Derecho del Transporte PDF

AGENDA - Introducción al DM - Espacios - Sujetos - Buque - Contratos de transporte marítimos - Fletamentos marítimos - Transporte en régimen de CE - INCOTERMS - Crédito Documentario...

AGENDA - Introducción al DM - Espacios - Sujetos - Buque - Contratos de transporte marítimos - Fletamentos marítimos - Transporte en régimen de CE - INCOTERMS - Crédito Documentario - Contratos terrestres y de pasajeros - Transprote terrestre - Transporte de pasajeros Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Carácter transversal Derecho de la Navegación Marítima Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Fuentes del Derecho marítimo Los Convenios marítimos internacionales y normas UE (OMI, CMI, UNCITRAL…) - Uniformidad La legislación marítima Derecho común La costumbre y los usos marítimos Jurisprudencia, reglas, formularios y contratos tipo internacionales Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Legislación marítima Ley 14/2014, de 24 de julio, de Navegación Marítima Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2011, de 5 de septiembre, por el que se aprueba el Texto Refundido de la Ley de Puertos del Estado y de la Marina Mercante Reglamentos: Abanderamiento, matrícula y registro de buques Inspección y certificación de buques Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Título Preliminar: Disposiciones generales (arts. 1 a 3). Título I: De la ordenación administrativa de la navegación (arts. 4 a 55). Título II: De los vehículos de la navegación (arts. 56 a 144). Título III: De los sujetos de la navegación (arts. 145 a 187). Título IV: De los contratos de utilización del buque (arts. 188a 313). Título : De los contratos auxiliares de la navegación (arts. 314 a 338). Título VI: De los accidentes de la navegación (arts. 339 a 391). Título VII: De la limitación de la responsabilidad (arts. 392 a 405). Título VIII: Del contrato de seguro marítimo (arts, 406 a 467). Título IX: Especialidades procesales (arts, 468 a 500). Título X: Certificación pública de determinados expedientes de Derecho marítimo (arts. 501 a 524). Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Espacios de la navegación Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  AI MT ZC ZEE AM R Soberanía limitada I Soberanía B limitadas mat. Competencias Derechos económica E Plena libertad de R E navegación Ñ O Tensión Soberanía Estado Ribereño v. Libertad de navegación Derecho del Mar Convenio de Montego Bay sobre Derecho del Mar (1982) Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Sujetos de la navegación Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  (a) Sujetos titulares de la iniciativa de la navegación - Armador: quien siendo o no propietario del buque/embarcación, tiene su posesión, directamente o a través de sus dependientes, y lo dedica (lo usa) a la navegación (con o sin propósito comercial) en su propio nombre y bajo su responsabilidad. - El armador (que deberá inscribirse en el RM) es responsable ante terceros de los actos y omisiones del capitán y dotación del buque, sin perjuicio de su derecho a limitar su responsabilidad - Naviero o empresa naviera: la persona física o jurídica que, utilizando buques propios o ajenos, se dedica a su explotación, aun cuando ello no constituya su actividad principal, bajo cualquier modalidad admitida por los usos internacionales. -No necesario que tome parte en la navegación del buque -La condición de naviero no requiere posesión del buque, solo su explotación - Propietario del buque: ostenta su titularidad dominical (puede coincidir con naviero o armador). Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  (b) Sujetos encargados del manejo y navegación por cuenta ajena - Dotación: conjunto de personas empleadas a bordo de un buque en cualquiera de sus departamentos o servicios. - Capitán: ostenta el mando y la dirección del buque, así como la jefatura de su dotación y representa a bordo la autoridad pública. - a) F. públicas: Poder de mando del capitán (seguridad, disciplina, Registro auxiliar) - b) F. técnicas: Poder de mando y autonomía en las decisiones de carácter técnico, diario de la navegación -c) F. comerciales: representación del armador (contratación servicios y laboral). El armador quedará obligado por las obligaciones contraídas por el capitán. Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Vehículos de la navegación Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  El buque como objeto de Estatuto derechos de jurídico garantía: hipoteca y privilegios como objeto de derechos de propiedad: Como objeto de contratos: compraventa y construcción transporte, fletamentos, auxiliares, etc. Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Sistema registral Sistema Dual REGISTRO DE MATRÍCULA REGISTRO DE BIENES MUEBLES (jurídico-pública/administrativo) (jurídico-privada/mercantil) - Situar al buque en un pabellón y jurisdicción específica, para cuestiones de seguridad, cualificación de la tripulación, - Protección de la titularidad del propietario registral medidas disciplinarias, etc. - Protección de acreedores hipotecarios y su prelación - Derecho a enarbolar bandera de un Estado (determina la norma de conflicto y derecho aplicable) - Protección diplomática y consular - Protección naval del Estado de bandera - Derechos del Estado de bandera: pesca, draga o actividades de recreo (yates) en MT, ZC Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Panorama Internacional Financiación & Seguro Operaciones UK y Escandinavia Dinamarca y Suiza (30%) Construcción Korea & China (72%) Trabajadores China, Filipinas & Indonesia (60%) Terminales Registro Desguace Portuarias Propiedad Panamá, Liberia Rotterdam, Singapur, India, Bangladesh y H.Kong (50%) Grecia, Japón & China (92%) China (48%) Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  EL CONTRATO DE TRANSPORTE MARÍTIMO DE