Module 3 - Purposive Communication PDF

RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig SESSION NO. / WEEK 4 MODULE 3: VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF...

RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig SESSION NO. / WEEK 4 MODULE 3: VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN and WRITTEN LANGUAGE 1. Language in Communication 1.1. Varieties of Language 1.2. Registers of Language 2. Spoken and Written Language 2.1. Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language 2.2. Varieties and Registers of Philippine English 3. Varieties and Registers of Communication in Various Settings 3.1. Academic Setting 3.2. Professional Setting 3.3. Various Media Overview This module talks about intercultural communication as well as the varieties. It talks about the forms of intercultural communication, improving intercultural competence, varieties of language, characteristics of spoken and written language, forms or types of spoken language, types of words, and ways on how to choose appropriate language political correctness, and culturally (in) appropriate images. Living in a globalized world, you encounter people with diverse cultural backgrounds. Such interaction occurs in social, educational, political, and commercial settings. Hence, in today’s era of increased global communication, it is imperative to understand intercultural communication for us to enhance our intercultural awareness PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 1  RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig and competence. Intercultural competence is essential for us to live harmoniously despite our difference in culture. Study Guide To carefully understand this module, you are instructed to read this module thoroughly to be enlightened more of the discussion. Learning Outcomes At the end of the module, you will be able to: 1. Determine culturally appropriate terms, expressions, and images (sensitivity to gender, race, class, etc.) 2. Adopt cultural and intercultural awareness and sensitivity in the communication of ideas. 3. Convey ideas through oral, audio-visual, and/or web-based presentations for different target audiences in local and global settings using appropriate registers. Topic Presentation I. LANGUAGE IN COMMUNICATION Language variety refers to the different forms of a language that exist due to variations in factors such as geography, social class, ethnicity, age, gender, and occupation. These variations can manifest in differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and discourse patterns. Language varieties include dialects, sociolects, ethnolects, and registers. For example, within English, there are various dialects spoken in different regions, such as British English, American English, Australian English, and so on. Language register, on the other hand, refers to variations in language use that are determined by the context or situation in which communication occurs. These variations can include differences in formality, tone, vocabulary, and style of language, depending on factors such as the audience, purpose, setting, and topic of communication. PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 2  RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig Registers can be categorized from formal, informal, technical, academic, colloquial, and professional registers. For instance, the language register used in a formal business meeting will be different from that used in a casual conversation with friends. VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE Language in communication encompasses a variety of forms and styles, each serving different purposes and contexts. 1. Formal Language is characterized by its adherence to grammatical rules, precision, and elevated vocabulary. It is typically used in professional settings, academic contexts, official documents, and formal speeches. Formal language tends to be more structured and impersonal, aiming to convey information objectively and professionally. 2. Informal Language is relaxed and colloquial and often includes slang, contractions, and informal expressions. It is commonly used in everyday conversations among friends, family members, and peers. Informal language tends to be more spontaneous and expressive, reflecting the familiarity and intimacy between communicators. 3. Technical Language consists of specialized terminology, jargon, and technical terms specific to particular fields or industries. Professionals, experts, and practitioners use it to communicate complex concepts, procedures, and information within their respective domains. Technical language facilitates precision and clarity in communication among individuals with specialized knowledge or expertise. 4. Literal Language conveys meaning directly and explicitly, adhering closely to the denotative definitions of words and phrases. It is characterized by its straightforwardness and lack of figurative or metaphorical language. Literal language is often used in contexts where clarity and precision are important, such as instructional manuals, scientific reports, and legal documents. 5. Figurative Language uses metaphor, simile, symbolism, and other rhetorical devices to convey meaning beyond the literal interpretation of words. It adds depth, vividness, and creativity to communication by evoking imagery, emotions, and associations. Figurative language is commonly used in literature, poetry, storytelling, and persuasive discourse to engage the audience's imagination and emotions. PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 3  RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig 6. Regional or Dialectal Language refers to variations in vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar that occur within specific geographical regions or social communities. These linguistic differences reflect cultural, historical, and social influences on language use. Regional or dialectal language can shape individuals' identities and sense of belonging, as well as influence communication patterns within particular communities. Examples are Cebuano, Waray, Ilocano, and Hiligayon in the Philippines. In addition, language varieties may also be grouped in the following classifications: a) Pidgin – It refers to a new language that develops into situations