DIRECTIONS (1).pptx

VARIETIES AND English Grade 10 REGISTER S OF SPOKEN AND WEEK 6 WRITTEN  Learning Objectives 01 02 03 determine culturally adopt cultural and app...

VARIETIES AND English Grade 10 REGISTER S OF SPOKEN AND WEEK 6 WRITTEN  Learning Objectives 01 02 03 determine culturally adopt cultural and apply the varieties of appropriate terms , intercultural awareness spoken and written expressions, and images; and sensitivity in the language in the proper communication of context ideas; and  Lin (2016) presents the following nature of language variation as prescribed by most linguists based on the ideas of Mahboob (2014). 1. Language varies when communicating with people within (local) and outside (global) our community. 2. Language varies in speaking and in writing. 3. Language varies in everyday and specialized discourses.  Mahboob (2014) identifies eight different domains in which language varies depending on the combinations (field, tenor and mode) of the context of communication. The first domains include language variations that reflect local usage done in one local language or multiple local languages depending on the context. They vary in the following ways:  1. Local everyday written. This may include instances of local everyday written usage found in the neighborhood posters 2. Local everyday oral may occur in local communications among neighbors in veryday, informal and local varieties of languages. 3. Local specialized written. An example of local specialized written usage can be found in the publication and web sites of local societies such as the Baguio Midland Courier. 4. Local specialized oral involves specialized discourses. For example, in a computer shop in the neighborhood, specialized local usage can be found On the other hand, the other four domains involve global usage. These four domains of language usage differ from the first four domains since they refer to context of language usage where participants need to communicate with people not sharing their local ways of using language.  5. Global everyday written avoids local colloquialisms to make the text accessible to wider communities of readers. This can be found in international editions of newspapers and magazines. 6. Global everyday oral may occur in interactions between people coming from different parts of the world when they talk about everyday casual topics.  7. Global specialized written expands to as many readers internationally, hence the non? usage of local colloquial expressions 8. Global specialized oral occurs when people from different parts of the world discuss specialized topics in spoken form TYPES OF LANGUAGE REGISTER FROZEN FORMAL / ACADEMIC CONSULTATIVE CASUAL / INFORMATION INITIMATE  FROZEN This style of communication rarely or never changes. It is “frozen” in time and content. This is official business and educational language which features complete sentences and specific word choice, which often contains archaisms.  FORMAL / ACADEMIC This language is used in formal setting and is one-way. This use of language usually follows a commonly accepted format. It is generally impersonal and formal. It is often used to show respect. Word selection is more sophisticated, and certain words are always or never used depending on the situation. In a formal register, the story structure focuses on the plot: It has a beginning and ending  CONSULTATIV E It is a standard form of communications. Users engage in a mutually accepted structure of interfaces. It is formal and societal expectations accompany the users of speech. This register can be described as two-way participation, professional setting, background information is provided (prior knowledge is not assumed), interruptions and feedback fillers allowed (“uh-huh,” “I see”), more complex syntax, and longer phrases. Sentence structure need not be complete,  CASUAL / INFORMAL The language used in conversation with friends. A casual register is characterized by 400- to 500- word vocabulary, broken sentences, and interruptions are common. Very informal language, idioms, ellipsis, and slang are common. No background information is provided, “group” language – must be a member to use, interruptions are common, and context and non-verbal communication are important. General word choice and conversation are dependent upon non- verbal assists.  INTIMATE This communication is private. It is reserved for close family members or intimate relations. It is non-public, the intonation is as crucial as wording and grammar, and often a special vocabulary full of coded words is used.  ACTIVITY #1: LOOK FOR A PIECE THAT SHOWS CULUTURAL INSENSITIVITY OR BIAS. TAKE A PICTURE AND RECORD YOUR SELF EXPLAINING HOW IT IS INSENSITIVE OR BIAS. DEADLINE IS FRIDAY 12 MIDNIGHT  Culturally Sensitive and Bias Language  To write in a culturally sensitive way means to be aware that cultural differences and similarities between people exist and that these should not be assigned a positive or negative value via words and descriptions selected in writing. Academic and professional writings are characterized by bias-free language. Students, scholars, professionals, and anyone wishing to maintain harmonious communicative relations should be careful in using words and phrases that do not discriminate against particular groups, whether  1. Race and Ethnicity a form of discrimination against a person or persons of a different race. In general, it is best to avoid identifying people by race or ethnic group. Race is an emotionally charged topic, so it is best to tread carefully with the language used and to refer to race as Patricia Arinto (2009) asserts in English for the Professions, “only if it is relevant to what you have to say.  1. Race and Ethnicity a form of discrimination against a person or persons of a different race. In general, it is best to avoid identifying people by race or ethnic group. Race is an emotionally charged topic, so it is best to tread carefully with the language used and to refer to race as Patricia Arinto (2009) asserts in English for the Professions, “only if it is relevant to what you have to say.  1. Race and Ethnicity This may be done by reading national newspapers and watching television news, which typically are good indicators of current and preferred usage. According to Kitty Locker and Donna Kienzler (2013)  1. Race and Ethnicity For example, for a long time, “Native American” has been considered the politically correct term for the indigenous peoples of the Americas, over the label “red Indian.” But today, most Native American people prefer to be referred to by their specific nation or tribe. In the Philippine context, there have been shifts in the preferences for terms that Filipinos of Chinese ancestry use to describe their identity: from Tsino, to Chinoy, to Filipino Chinese.  