MERCANCÍAS Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Features/Attributes Speed Capacity Security Cost Goods Road Mid Low Mid Low All Containers Train Mid High High Mid & bulk Sea Containers Low Very High High Low & bulk High value / Air Very High Low Very High High perishable Multimodal High Mid Mid Mid All Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Contrato de transporte marítimo de mercancías: theory through a case study Tipología de contratos Partes Ley aplicable Documentos Obligaciones de las partes y responsabilidad Causas de exoneración y límites de responsabilidad Protestas y reclamaciones Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Tipología de contratos y estructuras Contrato de fletamento - charterter (partes regulan sus relaciones) Objeto del contrato: buque (total o en parte) Tiempo (fletador-armador asume los gastos de gestión del buque) o Viaje (fletante-propietario el que asume los gastos de gestión del buque) Transporte de mercancías en régimen de CE (regulado - autonomía parcial de las partes) - objeto del contrato: mercancía Transporte de pasajeros (totalmente regulado - reglas obligatorias) Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  CV Barcelona Incoterm Vendedor Shanghai Comprador Destintario Porteador UPS? CT Cargador MAERSK ? ¿Quién asume la obligación de transportar? Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  FLETAMENTOS Y TRANSPORTE Cargador = Destinatario Contrato de transporte Porteador Destinatario Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  FLETAMENTOS Y TRANSPORTE Cargador Contrato de transporte 1 Porteador 1 / Cargador 2 Contrato de transporte 2 Porteador 2 Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  FLETAMENTOS Y TRANSPORTE Cargador Contrato de transporte 1 Porteador contractual Porteador 1 / Cargador 2 Contrato de transporte 2 Porteador 2 Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  FLETAMENTOS Y TRANSPORTE Cargador Contrato de transporte 1 Porteador contractual Porteador 1 / Cargador 2 Contrato de transporte 2 Porteador 2 Porteador efectivo Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  FLETAMENTOS Y TRANSPORTE Porteador Marítimo/Aéreo Porteador Terrestre Porteador Terrestre Múltiples Contratos de transporte Cargador Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  FLETAMENTOS Y TRANSPORTE Porteador Marítimo/Aéreo Porteador Terrestre Porteador Terrestre Mercado Múltiples Contratos “mayorista” de transporte Cargador 2 ———————————— Transitario/Agente (Porteador) Mercado Contrato de transporte “minorista” Cargador Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  FLETAMENTOS Y TRANSPORTE Fletante Contrato de Fletamento Fletador / Porteador Contratos de transporte Cargador 1 Cargador 2 Cargador 3 Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  FLETAMENTOS Y TRANSPORTE Fletante Shipowner Contrato de Fletamento Fletador / Porteador Charterer Contratos de transporte Cargador 1 Cargador 2 Cargador 3 Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  FLETAMENTOS Y TRANSPORTE Shipowner Charterparty Charterer Time Voyage (Periodo) (1/más) Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  CHARTERPARTY Bareboat/Demise Charter Owner Time Voyage A Charterparty Charterparty g Shipper #1 e Charterer n Charterer/ Charterer/ Contracts Shipowner c Shipper #2 of Carriage Owner Carrier i Broker Broker e s Shipper #3 Voyage Charterparty Time Charterparty Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Contrato de transporte marítimo de mercancías: theory through a case study Tipología de contrato Partes Ley aplicable Documentos Obligaciones de las partes y responsabilidad Causas de exoneración y límites de responsabilidad Protestas y reclamaciones Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado Barcelona CRESSI - Seller Shanghai SCUBA- Buyer Consignee Shipper Carrier XIOSHAN FORW ? CoC COSCO ? Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Porteador – Parte contractual – Carrier – P. Contractual  Asume la obligación de realizar el transporte y entregar la mercancía en destino (por medio de otros) – P. Efectivo  Sin ser parte contractual del CT originario, realiza efectivamente el transporte (con sus medios) – Responsabilidad solidaria entre ambos (sin perjuicio de las acciones de repetición). Cargador – Parte contractual – Shipper – Frente a quien el porteador se obliga (dif. expedidor) – Cargador = Vendedor – Cargador = Destinatario DesLnatario – Tercero – Consignee – Persona a la que va dirigida la carga – Ostenta el derecho a reclamar la mercancía (incorporado CE) – Problema de la relatividad de los contratos -1257 Cc- (doc. no- negociables) CT = Cont. Favor de 3º Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Contrato de transporte marítimo de mercancías: theory through a case study Tipología de contrato Partes Ley aplicable Documentos Obligaciones de las partes y responsabilidad Causas de exoneración y límites de responsabilidad Protestas y reclamaciones Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Nacional Internacional Convenio Bruselas (1924) Transporte Ley de Navegación Protocolos 68 y 79 (R. Haya-Visby) Marítimo Marítima 2014 Reglas de Hamburgo (1978) Reglas de Rotterdam (2008) LCTTM (2009) Transporte LOTT (1987) CMR (1956) Terrestre ROTT CIM (Apéndice COTIF) CGC (1997) Convenio Varsovia (1929) Ley de Navegación Aérea Transporte Aéreo (1960) Reglamento CE (1997 y 2004) Convenio Montreal 1999 Transporte LCTTM (2009) Convenio de Ginebra (1980) – Multimodal LNM 2014 No en vigor Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Ámbito de aplicación CE o doc. similar (delivery orders, received for shipment BL, through BL Documental Carta de Porte: no aplicación RHV (salvo Paramount) Exclusión mercancías sobre cubierta (salvo acuerdo) Material Animales vivos: excluidos RHV / si en LNM (con ciertas exoneraciones para el porteador) Transporte por mar Transporte