Crop Science: World and Philippine Agriculture PDF

**Crop Science: I. WORLD AND PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE** **A. Meaning and Concept of Agriculture and Crop Science** **Agriculture** Latin words "ager" -- field and "cultura" -- cultivation It is the production of food and raw materials (FAO, 2011) - - **Crop Science is divided into 2 dis...

**Crop Science: I. WORLD AND PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE** **A. Meaning and Concept of Agriculture and Crop Science** **Agriculture** Latin words "ager" -- field and "cultura" -- cultivation It is the production of food and raw materials (FAO, 2011) - - **Crop Science is divided into 2 disciplines:** **1. Agronomy** - field crop production and management. \- Greek words "agros" -- (field) and "nomos" -- (to manage) 2. **Horticulture -** Latin words "hortos" (garden) and "cultura" (cultivation) B. **World Agricultural Development & Origin of Some Crops** **Fertile Crescent -** Is where the first civilization flourished as primitive men began to settle and had division of labor. Earliest site where crop and animal domestication occurred. Include the present-day countries of Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Palestine, Turkey, Lebanon, and Syria. **Center of Domestication of Crops** In 1926, Russian botanist and geneticist Nicolai Ivanovich Vavilov suggested that areas with a high number of wild relatives of a domesticated species are likely the original regions where that species was domesticated. From his expeditions to gather a wide range of plant materials, Vavilov pinpointed 8 regions globally that exhibited a significant concentration of diversity for various plant species. Center of Origin -- until today, harbor much of diversity for a given species. **Center of Origin of Crops** **Independent Crop Domestication** **Middle East (8,00 BC) -** Wheat, pea, olive Asia - Almond, apple, soybean China - Rice, common millet Mexico (3,000 BC) - Maize, squash, beans South America - Potato, Cassava, Peanut Africa - Sorghum, pearl millet USA - Sunflower Two main objections have been raised against Vavilov's proposed centers of origin: (i) they did not necessarily align with areas of highest genetic diversity, and (ii) some centers of diversity were too widespread. However, advancements in DNA fingerprinting technologies have enabled more precise studies of genetic variation and the domestication of crops. Nevertheless, it is evident that various species were domesticated in one or more distinct regions. **Four Period/Stages of Agriculture** ** Pastoral age** -- man lived on the gift of nature ** Middle Stone age** -- used bow and arrow to catch, gather, and store food ** New Stone age** -- start of animal and plant domestication ** Modern/Scientific Agriculture** -- series of research, development, and technology transfer occurred between 1940s to 1970s (after WWII) that increase production worldwide. **Significant Breakthrough during the Modern Era** 1\. Haber and Bosch synthesized the ammonium nitrate from hydrogen and nitrogen (the first synthetic nitrogen- containing fertilizer) 2\. Green Revolution program -  named by USAID Director William Gaud in 1968 -  Dr. Norman Borlaug - Father of Green Revolution -  The large increase in agricultural production in developed and developing countries during 1960s due to: - - - - **Stages of Development of Philippine Agriculture** **1. Pre-colonial period** Indo-Malayan brought rice; slash and burn system, carabao as source of animal power **2. Colonial period** Development of haciendas allowed the introduction of new technologies in production and processing; introduction of new plants and varieties **3. Post-war period** International trading of coconut, tobacco, sugar, pineapple, banana started; new farming technologies. The Department of Agriculture and Manufacturing (DAM) was created under Pres. Emilio Aguinaldo on June 23, 1898 **The Department of Agriculture (DA)** 1\. Department of Agriculture and Manufacturing (DAM) 2\. In 1917, by virtue of Act No. 2666, DAM was changed to the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (DANR) In 1932, DANR changed to Department of Agriculture and Commerce 3\. In 1947, Department of Agriculture and Commerce was renamed Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (DANR) 4\. In 1953, the Bureau of Agricultural Extension was established under the administration of Sec. F. Lopez. During his term also started the era of rural development with the organization of the 4-H Club and Rural Improvement Club nationwide 5\. In 1954, under Sec. Salvador Araneta, the Agricultural Tenancy Commission, precursor of DAR, was organized together with the Philippine Tobacco Administration and Philippine Coconut Administration (now PCA) 6\. In 1955, Sec. Rodriguez, the Philippines became a member of the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). This is also when the National Rice and Corn Production Program was launched. 7\. In 1961, Sec. C. Fortich succeeded Sec. Rodriguez and during his term when the Abaca Development Board was created. 8\. In 1963, Sec. B. Gozon created the National Rice and Corn Administration (now NFA). In the same year. Pres. D. Macapagal enacted R.AA 3844 the Agricultural Land Reform Code. 9\. In 1968, for the first time, the Philippine became a rice exporter under Sec. F. Lopez during the administration of Pres. Marcos. Considered as "rice czar" 10\. In May 1974, by virtue of P.D. 461 under Martial Law, the DANR was reorganized into two departments, the Department of Agriculture and Department of Natural Resources. 11\. On June 22, 1978, by virtue of P.D. 1397, all cabinet departments were changed to ministries. Minister Arturo R. Tanco launched the innovative Masagana 99 rice production program which revolutionized the rice industry. It made the Philippines a rice exporter and self-sufficient in white corn. By virtue of P.D. 461, in June 1978, the Ministry of Agriculture established the 12 regional offices each headed by a Regional Director. 