called vi ae, 4 on the dorsal surface and 2 on the commissural one. The vi ae may be simple as in fennel, branched as in anise or almost inconspicuous as in Hemlock. 9- The endocarp mother cells are divided into groups of narrow parallel cells which may be parallel to each other forming parallel arrangement or variously oriented forming parquetry arrangement. 10- The endosperm cells contain aleurone grains enclosing a globoid and one or more micro- rose e crystals of calcium oxalate.  Cont. 11- Umbelliferous fruits usually contain volatile oil secreted by the vi ae but other constituents are reported in Ammi visnaga which contain bi er principles and in Hemlock which contains alkaloids.  DR: AZZA HASSAN THANK YOU