Internacional: 2 estados diferentes Espacial - CE emitido en EC o Puerto Carga en Estado Contratante o incorporación contractual (Paramount) LNM extiende aplicación a Trans. Nac. RHV: carga-descarga (posibilidad del porteador de cl exonerativas en fase terrestre -FIO(S)) Temporal LNM: ampliación = recepción y entrega No exoneración en fase terrestre C-D realizadas por cargador/destinatario Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Contrato de transporte marítimo de mercancías: theory through a case study Tipología de contrato Partes Ley aplicable Documentos Obligaciones de las partes y responsabilidad Causas de exoneración y límites de responsabilidad Protestas y reclamaciones Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Proceso de contratación en LR Solicitud de transporte CARGADOR PORTEADOR Booking note Mercancía Documento de transporte “Embarcado” o “recibido para embarque” Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Short form bills of Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium, lading (www) totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Functions of the B/L - Evidence Receipt for goods (3.4) - Evidence of contract of carriage - Document of title: presentation rule 3.3 HVR Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Functions of the B/L - Evidence Receipt for goods (3.4) - Evidence of contract of carriage - Document of title: presentation rule 3.3 HVR Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Carrier Shipper Consignee Functions of Notify Party the B/L Port of loading - Evidence Receipt for goods (3.4) Port of delivery - Evidence of contract of carriage - Document of title: presentation rule 3.3 HVR Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  - Once the goods are on board (or after receiving into his charge), the carrier, the master (power of attorney) or the agent to the carrier Issue (3.3) (acting on its behalf) shall issue and deliver to the shipper a B/L, evidencing the right to be returned those goods at the destination port. Mentions of the B/L (3.3) - The name and address of the carrier; the consignor/shipper and the consignee; - The ports to load and unload goods and, in the case of multi-mode transport, where the transport start and end; - The date of delivery of the goods to the carrier for carriage and, if agreed, the date or deadline for delivery of the goods at the relevant location; - The place of issuing the bill of lading; - The description of the goods provided by the shipper/consignor, stating the nature, marks, number of items, quantity or weight and their apparent order and condition. - If the goods are in containers, each container shall be considered as a unit, except for specification to the contrary. - Reservations: If the carrier notes that the information declared by the shipper do not match the real condition of those received, it shall include reserves on the B/L to record the inexact circumstances (express: “said to contain”, “shipper´s load and count” when the shipper has loaded and stowed the goods in the container). - If no reservation be made, the carrier shall be assumed to have received the goods in a proper order and condition. Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  - B/L certifies the perfection/existence of the contract of carriage Validity of B/L - B/L shall certify delivery of the goods by the shipper/consignor to the as evidence carrier for transportation and their delivery with the characteristics and in the conditions recorded in the document (proof in case breach of contract) Document of title: Checks Promissory notes sub-functions Shares - Document that represents goods (holder B/L=holder Goods) - Transmission of the B/L shall take the same effects as delivery of the goods represented therein (economic function of the B/L): sale in transit - Right of disposal during the voyage - Document of credit (right to claim delivery / to sue) - The holder of the B/L (consignee) will acquire all the rights and actions of the transferor over the goods (shipper) - Presentation Rule: The carrier shall deliver the goods ONLY to the entitled holder of the B/L, collecting the document as proof of physical delivery - In the event of delivery of the goods to a person who is not authorized (not in possession of the B/L), the carrier shall be held liable to the legitimate holder of the B/L for the value of the goods without being able to limit his liability (Misdelivery) Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Other transport documents Seawaybill - Non-negotiable document (evidentiary functions) and out of the scope of HVR - Advantages: - Security: avoid documentary problems (loss/theft of the document) - Speed: No presentation rule required (consignee does not need wait for the document) - Control: the shipper is the controlling party during the entire voyage - A Seawaybill is usually issued : when shipper and consignee are part of the same business group (no negotiations required) the shipment doesn’t involve any bank transaction and the shipper doesn’t really need to submit B/L to secure his payment when shipper doesn’t have the time to courier/mail to the consignee - Disadvantages: - Non-negotiation in transit (no economic function) - No time-bar and carrier defenses (exonerations/limitations provided HVR) Through bill of lading - Plurality of carrier services under 1 B/L Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Code Name: "LINEWAYBILL" NON-NEGOTIABLE Seawaybill LINER SEA WAYBILL The Protocol signed at Brussels on 21 December 1979 ("the SDR Protocol 1979") shall apply where the Hague-Visby Rules apply, whether mandatorily or by this Contract. the Consignee shall mean the person entitled to receive the goods from the Carrier. (b) Containers, pallets or similar articles of transport Shipper Code Name: "LINEWAYBILL" The Carrier shall in no case be responsible for loss of or supplied by or on behalf of the Carrier shall be returned to the LINER SEA WAYBILL I. GENERAL PROVISIONS damage to cargo arising prior to loading, after discharging, or while the cargo is in the charge of another carrier, or with Carrier in the same order and condition as handed over to the Merchant, normal wear and tear excepted, with interiors clean Issued by The Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO), 1. Definitions. respect to deck cargo and live animals. and within the time prescribed in the Carrier's tariff or subject to the CMI Uniform Rules for Sea Waybills. "Carrier" means the party on whose behalf this Sea Waybill elsewhere. has been signed. 