Crop Science PDF - World And Philippine Agriculture

Crop Science Grace C. Olar Faculty, CSU-CAA I. WORLD AND PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph College...

Crop Science Grace C. Olar Faculty, CSU-CAA I. WORLD AND PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University I. WORLD AND PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Topic Outline A. Meaning and Concept of Agriculture and Crop Science B. World Agricultural Development and Origin of Some Crops C. Agricultural Development of the Philippines D. Data and Facts about the Philippine Agriculture E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University A. Meaning and Concept of Agriculture and Crop Science Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Agriculture Latin words “ager” – field and “cultura” – cultivation It is the production of food and raw materials (FAO, 2011) It is a purposeful work through which the elements of nature are harnessed to produced plants and animals to meet human needs. Although it does not by itself crate civilization, civilization cannot develop without agriculture. It is the science, art, and business of producing crops and raising of domesticated animals (Sheaffer and Moncada, 2022) College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University A. Meaning and Concept of Agriculture and Crop Science Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Agriculture Art. Raising plants and animals demands skill and experience to create aesthetically pleasing and suitable combinations that fulfill human desires for an ideal environment. Science. Knowledge and skills are acquired through developing hypotheses, designing experiments, collecting data, and analyzing and interpreting the results. Business. Aims on generating profit which involves implementing strategies and making decisions that increase revenue while effectively managing costs and expenses.  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University A. Meaning and Concept of Agriculture and Crop Science Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Crop Production is a branch of agriculture that deals with cultivation of crops that are utilized by man for any purpose in order to survive. Crop Science is the study of growing and managing crops to improve their yield, quality, and sustainability. o It integrates various disciplines such as plant biology, agronomy, genetics, and soil science to create improved crop varieties, optimize farming techniques, and improve pest and disease management. o The primary aim of crop science is to efficiently enhance food production while preserving environmental health. College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University A. Meaning and Concept of Agriculture and Crop Science Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Crop Science is divided into 2 disciplines: 1. Agronomy - field crop production and management. - Greek words “agros” – (field) and “nomos” – (to manage) 2. Horticulture - Latin words “hortos” (garden) and “cultura” (cultivation)  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University B. World Agricultural Development & Origin of Some Crops Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Fertile Crescent Is where the first civilization flourished as primitive men began to settle and had division of labor Earliest site where crop and animal domestication occurred. Include the present-day countries of Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Palestine, Turkey, Lebanon, and Syria The Fertile Crescent College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University B. World Agricultural Development & Origin of Some Crops Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Center of Domestication of Crops In 1926, Russian botanist and geneticist Nicolai Ivanovich Vavilov suggested that areas with a high number of wild relatives of a domesticated species are likely the original regions where that species was domesticated. From his expeditions to gather a wide range of plant materials, Vavilov pinpointed 8 regions globally that exhibited a significant concentration of diversity for various plant species. Center of Origin – until today, harbor much of diversity for a given species.  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University B. World Agricultural Development & Origin of Some Crops Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Center of Origin of Crops Centers of origin of cultivated species, Vavilov (1926). 1. China 5. Mediterranean 2. India and Malaya 6. Ethiopia 3. Central Asia 7. Mexico and Central America 4. Near East 8. South America College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University B. World Agricultural Development & Origin of Some Crops Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Center of Origin of Crops Two main objections have been raised against Vavilov’s proposed centers of origin: (i) they did not necessarily align with areas of highest genetic diversity, and (ii) some centers of diversity were too widespread. However, advancements in DNA fingerprinting technologies have enabled more precise studies of genetic variation and the domestication of crops. Nevertheless, it is evident that various species were domesticated in one or more distinct regions.  