where speakers of different languages need to communicate but do not share a common language. Examples are Chavacano in the Philippines and Bislama, a language spoken in Banuatu. b) Creole – It is a pidgin that becomes the children's first language or the mother tongue of a certain community. Examples are the Gullah and the Patwa, which are creoles in Jamaica. c) Regional Dialect – It is not a language that is distinct from a national language but rather a variety of languages spoken in a particular area of a country. Examples are Cebuano, Waray, Ilocano, and Hiligayon in the Philippines. d) Minority Dialect – This is a variety used as a marker of identity, usually alongside a standard variety, by the members of a particular minority ethnic group. Examples are the Sinama of the Badjaos in the Philippines and the London-Jamaican variety in Britain. e) Indigenized Varieties – These are spoken mainly as second languages in former colonies with multilingual populations. A classic example is Singlish (or Singaporean English) LANGUAGE REGISTERS Registers of language refer to variations in language use determined by the context or situation in which communication occurs. 1. Formal Register is used in formal settings and contexts requiring high professionalism and respect. It often involves sophisticated vocabulary, complex sentence structures, and a polite tone. PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 4  RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig Academic writing includes research papers, dissertations, and scholarly articles. Official documents include legal contracts, government reports, and business proposals. Ceremonial speeches, such as graduation, award acceptance, and formal presentations. 2. Informal Register is used in casual or relaxed settings where the language is more relaxed and conversational. It often involves using colloquial expressions, slang, and informal vocabulary. Conversations among friends or family members. Text messages, social media posts, and online chats Informal emails to acquaintances or colleagues 3. Technical Register is used in specialized fields or industries where technical terminology and jargon are common. It often involves using specialized vocabulary and language that those outside the field may not easily understand. Scientific reports, medical journals, and technical manuals Engineering specifications, computer programming code, and software documentation Legal briefs, contracts, and patents 4. Academic Register is used in academic settings where the language is formal, precise, and objective. It often involves using academic jargon, citations, and references to support arguments. Research papers, essays, and academic articles Thesis or dissertation proposals, defenses, and presentations Lectures, seminars, and academic conferences 5. Colloquial Register is used in everyday spoken language and informal written communication. It often involves using familiar expressions, idioms, and informal vocabulary. Conversations among peers or acquaintances. Informal blog posts, personal narratives, and diaries. Casual conversations with neighbors, classmates, or coworkers. 6. Professional Register is used in professional settings where the language is formal and business-like. It often involves professional terminology, clear and concise language, and a polite tone. Business correspondence, such as emails, letters, and reports. PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 5  RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig Presentations, meetings, and negotiations in the workplace. Client consultations, sales pitches, and customer service interactions. II. VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE Spoken and Written Language Spoken and written language are two primary modes of communication, each with its characteristics, advantages, limitations, and varieties. Spoken Language: Characteristics, Advantages, and Limitations Spoken language involves verbal communication, including words, sounds, intonation, and nonverbal cues such as facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice. It is dynamic, immediate, and interactive, allowing for real-time exchange of information and feedback between speakers and listeners. One advantage of spoken language is that it facilitates interpersonal interaction, social bonding, and emotional expression. It enables individuals to convey emotions, intentions, and nuances of meaning through vocal cues and nonverbal gestures. Spoken language also allows for spontaneous dialogue, negotiation, and collaboration in face-to-face or oral communication settings. However, spoken language may lack permanence and precision compared to written language. It can be subject to misinterpretation, ambiguity, and misunderstanding due to variations in pronunciation, accent, and nonverbal cues. Additionally, spoken language may not be accessible to individuals with hearing impairments or in situations where verbal communication is impractical or prohibited. Written Language: Characteristics, Advantages, and Limitations Written language involves using written symbols, such as letters, characters, and symbols, to convey information, ideas, and messages. It is static, formal, and often more structured than spoken language, allowing for careful crafting and editing of content. Written language can take various forms, including books, articles, emails, letters, reports, and digital text. One of the advantages of written language is that it offers permanence, clarity, and precision in communication. It allows individuals to organize their thoughts, convey complex ideas, and communicate across time and space. Written language also provides a record of information that can be referenced, reviewed, and shared over extended periods. PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 6  RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig Even so, written language lacks the immediacy and interactivity of spoken communication. It may not capture the nuances of tone, emotion, and nonverbal cues in spoken language, leading to potential misinterpretation or miscommunication. Varieties And Registers of Spoken and Written Language Varieties of language encompass the diverse linguistic expressions shaped by regional, social, and cultural factors, giving