11. Liability for Pre- and On-Carriage. (c) (i) The Consignor shall be liable for any loss of, damage "Merchant" includes the Shipper, the Receiver, the Consignor, When engaging to receive the goods at a place other than the to, or delay, including demurrage, of such articles, the Consignee and the owner of the goods. Vessel's Port of Loading or to deliver the goods at a place incurred during the period between handing over to LWB. No. other than the Vessel's Port of Discharge, the Carrier acts as the Consignor and return to the Carrier for carriage. 2. Carrier's Tariff. the Merchant's Agent only and shall be entitled to sub-contract (ii)The Consignor and the Consignee shall be jointly and The terms of the Carrier's applicable Tariff on the date of the carriage on any terms. The Carrier shall not be liable for severally liable for any loss of. damage to, or delay, Consignee (not to order) Reference No. shipment are incorporated herein. Copies of the relevant any loss or damage arising during any part of the transport including demurrage, of such articles. incurred during provisions of the applicable Tariff are available from the Carrier other than that between the Port of Loading and Port of the period between handing over to the Consignee and upon request. In the case of inconsistency between this Sea Discharge even though the freight for the whole transport has return to the Carrier. Waybill and the applicable Tariff, this Sea Waybill shall prevail. been collected by him. V. FREIGHT AND LIEN 3. Law and Jurisdiction. 12. Amount of Compensation. 20. Freight and Charges. Disputes arising under this Sea Waybill shall be determined (a) When the Carrier is liable for compensation in respect (a) Freight shall be deemed earned when the goods have by the courts and in accordance with the law at the place of loss of or damage to the goods, such compensation shall been received for carriage and shall be paid in any event. where the Carrier has his principal place of business. be calculated by reference to the value of such goods at the The Carrier's claim for any charges under this Contract shall place and time they are delivered to the Merchant or should be considered definitely payable in like manner as soon as II. PERFORMANCE OF THE CONTRACT have been so delivered in accordance with the Contract. the charges have been incurred. Interest at Libor plus 2 per 4. Methods and Routes of Transportation. (b) The value of the goods shall be fixed according to the cent., shall run from the date when freight and charges are Notify party/address (a) As the Vessel is engaged in liner service the intended commodity exchange price or, if there be no such price, due. voyage shall not be limited to the direct route but shall be according to the current market price or, if there be no (b) The Merchant shall be liable for expenses of fumigation deemed to include any proceeding or returning to or stopping commodity exchange price or current market price, by and of gathering and sorting loose cargo and of weighing on or slowing down at or off any ports or places for any reasonable reference to the normal value of goods of the same kind and board and expenses incurred in repairing damage to and purpose connected with the service including maintenance quality. replacing of packing due to excepted causes and for all of the Vessel and crew, and the Vessel may sail with or without (c) Higher compensation than provided for in Clause 10 may expenses caused by extra handling of the cargo for any of the pilots, undergo repairs, adjust equipment, drydock, be towed be claimed only when, with the consent of the Carrier, the aforementioned reasons. or low vessels in all situations. value for the goods declared by the Shipper which exceeds (c) Any dues, duties, taxes and charges which under any (b) Whether expressly arranged beforehand or otherwise, the limits laid down in Clause 10 has been stated on the face denomination may be levied on any basis such as amount of the Carrier shall be at liberty to carry the goods to their port of of this Sea Waybill at the place indicated. In that case the freight, weight of cargo or tonnage of the Vessel shall be paid destination by the said or other vessel or vessels either amount of the declared value shall be substituted for that limit. by the Merchant. belonging to the Carrier or others, or by other means of (d) The Merchant shall be liable for all fines and/or losses Pre-carriage by * Place of receipt by pre-carrier * transport, proceeding either directly or indirectly to such port 13. Delay, Consequential Loss, etc. which the Carrier, the Vessel or cargo may incur through non- and to carry the goods or part of them beyond their port of If the Carrier is held liable in respect of delay, consequential observance of Custom House and/or import or export destination, and to tranship, land and store the goods either loss or damage other than loss of or damage to the goods, regulations. Vessel Port of loading Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium, on shore or afloat and reship and forward the same at the Carrier's expense but at the Merchant's risk. the liability of the Carrier shall be limited