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University B. World Agricultural Development & Origin of Some Crops Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Center of Origin of Crops Table 1.1 Likely origin of 25 common domesticated plants. (Bernardo, 2023) Plant Likely place of origin Plant Likely place of origin Alfalfa Turkey. Iran Peanut Paraguay Apple Central Asia Petunia South America Barley Near East Plantain Southeast Asia Bean Central America, Andes Potato Peru Cassava Brazil Rice China Coconut SE Asia, India Ryegrass Europe Coffee Ethiopia, West Africa Sorghum Ethiopia Cotton Mexico, Andes Soybean China Grape Near East Sugarcane New Guinea Maize Mexico Sunflower Eastern U.S. Oil palm West Africa Sweet potato Central or South America Onion Central Asia Tomato Andes, Central America Wheat Turkey College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University B. World Agricultural Development & Origin of Some Crops Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Four Period/Stages of Agriculture Pastoral age – man lived on the gift of nature Middle Stone age – used bow and arrow to catch, gather, and store food New Stone age – start of animal and plant domestication Modern/Scientific Agriculture – series of research, development, and technology transfer Painter of the burial chamber of Sennedjem - The Yorck Project (2002) occurred between 1940s to 1970s (after WWII) that increase production worldwide.  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University B. World Agricultural Development & Origin of Some Crops Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Significant Breakthrough during the Modern Era 1. Haber and Bosch synthesized the ammonium nitrate from hydrogen and nitrogen (the first synthetic nitrogen- containing fertilizer) 2. Green Revolution program  named by USAID Director William Gaud in 1968  Dr. Norman Borlaug - Father of Green Revolution  The large increase in agricultural production in developed and developing countries during 1960s due to:  mechanized agriculture;  use of high yielding varieties (HYVs); Green Revolutions Logo  use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides; and  use of irrigation facilities and electrification College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University C. Agricultural Development of the Philippines Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Stages of Development of Philippine Agriculture 1. Pre-colonial period Indo-Malayan brought rice; slash and burn system, carabao as source of animal power 2. Colonial period Development of haciendas allowed the introduction of new technologies in production and processing; introduction of new plants and varieties 3. Post-war period International trading of coconut, tobacco, sugar, pineapple, banana started; new farming technologies. The Department of Agriculture and Manufacturing (DAM) was created under Pres. Emilio Aguinaldo on June 23, 1898  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University C. Agricultural Development of the Philippines Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph The Department of Agriculture (DA) 1. Department of Agriculture and Manufacturing (DAM) 2. In 1917, by virtue of Act No. 2666, DAM was changed to the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (DANR) In 1932, DANR changed to Department of Agriculture and Commerce 3. In 1947, Department of Agriculture and Commerce was renamed Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (DANR) 4. In 1953, the Bureau of Agricultural Extension was established under the administration of Sec. F. Lopez. During his term also started the era of rural development with the organization of the 4-H Club and Rural Improvement Club nationwide 5. In 1954, under Sec. Salvador Araneta, the Agricultural Tenancy Commission, precursor of DAR, was organized together with the Philippine Tobacco Administration and Philippine Coconut Administration (now PCA) College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University C. Agricultural Development of the Philippines Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph The Department of Agriculture (DA) 6. In 1955, Sec. Rodriguez, the Philippines became a member of the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). This is also when the National Rice and Corn Production Program was launched. 7. In 1961, Sec. C. Fortich succeeded Sec. Rodriguez and during his term when the Abaca Development Board was created. 8. In 1963, Sec. B. Gozon created the National Rice and Corn Administration (now NFA). In the same year. Pres. D. Macapagal enacted R.AA 3844 the Agricultural Land Reform Code. 9. In 1968, for the first time, the Philippine became a rice exporter under Sec. F. Lopez during the administration of Pres. Marcos. Considered as “rice czar” 10. In May 1974, by virtue of P.D. 461 under Martial Law, the DANR was reorganized into two departments, the Department of Agriculture and Department of Natural Resources.  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University C. Agricultural Development of the Philippines Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph The Department of Agriculture (DA) 11. On June 22, 1978, by virtue of P.D. 1397, all cabinet departments were changed to ministries.  