Grade 10 History Exam Review PDF

Content Review themes throughout the course and how they applied to specific units. Consider themes such as: Six Historical Thinking Concepts Historical Significance: Prominence, consequences, subsequent profile (Magnitude, Scope, Lasting Nature) Historical Perspective: Social conditions, econ...

Content Review themes throughout the course and how they applied to specific units. Consider themes such as: Six Historical Thinking Concepts Historical Significance: Prominence, consequences, subsequent profile (Magnitude, Scope, Lasting Nature) Historical Perspective: Social conditions, economic conditions, intellectual conditions, cultural realities Evidence: primary and secondary sources (value, limitation) Continuity and change: Cause and Consequences: Unappreciated causes, evidence of a causal connection, degree of influence, absence of alternative explanations Ethical Dimensions: factual claim, moral judgement Historical individual, historical collective, current generations Canadian Unity ○ Statue of Westminster, 1931 - In Late 1926, countries that were part of the British Empire gathered at an imperial conference in England - They supported a groundbreaking document called the Balfour Report which declared that Britain their Dominions(including Canada) should be equal in status - This meant that Canada would no longer be part of the British, but rather they would be part of the British Commonwealth of nations meaning they would equal in status - In 1931, British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster which made the Balfour Report official ○ The Canadian Constitution of 1982- The Charter of Rights and Freedoms Patriation of the Constitution: - Pierre Trudeau led efforts to bring the Constitution under full Canadian control - The canadian charter of rights and freedoms was introduced, but Quebec refused to sign Meech Lake Accord: - Prime Minister Brian Mulroney attempted to recognize Quebec as a “distinct society” - Opposition from women's groups, indigenous groups, and western provinces led to its failure, increasing national disunity Charlottetown Accord: - Second attempt to include quebec with the indigenous self government and senate making new proposals - The accord was rejected in a nationwide vote, which led to increased demands for Quebec to govern itself (nothing has been done since)  ○ Challenges of Anglo-French Relations Supporters of Quebec Sovereignty: - Believe quebec is different enough from the rest of Canada to need independence - Want quebec to protect its language and culture as a sovereign country Federalists: - Support quebec remaining part of canada Sovereignty Referendum: - Quebec elected Parti Quebecois who promised a vote on quebec's independence - Referendum result showed a close division - Lack of clarity about the terms led to the Clarity act, which set rules for any future referendum Canada during both WW1 and WW2 ○ The MAIN Causes of WW1 and the Road to WW2 Militarism: the policy of building up military forces and weaponry as a threat. Britain and Germany spent millions of dollars to build armies and navies for war Alliance System: to ensure safety, european countries formed alliances Imperialism: the extension of one's nation's authority and control over other lands by economic, political, or military means. (other lands become colonies) Nationalism: Nationalism, rooted in shared cultural heritage, often leads to strong pride in one's country, but can escalate to a belief in superiority over other nations. Nationalists beliefs fuelled the drive for overseas colonies ○ The historical significance of the Battles involving Canada of WW1 and WW2 WW1 Battle of Ypres: - British, French, Canadians against Germans - On the english coast - Many litres of chlorine gas released by Germans, leading the French to retreat Canada's role: - secure 3.5 km of the front line until British troops arrived - soaked rags in muddy water and urine to fight of the chlorine gas - Outcome: Canadians held their ground until reinforcements arrived, gained reputation as courageous fighters Battle of the Somme: - British, French, Canadians against Germans Canada’s role: - Joined allies at the somme river - Supported british with a lot of ammunition - Many crossed no man's land (the trenches) - Outcome: half a million men lost in 3 months, known as the meat grinder (useless battle) Vimy Ridge: - Canadians against Germans - Ridge was a key high ground with german security and technology Canada's role: - Arthur currie trained troops on mock hills, took aerial photographs, built subways, and trained with German artillery - Canadians fought all 4 divisions using Creeping Barrage Outcome: - Canadians took Vimy Ridge in 2 hours - Nation making moment towards Canada (established nationalism) - Arthur Currie is known as one of the greatest generals of the war Battle of Passchendaele: - Canadians (initially British) against Germans - Marshlands flooded with rain, immobilizing tanks and troops - Duckboards had to be used Canada’s role - Currie was pressured by Douglas Haig (British General) to send CAD troops to fight - Currie hated the plan and said that it will get them killed - Terrible conditions slowed Canadians down and made them easy targets Outcome: - Canadian troops were almost wiped out - So many killed for little land but they captured it WW2 Battle of France (Maginot Line): - France developed a line of defence known as the Maginot Line - Heavily armed tunnel system that spanned access France and Germany - Felt that France was safe if Germany was to ever attack Outcome: - Germany invaded France by going around the Maginot Line (useless) Miracle of Dunkirk: - When Germany invaded France, Britain sent troops to help but both were unprepared for the Blitzkrieg - The allies were trapped in Dunkirk, facing defeat as Hitler delayed his final attack - Britain called for help, and many civilian boats helped evacuate soldiers across the English Channel Battle of Britain: - Hitler launched air attacks on Britain to destroy its