to the freight for the transport covered by this Sea Waybill, or to the limitation amount as determined in Clause 10, whichever is the lesser. (e) The Merchant's attention is drawn to the stipulations concerning currency in which the freight and charges are to be paid, rate of exchange, devaluation and other contingencies totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt 5. Stowage. relative to freight and charges in the relevant tariff conditions. (a) The Carrier shall have the right to stow goods by means 14. Defences and Limits for the Carrier, Servants, etc. If no such stipulation as to devaluation exists or is applicable of containers, trailers, transportable tanks, flats, pallets, or (a) The defences and limits of liability provided in this Sea the following shall apply: Port of discharge Place of delivery by on-carrier * similar articles of transport used to consolidate goods. Waybill shall apply in any action against the Carrier for loss of If the currency in which freight and charges are quoted is explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia (b) The Carrier shall have the right to carry containers, or damage to the goods whether the action can be founded in devalued between the date of the freight agreement and the trailers, transportable tanks and covered flats, whether stowed contract or in tort. date when the freight and charges are paid, then all freight by the Carrier or received by him in a stowed condition from (b) The Carrier shall not be entitled to the benefit of the and charges shall be automatically and immediately increased the Merchant on or under deck without notice to the Merchant. limitation of liability provided for in this Sea Waybill, if it is in proportion to the extent of the devaluation of the said Container No./Seal No./Marks and Numbers Number and kind of packages, description of goods Gross weight, kg. Measurement, m³ consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. 6. Hindrances etc. Affecting Performance. (a) The Carrier shall use reasonable endeavours to complete proved that the loss or damage resulted from a personal act or omission of the Carrier done with intent to cause such loss or damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage currency. (f) The Carrier is entitled in case of incorrect declaration of contents, weights, measurements or value of the goods the performance of this Contract. would probably result. to claim double the amount of freight which would have been (b) If at any time the performance of the Contract as (c) The Merchant undertakes that no claim shall be made due if such declaration had been correctly given. For the evidenced by this Sea Waybill is or will be affected by any against any servant, agent or other persons whose services purpose of ascertaining the actual facts or verifying the freight hindrance, risk, delay, difficulty or disadvantage of whatsoever the Carrier has used in order to perform this Contract and if basis, the Carrier reserves the right to obtain from the kind, and if by virtue of sub-clause 6(a) the Carrier has no any claim should nevertheless be made, to indemnify the Merchant the original invoice and to have the goods inspected duty to complete the performance of the Contract, the Carrier Carrier against all consequences thereof. and the weight, measurement or value verified. (whether or not the transport is commenced) may elect to (d) However, the provisions of this Sea Waybill apply treat the performance of this Contract as terminated and place whenever claims relating to the performance of this Contract 21. Lien. the goods at the Merchant's disposal at any place which the are made against any servant, agent or other persons whose The Carrier shall have a lien on the goods for any amount due Carrier shall deem safe and convenient. services the Carrier has used in order to perform this Contract, under this Contract and for the costs of recovering the same, (c) If the Merchant has not taken delivery of the goods within whether such claims are founded in contract or in tort. In and may enforce such lien in any reasonable manner, including the time designated by the Carrier, the Carrier shall be at liberty entering into this Contract, the Carrier, to the extent of such sale or disposal of the goods. to put the goods in safe custody on behalf of the Merchant at provisions, does so not only on his own behalf but also as the latter's risk and expense, and, if not taken delivery of, to agent or trustee for such persons. The aggregate liability of VI. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS sell the same privately or by auction after 14 days. the Carrier and such persons shall not exceed the limits in 22. General Average. (d) In any event the Carrier shall be entitled to full freight for Clause 12 and, if applicable, Clause 24. (a) General Average shall be adjusted at any port or place goods received for transportation and additional compensation at the Carrier's option, and settled according to the York- for extra costs resulting from the circumstances referred to IV. DESCRIPTION OF GOODS Antwerp Rules 1994, or any modification thereof, this covering above. 