rise to distinct dialects, sociolects, and ethnolects. Additionally, registers of language reflect the contextual variations in language use, ranging from formal to informal and academic to technical. Understanding the varieties and registers of spoken and written language is essential for effective communication. It enables individuals to adapt their language choices to suit the specific audience, purpose, and communication setting. Varieties and Registers of Spoken Language 1. Regional Dialects - different regions may have unique dialects characterized by pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar variations. Southern American English, characterized by features such as "y'all" (you all) and distinctive vowel sounds. Regional Dialects in the Philippines: o Ilocano: Spoken primarily in the Ilocos Region, Ilocano is one of the Philippines' most widely spoken regional dialects. It is characterized by its distinct vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar, such as the use of "diay" to mean "there" or "over there." o Cebuano: Also known as Bisaya or Visayan, Cebuano is spoken in the Visayas and Mindanao regions. It has its own unique vocabulary and grammatical structures, such as the use of "Kumusta ka?" to mean "How are you?" instead of the Tagalog "Kamusta ka?" 2. Sociolects - refer to variations in language based on social factors such as social class, education level, or occupation. Teenage slang used by adolescents, which may include terms like "lit" (exciting) or "throw shade" (insulting someone indirectly). Sociolects in the Philippines: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 7  RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig o Jejemon: Jejemon is a sociolect associated with Filipino youth culture, characterized by the use of unconventional spelling, excessive use of numbers and symbols, and blending of English, Filipino, and local dialects. For example, "H3ll0 p0wz, kamusta ka n4?" (Hello po, kamusta ka na?) translates to "Hello, how are you?" o Gay Lingo: Gay lingo, also known as Beki language, is a sociolect used by the Filipino LGBTQ+ community. It involves creatively using English, Filipino, and borrowed words to express identity, humor, and solidarity. For instance, "Cheret" (from "charot") is used to denote sarcasm or jest. 3. Ethnolects - are variations in language associated with specific ethnic or cultural groups. African American Vernacular English (AAVE), characterized by unique grammatical structures and vocabulary, such as "ain't" (am not/is not/are not) and "finna" (fixing to/about to). Ethnolects in the Philippines: o Taglish: Taglish is an ethnolect commonly spoken in urban areas, especially in Metro Manila. It blends Tagalog and English, reflecting the influence of American colonization and globalization. For example, "Pasok ka na sa room" (Tagalog) translates to "Enter the room now." o Chavacano: Chavacano is an ethnolect spoken in Zamboanga City and nearby areas, characterized by mixing Spanish and native Philippine languages. It has its distinct vocabulary and grammar, such as "Buenas días" (Good morning) and "Donde ta kita?" (Where are you?). 4. Formal Register - speakers adopt a formal register of spoken language in professional contexts such as business meetings, conferences, or negotiations. The tone is typically respectful, confident, and persuasive, aiming to establish credibility and build rapport with the audience. A keynote address delivered at a conference, using formal language and a professional tone. 5. Informal Register - in more casual or informal settings, such as team meetings or small group discussions, speakers may use a less formal register of spoken language. This can include colloquial expressions, informal vocabulary, and a PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 8  RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig relaxed tone. The language used is often more spontaneous and conversational. Casual conversations among friends featuring relaxed language and colloquial expressions. Varieties and Registers of Written Language 1. Academic Writing - is characterized by a formal tone, precise language, and adherence to academic conventions. A research paper presenting findings from a scientific study using specialized terminology and citations. 2. Technical Writing - communicates complex information clearly and concisely, often using specialized terminology. A computer software program user manual, providing installation and use instructions. 3. Business Writing - is used for professional communication in a business context, emphasizing clarity and professionalism. A formal business letter addressed to a client outlining the terms of a business agreement. 4. Creative Writing - allows for artistic expression and imaginative storytelling, often using literary devices and figurative language. A short story exploring themes of love and loss, using vivid imagery and descriptive language. 5. Formal Register - is used in formal settings and contexts requiring high professionalism and respect. It often involves sophisticated vocabulary, complex sentence structures, and a polite tone. Legal documents such as contracts or agreements, using formal language and precise wording. 6. Informal Register - is used in casual or relaxed settings where the language is more relaxed and conversational. It often involves using colloquial expressions, slang, and informal vocabulary. Conversations among friends or family members Text messages, social media posts, and online chats Informal emails to acquaintances or colleagues PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION  9 RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig Varieties And Registers of Philippine English Philippine English refers to the variety of English spoken and written in the Philippines, reflecting the country's colonial history, multicultural society, and linguistic diversity. It is characterized by its unique blend of English vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation influenced by indigenous languages, regional dialects, and socio cultural factors. In purposive communication, such as formal speeches, academic writing, business presentations, and professional correspondence, Philippine English plays a crucial role. 1. Regional Varieties Manileño English is spoken in Metro Manila and surrounding urban areas. It is characterized by its blend of Tagalog and English, colloquial expressions, and unique pronunciation. For example, "Kuya" (older brother) and "Ate" (older sister) are commonly used terms of respect and endearment. Visayan English is spoken in the Visayas and Mindanao regions, It incorporates local Visayan languages into English speech, resulting in unique vocabulary and grammatical structures. For instance, "I will go na" (Tagalog: "I will go now") incorporates the Tagalog word "na" for emphasis. 