Pharmacognosy-2 Lecture 3 PDF

Pharmacognosy-2 Lecture 3 ‫احملارضة الثالثة‬ Ahmed Elbermawi, PhD Lecturer of Pharmacognosy  What is type of fruit? 1 2 3 4 Classification of true fruits  Schizocarpic fruits Multilocular, many-seeded, split up into several indehis...

Pharmacognosy-2 Lecture 3 ‫احملارضة الثالثة‬ Ahmed Elbermawi, PhD Lecturer of Pharmacognosy  What is type of fruit? 1 2 3 4 Classification of true fruits  Schizocarpic fruits Multilocular, many-seeded, split up into several indehiscent parts.  Schizocarpic fruits of family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) e.g., Fennel, Anise, Coriander, Ammi visnaga ▪ They are usually cremocarp either entire or separated into their mericarps. ▪ Each mericarp encloses a single seed derived from anatropous ovule. The seed shows a large oily endosperm, small apical embryo and a raphe in the middle of the commissural side. ▪ At the apex of the fruit, are the two styles surrounded below by disc-like nectary forming the stylopod. ▪ Each mericarp has two surfaces a flat surface called the commissural or ventral surface and a convex one called dorsal surface. ▪ The dorsal surface shows 5 primary ridges over vascular bundles (V.B.) and 4 secondary ridges over the secretory duct (vittae). Primary ridges are more prominent except in Coriander. Transverse sections of some Umbelliferous fruits Transverse section (T.S.)  Common histological characters ✓ The epicarp is formed of polygonal cells with straight anticlinal walls, covered by smooth or straited cuticle. The epicarp may show covering trichomes and the cells may contain Ca. Oxalate crystals. ✓ The mesocarp of each mericarp is mostly parenchymatous and may show sclerenchyma, pitted lignified parenchyma or reticulate parenchyma. ✓ Usually, the mesocarp is longitudinally crossed by 5 V.B. in the primary ridges & by 6 vittae (schizogenous secretory ducts) , 4 on the dorsal surface and 2 on the commissural surface (on both sides of the raphe). ✓ The vittae is a schizogenous duct, spindle-shaped and has a secreting epithelium. They may be simple, branched. ✓ The inner most layer of the mesocarp may be differentiated as lignified cells or porous cells or nonporous thickened cells. ✓ Endocarp cells are divided into groups of narrow parallel cells which, may be with parallel or parquetry arrangement. ✓ The surface of the seed on the commissural side may be flat and the fruit is termed Orthospermous or concave and the seed is Colospermous or has a longitudinal groove where it is called Campylospermous.  Fennel fruits ‫مثر الشمر‬ Dried ripe fruits of Foeniculum vulgare, family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) Active constituents ▪ Not less than 1.4 of volatile oils which contains 60% of anethole and 20% fenchone. ▪ 20% of proteins and 12 to 18 % of fixed oils. ✓ Antiflatulence & carminative in infants. Uses ✓ An ingredient in gripe water. ✓ Treatment of abdominal cramps. Microscopical Characters Transverse section of Fennel fruit T.S. (schematic) of Fennel fruit (Mericarp) ▪ Irregular pentagon, wider at base. ▪ 5 prominent primary ridges over 5 fibro-vascular bundles. ▪ 4 vittae on the dorsal side, 2 on the commissural side. ▪ Orthospermous endosperm. Powder  Weight-Loss Medications Contraindications ▪ It has mild estrogenic effect so contraindicated to be ingested in very high amounts and for long periods with pregnant woman.  Anise fruits, Aniseed ‫مثر الينسون‬ Dried ripe fruits of Pimpinella anisum, family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) Morphology ▪ Cremocarp with 5 primary ridges. ▪ Pale brown to green color, aromatic odor, sweet taste. Transverse section ✓ Epicarp is formed of polygonal cells covered with striated cuticle having unicellular, sometimes, bicellular non glandular trichomes with blunt pointed apex and finely warty cuticle. ✓ Mesocarp of thin-walled parenchyma traversed longitudinally by numerous connected schizogenous vittae. ✓ Endocarp with parallel arrangement. Powder Active constituents ▪ Volatile oils (anethole 90%), Fixed oil, protein. Uses ✓ Flavoring agent, sweetening agent, antispasmodic, carminative, cough treatment. Cautions ❑ Since anise has estrogenic properties, women with breast, uterine, or ovarian cancer, endometriosis, or uterine fibroids should avoid its consumption. ❑ Because of its anticoagulant action, people taking anti-thrombotic medication or about to undergo surgery should consult a doctor before consuming anise. ❑ While normal consumption of anise is considered safe during pregnancy, excessive use in concentrated forms is not recommended for women who are pregnant since it can cause miscarriage. Photoanethole anethole