15. Carrier's Responsibility. all goods, whether carried on or under deck. The New Jason In the absence of reservation by the Carrier, any statement in Clause as approved by BIMCO shall be considered 7. Lighterage. this Sea Waybill as to the quantity, order and/or condition of incorporated into this Sea Waybill. Any customary, local lightering in or off ports of loading or the goods shall as between the Carrier and the Shipper be (b) Such security including a cash deposit as the Carrier ports of discharge shall be for the account and risk of the prima facie evidence of receipt of the goods as so stated. may deem sufficient to cover the estimated contribution of Carrier. the goods and any salvage and special charges thereon shall, 16. Shipper's Responsibility. if required, be submitted to the Carrier prior to delivery of the 8. Loading, Discharging and Delivery. The Shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the Carrier goods. (a) Loading, discharging and delivery of the cargo shall be the accuracy, at the time the goods were received for carriage, arranged by the Carrier's Agent unless otherwise agreed. of the description of the goods, marks, numbers, quantity and 23. Both-to-Blame Collision Clause. (b) All costs for storing and handling of the goods before weight, as furnished by him, and the Shipper shall defend, The Both-to-Blame Collision Clause as approved by BIMCO loading and after discharge shall be for the Merchant's indemnify and hold harmless the Carrier against all loss, shall be considered incorporated into this Sea Waybill. account. damage and expenses arising or resulting from inaccuracies (c) Loading and discharging may commence without in or inadequacy of such particulars. The right of the Carrier 24. U.S. Trade. previous notice. to such indemnity shall in no way limit his responsibility and (a) In case the Contract evidenced by this Sea Waybill is (d) The Merchant or his Assigns shall tender the goods when liability under this Sea Waybill to any person other than the subject to the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act of the United the Vessel is ready to load and as fast as the Vessel can Shipper. The Shipper shall remain liable even if the goods States of America, 1936 (U.S. COGSA), then the provisions receive and - but only if required by the Carrier - also outside have been delivered. stated in the said Act shall govern before loading and after ordinary working hours notwithstanding any custom of the port. discharge and throughout the entire time the goods are in Otherwise the Carrier shall be relieved of any obligation to 17. Shipper-Packed Containers, etc. the Carrier's custody. load such cargo and the Vessel may leave the port without (a) If a container has not been filled, packed or stowed by (b) If the U.S. COGSA applies, and unless the nature and Above particulars as declared by Shipper but not acknowledged by the Carrier further notice and deadfreight is to be paid. the Carrier, the Carrier shall not be liable for any loss of or value of the goods have been declared by the Shipper before (e) The Merchant or his Assigns shall take delivery of the damage to its contents and the Merchant shall cover any loss the goods have been handed over to the Carrier and goods and continue to receive the goods as fast as the Vessel or expense incurred by the Carrier, if such loss, damage or inserted in this Sea Waybill, the Carrier shall in no event Total No. of Containers/Packages or Units received by the Carrier RECEIVED for carriage in apparent good order and condition (unless otherwise can deliver and - but only if required by the Carrier - also expense has been caused by: be or become liable for any loss of or damage to the goods stated herein) the total number of Containers/Packages or Units indicated in outside ordinary working hours notwithstanding any custom (i) negligent filling, packing or stowing of the container; in an amount exceeding USD 500 per package or customary the Box opposite entitled "Total No. of Containers/Packages or Units received of the port. Otherwise the Carrier shall be at liberty to discharge (ii) the contents being unsuitable for carriage in container; freight unit. by the Carrier" and the goods as specified above, weight, measure, marks, the goods and any discharge shall be deemed a true fulfilment or Freight and charges of the Contract, or alternatively to act under Clause 6. (iii) the unsuitability or defective condition of the container numbers, quality, quantity, contents and value unknown for delivery at the place (f) The Merchant shall bear all overtime charges in unless the container has been supplied by the Carrier indicated above. connection with tendering and taking delivery of the goods as and the unsuitability or defective condition would not have The goods shipped under this Sea Waybill will be delivered to the Party named above. been apparent upon reasonable inspection at or prior to as Consignee or its authorised agent, on production of proof of identity without (g) The Merchant shall accept his reasonable proportion of the time when the container was filled, packed or stowed. any documentary formalities. Should the Shipper require delivery of the goods unidentified loose cargo. (b) The provisions of sub-clause (i) of this Clause also apply with respect to trailers, transportable tanks, flats and pallets to a party other than the Consignee stated in this Sea Waybill, then written 9. Optional Ports of Discharge. which have not been filled, packed or stowed by the Carrier. instructions must be given to the Carrier or his agent. The Shipper shall, The port of discharge for optional cargo must be declared to (c) The Carrier does not accept liability for damage due to however, be entitled to transfer right of control of the goods to the Consignee, the Vessel's Agents at the first of the optional ports not later the unsuitability or defective condition of reefer equipment or the exercise of such option to be noted on this Sea Waybill and to be made no than 48 hours before the Vessel's arrival there. In the absence trailers supplied by the Merchant. later than the receipt of the goods by the Carrier. The Carrier shall exercise of such declaration the Carrier may elect to discharge at the first or any other optional port and the contract of carriage 18. Dangerous Goods. due care ensuring that delivery is made to the proper party. However, in case shall then be considered as having been fulfilled. Any option (a) The Merchant shall comply with all internationally of incorrect delivery, the Carrier will accept