2. Sociolects Filipino-American English is a sociolect spoken by Filipinos who have lived or been educated in the United States. It incorporates American English vocabulary, pronunciation, and cultural references. For example, "Wassup, pare?" (What's up, buddy?) blends American slang with Filipino terms of familiarity. Corporate English is used in professional settings such as offices and business meetings and adopts formal language and business jargon. Examples include terms like "deliverables," "ROI" (Return on Investment), and "synergy." COMMUNICATION 10 PURPOSIVE  RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig 3. Ethnolects BPO (Business Process Outsourcing) English is commonly spoken in call centers and outsourcing companies. BPO English is influenced by the communication style and accent training provided in the industry. It often involves neutralizing regional accents and adopting a standardized pronunciation and speech pattern. Filipino-Chinese English is spoken by the Filipino-Chinese community. This ethnolect incorporates Mandarin or Hokkien Chinese words and phrases into English speech. For example, "Sige na, let's eat na" (Let's go, let's eat now) may be interspersed with Mandarin greetings like "Ni hao ma?" (How are you?). 4. Registers Formal Register is used in formal contexts such as academic writing, official documents, and speeches. Formal Register Philippine English adheres to standard grammar and vocabulary. For example, "The President delivered a speech addressing the nation's economic policies." Informal Register is used in casual conversations, text messages, and social media posts. Informal Register Philippine English may include colloquial expressions, slang, and abbreviations. For instance, "Gonna grab some grub later?" (Going to eat later?) III. VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF COMMUNICATION IN VARIOUS SETTINGS In academic, professional, and various media settings, communication manifests through diverse varieties and registers tailored to specific contexts and audiences. Effective communication in various settings requires understanding the appropriate varieties and registers to suit the specific context, audience, and purpose of communication. Adaptability, clarity, and professionalism are key to successful communication across these diverse settings. COMMUNICATION 11 PURPOSIVE  RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig ACADEMIC SETTING Academic language and communication vary across disciplines, as each field may have specialized terminology, discourse conventions, and citation styles. For example, scientific disciplines may employ technical terminology, while humanities disciplines prioritize critical analysis and interpretation. In addition, academic language and communication typically adopt a formal register characterized by precise terminology, logical structure, and adherence to citation and referencing conventions. Written communication in academia often features structured essays, research papers, and scholarly articles, while verbal communication includes lectures, presentations, and academic discussions. Both writing and speaking in academia involve clarity, objectivity, and evidence-based argumentation. Varieties and Registers of Language in the Academic Setting 1. Scientific Language - In scientific disciplines such as biology, chemistry, and physics, language is characterized by precise terminology and formal syntax. For example, in a biology research paper, terms like "genome sequencing" and "mitochondrial DNA" describe genetic studies. 2. Humanities Language - In humanities disciplines such as literature, history, and philosophy, language is characterized by critical analysis, interpretation, and argumentation. For example, in a literary analysis essay, phrases like "symbolism," "narrative structure," and "character development" are used to analyze a novel's themes. 3. Technical Language - Some academic fields, such as engineering, computer science, and mathematics, utilize technical language specific to their disciplines. For example, in a computer science lecture, terms like "algorithm," "data structure," and "programming language" are used to discuss software development concepts. 4. Formal Register - Academic communication often adopts a formal register characterized by objective language, structured organization, and adherence to academic conventions. For example, the author systematically presents historical evidence with citations to support their arguments in a history research paper. 12 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION  RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig 5. Semi-Formal Register - A semi-formal register may be used in academic discussions and presentations, allowing for more interactive and conversational communication while maintaining professionalism. For example, in a psychology seminar, the presenter engages the audience in discussing psychological theories and research findings. 