Pharmacognosy 2 PHG 203 Week 1 PDF

Pharmacognosy 2 PHG 203 Week (1) Dr Heba ‫المستوى الثاني‬ ‫عقاقير‪-2 -‬‬  Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) a1- The basic concepts of Pharmacognosy through principles of the morphological, histological and taxonomical features of medicinally important plant organs inclu...

Pharmacognosy 2 PHG 203 Week (1) Dr Heba ‫المستوى الثاني‬ ‫عقاقير‪-2 -‬‬  Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) a1- The basic concepts of Pharmacognosy through principles of the morphological, histological and taxonomical features of medicinally important plant organs including fruits, herbs, Unorganized and subterraneans. d1- Express well all studied information with their clear special terminological principles. d2- Draw skillfully all scientific drawings related to the studied course.  Definition:  The fruit is a plant organ derived from a fertilized ovary “gynaecium”. Functions:  protect and nourish seed. The pericarp of fruits shows two scars (one at the base and another at the apical side). Fruits are classified as follow: Fruits True Fruit False Fruit Composite Fruit Simple Fruits Aggregate Fruits Succulent dry dehiscent dry indehiscent Dry Schizocarpic True fruit: fruit is formed from the gynaecium of a single flower alone. False fruit: when other parts of the flower take part in its formation. Composite fruit :If the fruit is formed from the whole inflorescence and not from a single flower. Simple fruit: formed of 1carple or syncarpous ovary. Aggregate fruit : formed of apocarpous gynaecium. e.g. star anise DRY Dehiscent Fruits:  They split when ripe to set free the seeds, pericarp is dry, it may be one of these:  1-Follicle: fruit formed from one carpel which dehisces by the ventral suture only.(black pea)  2- Legume: fruit is monocarpellary, splits along both dorsal and ventral sutures as senna pods  1 2 DRY Dehiscent fruits:  3- Capsule: fruit is derived from a syncarpous ovary, it is many seeded fruit it dehisces by one of these methods :  i- by valve either septicidal e.g. Colchicum or loculicidal e.g. Cardamom.  ii- by pores, poricidal it may be (apical pores) e.g. papaver or (basal pores) e.g. Campanula.  iii- by lid (transverse slit) throwing off the upper part e.g. Hyoscyumaus (pyxidium). pores DRY Dehiscent fruits:  4- Silique: fruit from two carpels with a false septum in-between, it splits to by two valves to expose seed along central membrane, e.g. (mustards). Indehiscent fruits:  They are dry fruits which do not split when ripe. They are one seeded. They include the following types:  1- Achene: one-seeded fruit formed of one carpel, superior ovary, the pericarp is free from the testa membranous or leathery pericarp. Indehiscent fruits:  2-Caryopsis or (Grain): (e.g. fruits of gramineae : wheat) It is an achene in which the pericarp and testa are fused.  3-Cypsela :  One seeded , bicarpellary , unilocular, inferior ovary.  The pericarp and testa are free (e.g. Compositae and Valerianaceae). 4- samara: it is winged, one seeded fruit formed of one carpel or of more carpels. The wings are membranous development from the pericarp. 2- 3- 4- Indehiscent fruits:  Nut :  Bigger than achene. one seeded, unilocular with hard woody or leathery pericarp (e.g. Chestnut).  It may originate from inferior ovary (e.g. Hazel) or from superior ovary (e.g. Polygonaceae). Schizocarpic fruits: The pericarp becomes dry, they are two to many seeded they split up into a number of one-seeded indehiscent parts called mericarps. They include several types but the most familiar type is cremocarp  Cremocarp: Formed of two carpels, the ovary is inferior and bilocular, the cremocarp splits longitudinally between the two locules into two one-seeded mericarps as in Umbelliferae ,e.g. anise, Fennel,… N.B.: it splits but it doesn’t open. Cremocarp:  Succulent Fruits  When a part or most of the pericarp is formed of fleshy tissue usually indehiscent, sometimes peal off on ripening to expose seeds or enclose them in hard endocarp.  1- Drupe: epicarp is leathery , mesocarp is fleshy, endocarp is hard enclosing single seed e.g. : olive  2- Berry: pericarp is entirely fleshy, usually many seeded e.g.: capsicum Drupe Berry Special types of berries: 1-Pepo: colocynth and banana. The epicarp is either hard or leathery 2-Hesperidium: Citrus. Epicarp is thin, mesocarp is pithy, endocarp is membranous, developing juice with separable parts  Aggregate fruits:  They are developed from apocarpous gynaecium of single flower.  They are formed of a collection of fruits arranged on a single receptacle called “etaerio" They may be formed of:  1-Achenes grouped on a more or less swollen or fleshy receptacle (e.g. Strawberry).  2-Follicles on dry receptacle (e.g. Aconite, Star anise).  False fruits  They are derived from mature ovary of a single flower accompanied by other parts of the same flower which on ripening become usually swollen and fleshy e.g. Apple, pear.  