no responsibility unless due to can be exercised for the total quantity under this Sea Waybill recognised requirements and all rules which apply according fault or neglect on his part. only. to national law or by reason of international Convention, Freight payable at relating to the carriage of goods of a dangerous nature, and III. CARRIER'S LIABILITY shall in any event inform the Carrier in writing of the exact 10. Liability for Carriage Between Port of Loading and nature of the danger before goods of a dangerous nature are Port of Discharge. taken into charge by the Carrier and indicate to him, if need The International Convention for the Unification of Certain be, the precautions to be taken. Shipper's declared value of: Place and date of issue Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading signed at Brussels on (b) Goods of a dangerous nature which the Carrier did not 25 August 1924 ("the Hague Rules") as amended by the know were dangerous, may, at any time or place, be unloaded, Protocol signed at Brussels on 23 February 1968 ("the Hague- destroyed, or rendered harmless, without compensation; Visby Rules") and as enacted in the country of shipment shall further, the Merchant shall be liable for all expenses, loss or apply to this Contract. When the Hague-Visby Rules are not damage arising out of the handing over of such goods or of subject to payment of above extra charge. Signed for enacted in the country of shipment, the corresponding their carriage. FOR CONDITIONS OF CARRIAGE SEE NEXT PAGE. as Carrier legislation of the country of destination shall apply, irrespective (c) If any goods shipped with the knowledge of the Carrier of whether such legislation may only regulate outbound as to their dangerous nature shall become a danger to any Note: shipments. person or property, the goods may in like manner be landed When there is no enactment of the Hague-Visby Rules in either at any place or destroyed or rendered innocuous by the Carrier The Merchant's attention is drawn to the fact that in accordance with Clauses 10 the country of shipment or in the country of destination, the without liability on the part of the Carrier except for General to 13 and Clause 24 of this Sea Waybill, the liability of the Carrier is limited in by Hague-Visby Rules shall apply to this Contract save where Average, if any. respect of loss of or damage to the goods and delay. the Hague Rules as enacted in the country of shipment or if no such enactment is in place, the Hague Rules as enacted 19. Return of Containers. * Applicable only when document used as a Through Sea Waybill in the country of destination apply compulsorily to this (a) For the purpose of this Clause the Consignor shall mean Prof. Juan Pablo RodriguezPrinted Delgado As agent(s) only to the Carrier Contract. the person who concludes this Contract with the Carrier and by the BIMCO Charter Party Editor  Conocimiento de embarque electrónico - Principio de equivalencia funcional (264 LNM): Conferir igual relevancia y efectos jurídicos a la información contenida con independencia del soporte en que se encuentre - El problema de la posesión - Requisitos 1º. El e-CE debe contener la información que sería obligatoria consignar en un CE papel 2º. Método fiable que permita: Determinar que el DE es el DET DE debe estar sujeto a control exclusivo desde su emisión por una persona determinada Conservar la integridad del documento durante su vida Probar al tenedor su condición de tal Confirmar que se ha realizado la entrega del DET Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Contrato de transporte marítimo de mercancías: theory through a case study Tipología de contrato Partes Ley aplicable Documentos Obligaciones de las partes y responsabilidad Causas de exoneración y límites de responsabilidad Protestas y reclamaciones Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado Duty of making the vessel available HVR System (seaworthiness & cargowhortiness) Period of responsibility Carrier's Carrier's warehouse Loading Discharge warehouse (Port of Shanghai) (alongside) (alongside) (Barcelona) Effective Effective Reception Delivery Duty “properly and carefully” load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for & discharge Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Before the During the voyage After the voyage voyage Duty of making the vessel available HVR System (seaworthiness & cargowhortiness) Period of responsibility Carrier's Carrier's warehouse Loading Discharge warehouse (Port of Shanghai) (alongside) (alongside) (Barcelona) Effective Effective Reception Delivery Duty “properly and carefully” load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for & discharge Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Obligations of the shipper Delivery the goods Information Period of custody (possession of the goods) Transportation phase (PoR) Receipt Loading Discharge Delivery Origin Destination Pay the freight Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Obligations of the carrier Las RHV parte de una declaración general: «el porteador estará sometido, en cuanto a la carga, conservación, estiba, transporte, vigilancia, cuidado y descarga de dichas mercancías, a las responsabilidades y obligaciones, y gozará de los derechos y exoneraciones que a continuación se mencionan» (Art. 2 RHV). In general terms HVR imposes two duties on regards care of the cargo under B/L contract - Duty of seaworthiness: due diligence (3.1 HVR) - Before the voyage: ship-related - Duty of “properly and carefully” load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods carried (3.2 HVR) - During the voyage: cargo-related Each duty contains its own corresponding exceptions (art. 4.1 and 4.2 HVR) Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Obligations of the carrier at origin - The carrier shall make the ship available in the