1. Race and Ethnicity For example, for a long time, “Native American” has been considered the politically correct term for the indigenous peoples of the Americas, over the label “red Indian.” But today, most Native American people prefer to be referred to by their specific nation or tribe. In the Philippine context, there have been shifts in the preferences for terms that Filipinos of Chinese ancestry use to describe their identity: from Tsino, to Chinoy, to Filipino Chinese.  Gender and sexual orientatio n Sexism refers to the prejudice and discrimination based on sex or gender. To be inclusive of all people in general references, one should favor gender-neutral words and phrases over gender-biased words. For example, rather than “man-made.” One can say “manufactured,” “synthetic,” or “artificial.” Instead of “layman’s terms,” one can use “ordinary terms.” Neutral words should also be chosen over words with “man” and “woman” in job titles or descriptions.  Gender and sexual orientatio n Gender-biased pronouns can be avoided by (a) dropping pronouns that signify gender and restating the sentence, (b) changing to plural construction, and (c) replacing masculine or feminine pronouns with “one” or “you”.  Gender and sexual orientatio n Gender-biased example: Each student should submit his term paper by Monday. Restatement Each student should submit a term paper by Monday. Plural construction Students should submit their term papers by Monday. Use of “you” You should hand in your term paper by Monday.  Social Class Class discrimination or classism is a form of prejudice against a person or people because of their social class. An example of language with a bias against class is the American term “white trash,” which is not only a racial slur but a classist one that refers to white people, usually from the rural Southern United States, coming from a lower social class inside the white population. The term is negative not just because of the words that comprise it but because of its connotation of danger; white trash people are seen as criminal, unpredictable, and without respect for authority.  Social Class There are examples from Philippine culture as well, in the informal terms “conyo” and “jologs,” both derogatory terms referring to class. The first, used to describe young people from the upper class who speak an idiosyncratic mix of English and Tagalog, connotes vanity and consciousness about social status. The second now perhaps replaced by the term “jejemon”, as used in reference to an idiosyncratic spelling or writing style, is used to describe persons who look poor and out of style.  AGEISM orm of discrimination against other people because of their age, or assuming that older people are less physically, intellectually, or emotionally able than other age groups. The capabilities of younger people should also not be underestimated on the basis of their age. Again, it is important to refer to a person’s age only when that information is pertinent to what is being discussed. When referring to a generic group, one should also ask their subjects what wording s they prefer: Do they wish to be called “older persons” or “senior citizens”? Do they refer  Disabilitie Discrimination in this area often arises because of lack of understanding and s awareness. Therefore, first, it is important to distinguish some terms that are mistakenly understood to be synonymous. Various guides on bias-free communication and often – confused terminology are available online. One example is “A Guide to Bias-Free Communications” published by the University of Wisconsin-Madison. It defines the terms “impairment,” disability,” and “handicap” as, respectively, (1) “a physiological condition,” (2) “the consequence of an impairment” which “may or may not be handicapping,”  Disabilitie Discrimination in this area often arises because of lack of understanding and s awareness. Therefore, first, it is important to distinguish some terms that are mistakenly understood to be synonymous. Various guides on bias-free communication and often – confused terminology are available online. One example is “A Guide to Bias-Free Communications” published by the University of Wisconsin-Madison. It defines the terms “impairment,” disability,” and “handicap” as, respectively, (1) “a physiological condition,” (2) “the consequence of an impairment” which “may or may not be handicapping,”  Disabilitie Thus, according to these definitions, a “limp” is an impairment in s which a leg or foot is damaged or stiff. A disability that may result from arthritis is difficulty in walking, or walking unevenly and haltingly. People who limp may be handicapped by having to climb stairs in buildings with no elevators. Other guides from other cultural contexts may provide different definitions and examples; it is essential when writing to do research on these definitions  Disabilitie Finally, when referring to people with s disabilities, the focus should be on the person, not the condition (Arinto, 2009). In Patricia Arinto’s English for the Professions (2009), she advises writes to avoid hurtful expressions such as “retards” or even the seemingly neutral description “the mentally retarded” and to use instead “people with mental retardation.” Similarly, instead of “the blind” and “cancer patients,” one should instead use “people with vision impairments” and “people being treated for cancer,”