COMPOSITE FRUITS  1- Strobile: drived from scaly inflourescence, e.g. Hops  2- Sorosis: from a spike, swollen fleshy in which the fruits are fused together, e.g. Mulberry  3- Syconus: succulent hollow receptacle enclose achene –like bodies e.g.: Fig  Strobile Sorosis Syconus STRUCTURE OF THE FRUIT The pericarp is divisible into three regions consists of: 1-Epicarp: outer layer 2-Mesocarp: middle tissue 3-Endocarp: inner most part General Characters of Umbelliferous Fruits Morphologically: 1. The Fruit is True, simple, dry ,schizocarpic, cremocarp which on drying splits into two indehiscent one seeded mericarps. 2. The Fruits are derived from inferior ovary because of the presence of remains of floral parts just beneath stylopod at the fruit apex. 3. Surface of the fruit characterized by the presence of primary ridges (10 for each cremocarp and 5 for each mericarp). Morphologically: 4. The apex of the fruit is crowned with conical structure named stylopod (represents the remains of style, stigma and nectary discs.) It consists of two mericarps attached from the apical part by the carpophore (simple or split or forked). 5. The seed is one in each mericarp, whereas the testa fused with endocarp. Its albuminous, placenta ion is apical. The raphe is very thin brown on flat side of Median longitudinal cut (MLC) Split carpophore Morphologically: vittea M.L.C.  Histologically: 1. Epicarp is usually one row (Epidermis).  Glandular trichome is rare, while non-glandular trichome occur as unicellular, multicellular, shaggy or stellate form. 2. Mesocarp: characterized by the presence of schizogenous secreting ducts (vittae), containing volatile oils, or bitter principle. They are six in number ,(for each mericarp, 4 dorsal ,2 ventral) and located in mesocarp. Histologically:  The vascular bundle is fibro-bicollateral vascular bundle and sometime accompanied by reticulated parenchyma cells. They are five in number (for each mericarp) and located in mesocarp under each primary ridge.  3-The endocarp is one row (Narrow elongated parallel cells arranged in Parquetry or non -parquetry manner). Histologically:  Endosperm is thick cellulosic contain fixed oil, aleurone grain and rosette crystal of calcium oxalte. Accoording to the ventral side character. It may be one of three types: 1. Orthospermous (flat) e.g. Fennel. 2. Coelospermous (slightly curved) e.g. Coriander. 3. Campylospermous (strongly grooved) e.g. Hemlock Orthospermous Coelospermous Campylospermous Secretory Tissues  External:  Nectaries  Glandular hairs(e.g. labiaceous hairs of Mentha)  Internal:  Secretory Cells(e.g. oil cells of Cinnamon and Ginger)  Secretory Glands: Schizogenous,Lysigenous,Schizolysigenous  Secretory Ducts( tube-like structures secrete v. o. e.g. Vittae in fruits of Umbelliferae)  Laticiferous Vessels( tube-like secrete latex e.g. in Papaver). Secretory Glands:  Schizogenous or Lysigenous or  Schizolysigenous Dissolution of cells /// separation of cells  ‫و ﻰ ) ﻮخ(‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‪ :‬دروب )‪.(Drupe‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻒ‪ :‬ﺛﻤﺮة ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺬرة واﺣﺪة ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﻐﻼف ﺻﻠﺐ )ﻧﻮاة(‪.‬‬ ‫‪Classify these fruits:‬‬ ‫‪.2‬اﻟﺜﻤﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ )ﺗﻔﺎح(‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‪ :‬ﺗﻔﺎﺣﻴﺔ )‪.(Pome‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻒ‪ :‬ﺛﻤﺮة ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﻴﺾ ﺳﻔﻠﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻠﺤﻤﻲ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﺰﻫﺮي‪ ،‬واﻟﺒﺬور داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﺮات‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬اﻟﺜﻤﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ )ﻛﺮز أو زﻳﺘﻮن(‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‪ :‬دروب )‪.(Drupe‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻒ‪ :‬ﺛﻤﺮة ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ وﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺬرة واﺣﺪة ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﻐﻼف داﺧﻠﻲ ﺻﻠﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬اﻟﺜﻤﺮة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ )ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎل(‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‪ :‬ﺣﻤﻀﻴﺔ )‪.(Hesperidium‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻒ‪ :‬ﻧﻮع ﺧﺎص ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺸﺮة ﺳﻤﻴﻜﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻋﺼﻴﺮي‪.‬‬ ‫‪.5‬اﻟﺜﻤﺮة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ )ﺧﻴﺎر(‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‪ :‬ﻗﺮﻋﻴﺔ )‪.(Pepo‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻒ‪ :‬ﺛﻤﺮة ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﻴﺾ ﺳﻔﻠﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻠﺤﻤﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺬور‪.‬‬ ‫إذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻦ أي ﻧﻮع‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