Making the ship port and on the date agreed available… - Remedies: Cancelation + Damages Carrier must exercise due diligence (not result) before and at beginning of voyage to (4.1): … and make ship seaworthy: properly man, equip Seaworthiness and supply the ship -bunkering- (seaworthiness) make holds fit and safe for reception, carriage (Cargoworhiness) and preservation of cargo (cargoworthiness) During the voyage: properly performance (exoneration causes admitted) Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Obligations of the carrier at origin - The carrier shall make the ship available in the Making the ship port and on the date agreed available… - Remedies: Cancelation + Damages Carrier must exercise due diligence (not result) before and at beginning of voyage to (4.1): … and make ship seaworthy: properly man, equip Seaworthiness and supply the ship -bunkering- (seaworthiness) make holds fit and safe for reception, carriage (Cargoworhiness) and preservation of cargo (cargoworthiness) During the voyage: properly performance (exoneration causes admitted) From the start of loading to the sailing Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  - HVR: Carrier must properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge goods. Obligation or mode of proceeding? Loading - SMNAct: Obligation of the carrier, but delegable (FIO clauses) Parties may agree that the loading be performed at the expense and risk of the shipper (FIO clauses) - HVR: same as loading Stowage/ stacking - SMNAct: non-delegable obligation: carrier will be always liable in case of defective stowage/stacking Even when it is agreed that the loading and stacking be performed at the expense and risk of the shipper, the carrier shall be liable for the consequences arising from defective stacking that compromises the safety of the voyage (SMNA). Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Obligations of the carrier during the voyage Beginning of the - The carrier shall be liable for damages and losses caused due to voyage at the unjustified delay in commencing the voyage agreed time - The carrier shall be liable for damages and losses caused by diversion of the ship from the agreed route or, failing that, from the most appropriate according to the circumstances Sail by the - Exception: is such a diversion is performed in order to save human lives or for any other reasonable and justified cause (that agreed route does not arise from an initial state of the ship not being seaworthy). - “Liberty clauses”: agreements providing the carriage is not limited to the direct route, allowing reasonable deviations (route and ports) Custody - The carrier shall be responsible for loss or damages suffered by the goods as a consequence of breach of the duty of custody Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Obligations of the carrier at the end of the voyage Discharge Same as mentioned loading Barcelona Delivery - Delivery to the holder of the B/L or the consignee (SW) on the date and pursuant to the terms agreed. - Such removal shall be prima facie evidence of the delivery by the carrier of the goods as described in the B/L (3.6). - If the consignee does not appear or refuses delivery, the carrier may store the goods until their delivery, at the costs of the consignee or apply for their judicial deposit. Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Period of liability v. Period of custody Liability/Responsibility under HVR Carrier's Loading Discharge Carrier's warehouse (alongside) (alongside) warehouse Effective Effective Reception Delivery Custody ¿Domestic Law? ¿Domestic Law? - The carrier is liable for all damage or loss of goods, as well as delay in their delivery, caused while they are under its custody - Mandatory regime (SMNAct): Contractual clauses that aim directly or indirectly to Liability attenuate or annul such liability to the detriment of the person entitled to receive System the goods shall not take effect. - Fault-based liability (Exoneration clauses and limits of liability) - Monetary remedies: no actions/claims to specific performance, suspension or termination of the contract. Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Contrato de transporte marítimo de mercancías: theory through a case study Tipología de contrato Partes Ley aplicable Documentos Obligaciones de las partes y responsabilidad Causas de exoneración y límites de responsabilidad Protestas y reclamaciones Prof. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado  Carrier’s defenses: exoneration causes (17) Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting from: (theses additional defenses will be unavailable in case of unseaworthiness) Act, neglect, default of the master, mariner, pilot or servants of the carrier in even where the loss has been causes by the negligence of its the navigation or in the management of the ship (nautical fault -no commercial) servants/agentes Fire, unless caused by the actual fault of the carrier (or its servants) Perils, dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable waters Act of God Force majeure Act of war Act of enemies situations Carrier must prove: Arrest or restraint of princes, rulers or people, or seizure under legal process - that the loss falls within the - Quarantine restrictions exception Strikes or lockouts, or stoppage or restraint of labour from whatever cause - that the loss was not Act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or causes by its negligence representative Riots and civil commotions Any clause, covenant, or agreement in Saving life or attempting to save life a contract relieving the carrier or the Wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising from inherent ship from liability for loss or damage to, defect, quality or vice of the goods or in connection with, goods arising Insufficient packaging Inherent vice of