12\. On February 28, 1986, as a result of People Power Revolution, Ramon V. Mitra was appointed by Pres. C. Aquino as the Minister of MAF, replaced by MAF Deputy Minister Dominguez. These were the priority projects: CALF, LEAD Program, AFCs. 13\. In 1988, under Pres. C. Aquino, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law was created and launched the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) 14\. On January 3, 1990, under Pres. C. Aquino, Sec. Bacani of DA implemented the following:  Rice Action Program (RAP) which led the country to export rice in 1992  Corn Production Enhancement Program (CPEP) resulted self-sufficiency of corn and another major staple crop  Peasant's forum --a group of small farmers and fisherfolk was created 15\. In 1992, Pres. Fidel Ramos appointed Sec. Sebastian and under his term he introduced the Key Production Approach (KPA) which is based on the principle of planting the right crop at the right place and time. 16\. In 1996, Sec. Escudero III launched the Gintong Ani food production and security program which organized subsistence farmers into cooperatives 17\. On June 30, 1998, Dr. William D. Dar as Acting Secretary of Agriculture by Pres. Joseph E. Estrada introduced the 10-point agenda under the Agrikulturang Makamasang Program 18\. In 1999, Pres. Estrada appointed Sec. Angara who authored the R.A 8435 known as Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) 19\. In 2021, Sec. Montemayor implemented the AFMA and launched the GMA-CARES 20\. In 2022, Sec Lorenzo spearheaded the launching of Roll-On, Roll-Off or RORO transport program and Intensified the use of Hybrid Crops 21\. In 2004, Sec. Arthur Yap unveiled the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2004-2010 (MTPDP) 22\. In 2005, Sec. Panganiban continued the MTPDP 23\. In 2006, Sec. Yap was reappointed as DA Secretary 24\. On June 30, 2010, Pres. Aquino III appointed Sec. Alcala, who is one of the principal authors of Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 known as R.A. 10068 or Philippine Organic Agriculture Act. 25\. On July 1, 2016, Sec. Emmanuel F. Piñol was appointed by Pres. Duterte. He vowed to bring agriculture and fisheries program to basic by addressing food production and poverty. 26\. On August 5, 2019, Dr. William D. Dar was reappointed as DA Secretary. Upon his assumption to office, Dar introduced the "New Thinking for Agriculture". The "Masaganang Ani at Mataas na Kita". 27\. As the country's 17th President, Pres. Ferdinand Marcos Jr. made the unprecedented decision of designating himself as the concurrent head of the Department of Agriculture amidst the looming global food crisis. 28\. On November 3, 2023, Francisco "Kiko" P. Tiu Luarel Jr. was appointed by Pres. Marcos Jr. as the Secretary of the Philippine Department of Agriculture. **D. Data Facts about the Philippine Agriculture** - - - - - - - - - - - - E. **Problem, Status, and Prospects of the Philippine Agriculture** **1.a. International Agricultural Research** 1\. IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) - Los Baños, Laguna Philippines 2\. CIMMYT (International Center for Improvement of Maize and Wheat) - El Batan, Mexico 3\. CIAT (Centro Internationale Agricule Tropicale) -- Palmira, Columbia 4\. IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture) - Ibadan, Nigeria 5\. IBPGR (International Board of Plant Genetic resources) - FAO, Rome, Italy 6\. WARDA (West African Rice Development Association) - Monrovia, Bolivia 7\. ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas) - Lebanon **2. GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)** - - - - - **3. World Trade Organization -** World Trade Organization (WTO) came into being on January 1, 1995 located at Geneva Switzerland. - - - **4. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering** - - - - - **Problems & Prospects of the Agriculture in the Philippines -** Persistent obstacles that hinder productivity include: o restricted access to credit and agricultural insurance o minimal farm mechanization o insufficient postharvest facilities o inadequate irrigation o limited support for research and development (R&D) o weak extension services o incomplete implementation of agrarian reform programs. **Problems of Philippine Agriculture**  **Physical** o Climate (rainfall, To, sunshine duration) o Soil fertility (top soil erosion, etc.)  **Biological** o Pests, diseases, weeds o Physiological disorders (intensively cropped areas -- nutrient deficiency) ** Socioeconomic** o Low farm income o Inadequate support services (farm) o Inadequate incentives for agricultural production (input prices/prices of product o Essentially mono-culture-based design of dominant crops -- key production areas o Export raw materials -- imports finished products (under developed processing segment) o Presence of middlemen in the farm -- consumer continuums **Farming Technology Generated and Adopted by the Filipino** **Farmers** o To enhance self-sufficiency in essential food staples, both the government and private sector have introduced new farming technologies to improve agricultural practices for Filipino farmers. 1\. F1 Hybrid Seeds for rice, corn, vegetables, and other crops to ensure sustainable production. 2\. Biotechnology Research and Development for advancing agricultural practices. 3\. Advanced Farming Equipment to boost productivity in the fields. 4\. Solar-Powered Irrigation Systems to improvewater management. 5\. Japanese-Made Drones for applying fertilizer on vegetable farms located on mountainous terrain. 6\. Farmers Guide Map to help farmers select suitable crops based on climate and soil data. "The DA's climate change program, the Adaptation and Mitigation Initiative in Agriculture (AMIA) launched the National Color-Coded Agricultural Guide (NCCAG) Map at the Malacańan Palace on March 7, 2017. "