Minister Arturo R. Tanco launched the innovative Masagana 99 rice production program which revolutionized the rice industry. It made the Philippines a rice exporter and self-sufficient in white corn.  By virtue of P.D. 461, in June 1978, the Ministry of Agriculture established the 12 regional offices each headed by a Regional Director. 12. On February 28, 1986, as a result of People Power Revolution, Ramon V. Mitra was appointed by Pres. C. Aquino as the Minister of MAF, replaced by MAF Deputy Minister Dominguez. These were the priority projects: CALF, LEAD Program, AFCs. 13. In 1988, under Pres. C. Aquino, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law was created and launched the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University C. Agricultural Development of the Philippines Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph The Department of Agriculture (DA) 14. On January 3, 1990, under Pres. C. Aquino, Sec. Bacani of DA implemented the following:  Rice Action Program (RAP) which led the country to export rice in 1992  Corn Production Enhancement Program (CPEP) resulted self-sufficiency of corn and another major staple crop  Peasant’s forum –a group of small farmers and fisherfolk was created 15. In 1992, Pres. Fidel Ramos appointed Sec. Sebastian and under his term he introduced the Key Production Approach (KPA) which is based on the principle of planting the right crop at the right place and time. 16. In 1996, Sec. Escudero III launched the Gintong Ani food production and security program which organized subsistence farmers into cooperatives 17. On June 30, 1998, Dr. William D. Dar as Acting Secretary of Agriculture by Pres. Joseph E. Estrada introduced the 10-point agenda under the Agrikulturang Makamasang Program  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University C. Agricultural Development of the Philippines Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph The Department of Agriculture (DA) 18. In 1999, Pres. Estrada appointed Sec. Angara who authored the R.A 8435 known as Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) 19. In 2021, Sec. Montemayor implemented the AFMA and launched the GMA- CARES 20. In 2022, Sec Lorenzo spearheaded the launching of Roll-On, Roll-Off or RORO transport program and Intensified the use of Hybrid Crops 21. In 2004, Sec. Arthur Yap unveiled the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2004-2010 (MTPDP) 22. In 2005, Sec. Panganiban continued the MTPDP 23. In 2006, Sec. Yap was reappointed as DA Secretary 24. On June 30, 2010, Pres. Aquino III appointed Sec. Alcala, who is one of the principal authors of Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 known as R.A. 10068 or Philippine Organic Agriculture Act. College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University C. Agricultural Development of the Philippines Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Republic Act No. _____ is also known as the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997 (AFMA). a. 8345 b. 8435 c. 8543 d. 8453  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University C. Agricultural Development of the Philippines Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Who is the current DA Secretary? a. William Dar b. Francisco Tiu Laurel Jr. c. Ferdinand Marcos Jr. d. Ferdinand Marcos Sr. College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University C. Agricultural Development of the Philippines Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph The Department of Agriculture (DA) 25. On July 1, 2016, Sec. Emmanuel F. Piñol was appointed by Pres. Duterte. He vowed to bring agriculture and fisheries program to basic by addressing food production and poverty. 26. On August 5, 2019, Dr. William D. Dar was reappointed as DA Secretary. Upon his assumption to office, Dar introduced the “New Thinking for Agriculture”. The “Masaganang Ani at Mataas na Kita”. 27. As the country’s 17th President, Pres. Ferdinand Marcos Jr. made the unprecedented decision of designating himself as the concurrent head of the Department of Agriculture amidst the looming global food crisis. 28. On November 3, 2023, Francisco “Kiko” P. Tiu Luarel Jr. was appointed by Pres. Marcos Jr. as the Secretary of the Philippine Department of Agriculture. https://www.da.gov.ph/about- us/history/#:~:text=The%20Department%20of%20Agriculture %20and,that%20President%20Emilio%20Aguinaldo%20formed  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University D. Data Facts about the Philippine Agriculture Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph  Is a tropical country with 4 types of climate  Dominated by subsistence and semi- commercial farmers  Majority of the farms are small, averaging about 2 hectares.  Rice is the staple food  300, 000 square km  30 M ha land area  14.2 M ha –Agricultural (13.4 M ha, 2020)  15.8 M ha Forest area  7,641 islands (in the past: 7,100-7,107 island)  88 dialects  1960-70 – no. 4 exporter of logs  Now – importing logs Source: Image Source E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture 1.a. International Agricultural Research 1. IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) - Los Baños, Laguna Philippines 2. CIMMYT (International Center for Improvement of Maize and Wheat) - El Batan, Mexico 3. CIAT (Centro Internationale Agricule Tropicale) – Palmira, Columbia 4. IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture) - Ibadan, Nigeria 5. IBPGR (International Board of Plant Genetic resources) - FAO, Rome, Italy 6. WARDA (West African Rice Development Association) - Monrovia, Bolivia 7. ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas) - Lebanon E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture 1.b. Agricultural Research E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture 2. GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)  was signed in 1947  It is established after WWII  It is a multilateral agreement regulating trade among about 150 countries  According to its preamble, the purpose of the GATT is the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis.“  On 1995, GATT became the WTO, a fully pledge international organization with stronger and broader authority. E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) - was signed on ______. a. 1947 b. 1957 c. 1967 d. 1977 E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture 3. World Trade Organization  World Trade Organization (WTO) came into being on January 1, 1995 located at Geneva Switzerland.  The WTO implements the agreement  The WTO provides a forum for negotiating additional reductions of trade barriers and for settling policy disputes, and enforces trade rules Importance of Trade: People drive a vehicle made in Japan which runs on fuel imported from the Middle East. E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture 4. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering  2005 marked the tenth anniversary of the commercialization of biotechnology crops.  In the United States, in 2006, 89% of soybean, 61% of corn, and 83% of cotton were biotech crops.  Leading producers of biotech crops in the world:  United States, with approximately 123 million acres currently under cultivation in 2005,  Other countries growing biotech crops include: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Iran, Philippines, Australia, South Africa, Paraguay, Uruguay, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico, Czech Republic, Romania, Portugal, Spain, France, and Germany. E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture Problems & Prospects of the Agriculture in the Philippines  Persistent obstacles that hinder productivity include: o restricted access to credit and agricultural insurance o minimal farm mechanization o insufficient postharvest facilities o inadequate irrigation o limited support for research and development (R&D) o weak extension services o incomplete implementation of agrarian reform programs. E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture Problems & Prospects of the Agriculture in the Philippines  Problems of Philippine Agriculture  Physical o Climate (rainfall, To, sunshine duration) o Soil fertility (top soil erosion, etc.)  Biological o Pests, diseases, weeds o Physiological disorders (intensively cropped areas – nutrient deficiency) E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture Problems & Prospects of the Agriculture in the Philippines  Problems of Philippine Agriculture  Socioeconomic o Low farm income o Inadequate support services (farm) o Inadequate incentives for agricultural production (input prices/prices of products o Essentially mono-culture-based design of dominant crops – key production areas o Export raw materials – imports finished products (under developed processing segment) o Presence of middlemen in the farm – consumer continuums E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture Problems & Prospects of the Agriculture in the Philippines  Farming Technology Generated and Adopted by the Filipino Farmers o To enhance self-sufficiency in essential food staples, both the government and private sector have introduced new farming technologies to improve agricultural practices for Filipino farmers. 1. F1 Hybrid Seeds for rice, corn, vegetables, and other crops to ensure sustainable production. 2. Biotechnology Research and Development for advancing agricultural practices. 3. Advanced Farming Equipment to boost productivity in the fields. E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture Problems & Prospects of the Agriculture in the Philippines  Farming Technology Generated and Adopted by the Filipino Farmers 4. Solar-Powered Irrigation Systems to improve water management. 5. Japanese-Made Drones for applying fertilizer on vegetable farms located on mountainous terrain. 