6. Informal Register - While less common in academic writing, an informal register may be used to engage students in personal reflections, informal discussions, or teaching contexts. For example, a professor may use colloquial language and anecdotes to illustrate complex concepts and theories in a classroom discussion. PROFESSIONAL SETTING Professional communication varies across industries, professions, and organizational cultures. Different professions may have their specialized jargon, acronyms, and communication protocols. For example, legal professionals may use legalese, while healthcare professionals may use medical terminology. Furthermore, professional and communication language can range from formal to informal registers depending on the context. Written communication in professional settings may include emails, reports, and memos, often requiring clarity, professionalism, and adherence to organizational standards. Verbal communication may involve meetings, negotiations, and client interactions, where effective communication is essential for building relationships and achieving objectives. Varieties and Registers of Language in the Professional Setting 1. Technical Jargon - different professions often employ specialized technical jargon relevant to their field. For instance, in the medical field, terms like "diagnosis," "treatment plan," and "patient prognosis" are commonplace. Similarly, in the IT sector, terms like "software architecture," "coding," and "debugging" are frequently used. 2. Corporate Lingo - within organizations, corporate language encompasses terminology, phrases, and acronyms unique to the company's culture and operations. For example, terms like "key performance indicators (KPIs)," "quarterly earnings report," and "strategic planning" are prevalent in business settings. 13 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION  RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig 3. Client-Facing Language - professionals often adapt their language to communicate with clients or customers effectively. In sales and customer service fields, language may include persuasive techniques, product descriptions, and courteous greetings to engage and satisfy clients. 4. Formal Register - formal communication in professional settings adheres to established protocols and standards. For instance, in written communication like emails, reports, and formal letters, a formal register is maintained and characterized by structured language, proper grammar, and professional tone. Phrases like "Dear Mr./Ms. [Last Name]," "Yours sincerely," and "Thank you for your attention" are commonly used. 5. Semi-Formal Register - A semi-formal register is employed in less formal professional interactions such as team meetings or internal discussions. While professionalism is maintained, the tone may be more relaxed and conversational. For example, phrases like "Let's discuss the agenda," "What are your thoughts on this?" or "Any updates on the project?" are used. 6. Informal Register - informal communication occurs in informal settings such as office social events or casual colleague conversations. This register allows for a more relaxed tone, colloquial language, and humor. During lunch breaks or team outings, colleagues may engage in informal banter, share personal anecdotes, or use slang terms. VARIOUS MEDIA SETTINGS Media communication encompasses various forms, such as journalism, broadcasting, advertising, and social media. Each medium has its conventions, audience expectations, and stylistic elements. For example, news articles prioritize factual reporting and objectivity, while advertising employs persuasive language and creative imagery. Moreover, media language can vary from formal to informal registers depending on the platform and target audience. Journalism and formal broadcasting adhere to a neutral or objective register, emphasizing clarity and accuracy. In contrast, advertising and social media may employ more casual or colloquial language to engage audiences and convey messages effectively. COMMUNICATION 14 PURPOSIVE  RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig Varieties and Registers of Language in Various Media Settings 1. Journalistic Language - In news media, language is characterized by objectivity, accuracy, and brevity. Journalists use straightforward language to report facts and convey information to a broad audience. For example, news articles may feature headlines like "Government announces new economic policy" or "Local school wins national award." 2. Entertainment Language - In the entertainment industry, language is often creative, engaging, and emotive to entertain and captivate audiences. In television shows, movies, and music, language evokes emotions, conveys narratives, and entertains viewers. For instance, lyrics in a pop song may include catchy phrases and emotional imagery to resonate with listeners. 3. Advertising Language - is persuasive and compelling, designed to influence consumer behavior and promote products or services. Advertisements use catchy slogans, persuasive appeals, and persuasive language to capture attention and persuade consumers to buy. For example, slogans like "Just Do It" by Nike or "Think Different" by Apple are memorable and effective in advertising campaigns. 4. Formal Register - A formal register conveys authority, professionalism, and credibility in formal media contexts such as news broadcasts or documentary films. Language is clear, concise, and objective, adhering to journalistic standards. News anchors or documentary narrators use formal language to report facts and inform the audience. 5. Informal Register - An informal register is prevalent in informal media platforms like social media, blogs, or podcasts, allowing for more conversational and personalized communication. Content creators may use colloquial language, humor, and informal tone to engage with their audience. For instance, YouTubers often speak directly to their viewers using casual language and informal expressions. 6. Specialized Register - Some media platforms cater to specific audiences and employ specialized registers tailored to their interests and preferences. For example, sports commentary uses specialized terminology and enthusiastic language to engage sports enthusiasts. In contrast, academic podcasts may COMMUNICATION 15 PURPOSIVE RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY  Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig use scholarly language and complex concepts to educate listeners interested in academic subjects. The varieties and registers of language and communication are important in shaping interactions across academic, professional, and various media settings. Understanding and navigating the varieties and registers of language are essential for effective communication. Whether conveying scholarly research, conducting business negotiations, or crafting media content, communicators must adapt their language to suit the context and audience, ensuring clarity, engagement, and mutual understanding. COMMUNICATION 16 PURPOSIVE