6. Farmers Guide Map to help farmers select suitable crops based on climate and soil data. “The DA’s climate change program, the Adaptation and Mitigation Initiative in Agriculture (AMIA) launched the National Color-Coded Agricultural Guide (NCCAG) Map at “ the Malacańan Palace on March 7, 2017. http://farmersguidemap.da.gov.ph/ E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture Problems & Prospects of the Agriculture in the Philippines  Farming Technology Generated and Adopted by the Filipino Farmers 7. Rice Crop Manager App, a web-based tool offering crop management recommendations tailored to specific farm conditions. https://rcm.da.gov.ph/home 8. AgriDOC App, which allows farmers to record activities, monitor inputs, enhance task management, and guide overall farm management. https://www.philrice.gov.ph/app-smart-rice- crop-management-now-available/ E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture Problems & Prospects of the Agriculture in the Philippines  Farming Technology Generated and Adopted by the Filipino Farmers 9. KROPS App, enabling farmers to set their own prices and connect with potential buyers in their area. Agriculture Mobile App | KROPS (mykrops.com) 10. Smart Plant Production in Controlled Environments (SPICE) Program, aimed at advancing urban farming and high-tech plant conservation https://spiceprogram.org.ph/about E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture Problems & Prospects of the Agriculture in the Philippines  Ten Features of a Philippine Farm of the Future (Ranada, 2015) 1. Multiple crops 2. Water harvesting 3. Renewable energy 4. High-tech sensing equipment 5. Own weather station 6. Connected to apps 7. Farming machines 8. Right varieties 9. Makes the most of extreme conditions 10. Natural pesticide and fertilizer (NFIs). E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture Problems & Prospects of the Agriculture in the Philippines  Technological advancements such as global positioning systems (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS), and precision farming tools have significantly transformed agriculture, moving it away from traditional practices and enhancing efficiency.  While these innovations are not yet universally adopted, several methods have made substantial contributions to crop and livestock production: 1. Vertical Farming: This urban farming technology involves large-scale agricultural production in multi-story buildings, allowing for indoor cultivation. 2. Livestock Farming Technology: The adoption of “ready-to- use” technologies has increased production and productivity, ensuring the availability, accessibility, and affordability of livestock products. Advances e.g. imported breeds, veterinary medicines, and specialized feed. E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture Problems & Prospects of the Agriculture in the Philippines  Technological advancements 3. Hydroponics: This method involves growing crops in a soil- less environment using mineral-enriched water solutions. 4. Aquaponics: This system integrates fish farming with plant cultivation in a recirculating environment. 5. Greenhouses: These structures create controlled conditions to minimize external environmental fluctuations and optimize growth and photosynthesis, including controlled temperatures, humidity, and CO2 levels. 6. Nurseries: These environments provide highly controlled conditions to protect young plants from harsh conditions, such as high humidity, warm temperatures, and low light intensity. E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture Problems & Prospects of the Agriculture in the Philippines  Technological advancements 7. Urban Agriculture (Bayanihan Act of 2020): This initiative promotes urban farming to create a resilient food system, particularly crucial for ensuring food security during pandemics. 8. Climate Smart Agriculture: Techniques and practices designed to adapt to climate change and promote sustainable farming practices. E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture Problems & Prospects of the Agriculture in the Philippines  Technological advancements o Advantages and Disadvantages of Urban Farming Advantages Disadvantages Grow food all day, every day Doubtful use and value in increasing global Protect Crops from unpredictable and access to food harmful weather events Downturn in rural economies Re-use water collected from indoor Reduced access to healthy nutritious food environment for total communities Eliminate the need for pesticides, fertilizers, Exacerbation of the divide between the or herbicides have and have-nots Reduce our dependence on fossil fuels High production cost Prevent crop loss due to shipping or storage Produce tends to be costly Stop agricultural run-off E. Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture Problems & Prospects of the Agriculture in the Philippines  Significance of Agricultural Technology: 1. Enhanced crop yields 2. Reduced consumption of water, fertilizers, and pesticides 3. Lower environmental impact on natural ecosystems 4. Minimized chemical runoff into rivers and groundwater 5. Improved safety for farmworkers  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University REFERENCES Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Bernardo, R. 2023. Essentials of Plant Breeding. Second Edition. Philippine Statistical Authority (PSA). 2023.https://psa.gov.ph Ranada, P. 2015. Ten Features of a Philippine Farm of the Future. https://www.rappler.com/nation/philippine-future-farm-philrice Recto, Rosalino B. Crop Science Powerpoint. ALE Reviewers. State Universities and Colleges - Association of Colleges of Agriculture in the Philippines (SUC-ACAP). 2021. Crop Science Review Materilas for the Licensure Examination for Agriculturist. ISBN # 978-971-592-108-4 Visayas State University (VSU) Reviewer. 2019. All image sources and URL attached in this ppt.