air force, factories, and morale for invasion on the ground  - German Luftwaffe was first successful, but the RAF forces, though outnumbered, still stood their ground - After Germany bombed London, Churchill struck Berlin, angering Hitler, who launched a major assault on London - Gave the RAF time to recover, and by the end of the summer, Hitler failed to gain air control, leading to Britain's victory Hitler Invades the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) - Hitler invaded because he believed that if the Soviet Union could be defeated quickly, Britain would be more willing to accept peace terms - Nazis had many quick successes, and believed that they can defeat the Soviet Union Outcome: - Blitzkrieg was successful at first, but Russia used a ‘scorched earth’ strategy, destroying resources to weaken the enemy - Hitlers troops were unprepared for the harsh winter, leading to freezing conditions and equipment failure - Germany suffered a major defeat, forcing many troops to surrender Battle of the North Atlantic - The allies aimed to ship supplies to England, but Germany used U-boats to attack them - Canada protected its merchant ships using the convoy system with it’s Corvettes - Ongoing battle was crucial to allies’ success Battle of Dieppe: - Canadian and British troops attempted a raid in France to test German defenses and gather information, but it failed - The raid started late, making soldiers visible, and the planned airstrike was canceled, leaving German defenses intact - As a result, many canadians were killed, wounded, or taken prisoner in the battle The Italian Campaign: - Operation Husky: Canada joined the assault on Italy to stop italian advances, control the Mediterranean, and relieve pressure on the Eastern Front - Allies aimed to distract German forces for a land invasion Result: Mussolini was removed from power, but Germany quickly took control of Italy Battle of Ortona: - An ancient city with narrow streets which made it difficult for Canadian troops to fight - Soldiers used the “mouse and hole” technique, blasting through houses to advance Result: Germans withdrew from the city Atlantic Wall: - A system of German coastal defenses built to stop an Allied invasion from Britain - Included concrete bunkers with weapons, beach obstacles, and underwater mines  - Millions of mines were laid to destroy incoming Allied forces Day of Deliverance (D-Day) - The start of the Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe - British, French, American, and Canadian forces landed on Normandy beaches, with Canadians taking Juno Beach - Battle was the beginning of the Nazis full-scale defeat in europe Liberation of the Netherlands: - After normandy, fighting continued for 11 months to liberate Europe - Canadians advanced from Italy, cleared German forces from ports, and liberated Holland - The dutch, suffering from food and fuel shortages, warmly welcomed the Canadians, creating lasting bonds of friendship VE-day: - The Allied ground offensive against Germany began in early 1945. - By April, Canadian troops had liberated most of the Netherlands. - Germany surrendered in May, marking the end of the war in Europe on V-E Day. ○ War on the Homefront WW1: - First Nations soldiers served in the war, despite not being citizens or conscripted - After the war, they realized their rights were not equal to non-indigenous soldiers Charlotte Edith Anderson Monture: First Indigenous Canadian registered nurse Francis Pegahmagabow: known as a sniper Tom Longboat: Distance Runner - Under the Indian act, returning soldiers had their indian status taken away - Reserved indigenous land was sold - Enfranchisement: legal process for terminating a person's indian status and granted a canadian citizenship WW2 Wartime Prices and Trade Board - Many staple goods were sent overseas, and ration cards were given to Canadian families - Canada’s exports were vital to Britain, supplying large amounts of food during the war Victory bonds: - Used to help finance the war - A program where civilians purchased certificates and could redeem them after the war for a higher value  ○ Contributions of women and minorities - Many women volunteered in the war Navy, Air force - Worked as drivers, nurses, mechanics, messengers, pilots, and many more industries ○ Conscription challenges in both WW1 and WW2- Political challenges - PM Mackenzie King didn't want to enforce conscription onto Canadians, last time it divided the French and English Canadians - National Resources Mobilization Act: Enabled the government to take hold of the property and services of Canadians if defence was needed - As we went further into the war, the king decided for a national plebiscite - Most of Quebec said no to conscription, most of the rest of Canada said yes - King said that he will only start conscription if absolutely necessary Result: - Many casualties in the war, shortage of troops, and Canada insisted on controlling their own troops, making conscription necessary ○ Purpose of Propaganda and Propaganda Analysis 1. We are strong they are weak 2. We are good they are bad 3. The enemy presents a direct threat to your family and lifestyle 4. We are the victims 5. Victory means that the world will be a better place for everyone Wartime Information Board (WIB): - Created to boost patriotism. Moral, and public opinion of the war ○ Ethical Dimension: Should the USA have dropped the Atomic Bomb? - Due to the Japanese resistance, willing to fight - If the US were to conduct a land invasion, the Japanese would would fight until the last man - The Japanese were already preparing for the US invasion of Japan, they recruited civilians into their ranks, created makeshift weapons to arm the populace - An estimated 1 million American lives would have died if the US were to invade Japan Women in Canadian history ○ What are important events in the development of womens’ history? - Women had to replace the men in their jobs as they went off to war, they worked in metal factories, munitions plants, aircraft factories, and more - Allowed to take on support roles that were previously only for men - Some women lost their lives as they worked dangerously close to the front - Paid half the wages that men were Right to vote: - In 1914, women in Canada were still denied the right to vote - Suffragists, including Nellie McClung, campaigned for voting rights, with Manitoba being the first province to grant them Wartime Elections Act: - Gave voting rights to nurses and female relatives of soldiers - Borden promised to extend voting to all women if re-elected using the Act to gain support for conscription ○ Who are important women in Canadian history? - A group of women journalists: Nellie McClung, Cora Hind, and Francis Benyon, won for women the right to vote in provincial elections in Manitoba ○ The Persons Case - According to the BNA Act, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that only persons could be Members of Parliament or become judges, and women were not considered persons - The famous Five: EmilyMurphy, Nellie McClung, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Irene Parlby, and Louise McKInney challenged this decision - British Privy Council overturned the decision, allowing women to hold public office, making Cairine Wilson the first female senator - Created a Women are Persons monument to honor their contributions The Roaring 20s and the Great Depression ○ The Winnipeg General Strike - 30,000 workers went on a strike, demanding better wages, shorter hours, and the right to collective bargaining - Bloody saturday saw riots and violence, resulting in deaths and injuries - Leaders were jailed, but the strike highlighted workers social and economic struggles ○ Life in Canada in the 20s (Culture, the economy, technology, sports, etc.) - New technologies like radios, automobiles, and passenger planes changed daily life - Ted Rogers invented the first battery-less radio, Joseph Bombardier created the first snowmobile - American culture had a huge influence on Canada, shaping trends and lifestyles - Mahjong, crosswords, contests, dance marathons - Flapper styles, short hemlines, bob haircuts - Charlie Chaplin - Lionel Conacher and Bobbie Rosenfeld were famous multi-sport athletes - Edmonton Grads ruled women's basketball even though it was seen as unfeminine - New inventions and mass production boosted the economy and jobs - High demand led to increased sales, wages, prices, and profits with low unemployment  ○ Minorities (Black Canadians, First Nations People, Chinese Canadians- Chinese Exclusion Act) - ○ Cause and Consequence of the Great Depression Stocks: Overreliance on stocks by the general public/banks as well as the continuation of buying stocks even though it started to show bad signs - resulted in the large scale that the Great Depression had Tariffs: As a response to the Great Depression, the Canadian government raised taxes on foreign imports, however this backfired as it limited Canadian exports resulting in company workers becoming unemployed as companies ran out of money Overproduction: Businesses produced more goods than consumers wanted, therefore causing overproduction/dead stock Primary goods: The prices of primary commodities traded in world markets declined even more dramatically during this period. For example, the prices of coffee, cotton, silk, and rubber were reduced by roughly half just between September 1929 and December 1930 Credit Buying: Millions of Americans used credit to buy all sorts of things, like radios, refrigerators, washing machines, and cars. The banks even used credit to buy stocks in the stock market. This meant that everyone used credit, and no one had enough money to pay back all their loans, not even the banks. Dependency on USA: The Canadian economy was closely related to the American economy, so when the Great Depression hit, Canada’s economy was hit the hardest compared to the rest of the world Indigenous Relations and Truth and Reconciliation ○ The OKA Crisis - Oka Crisis began when the town of Oka planned to expand a golf course on Mohawk land - Mohawk protesters set up barricades, leading to a tense standoff with police - Violence erupted when police tried to remove the barricade, eventually calling in the army - Federal government bought the disputed land and gave it to the Mohawks ○ TRC 94 Calls to Action - Promoter of cultural appreciation by recognizing First Nations, Metis, and Inuit cultures and languages - Helps Indigenous peoples reconnect with their cultural identity through language programs - Provides opportunities for non-indigenous people to learn and understand Indigenous cultures, fostering greater awareness and respect ○ Treaty and the Treaty Relationship - Series of treaties between the Canadian government and the indigenous community outlining the basic rights and responsibilities of indigenous peoples Canada 1945-82 ○ Changing Canadian culture- change in family life, social life, etc. At the end of WW2, there was a massive baby boom as soldiers returned home and started families as well as post war immigration brought thousands of new Canadians into the country Women were encouraged to become house wives while the husbands went off to work to financially support their families Canadian immigration policy shifted as the government began accepting more immigrants A shift towards consumerism Automobile culture Advertisements conveyed the message that consumption was the road to happiness Advertisements for toys and candy geared towards kids resulting in economic growth Consuming became a necessity Massey commission Canadian culture was dominated with American culture due to the televisions Government set up the Massey commission to investigate the state of Canadian culture ○ Suggested Canadian culture need to be protected from US influences through: Measures taken: NFB strengthened TV used to promote Canadian culture Government involved in funding universities Canada Council for the Arts: grants to writers, artists and theatres 1968: CRTC to regulate foreign content ○ The Causes and consequence of the Cold War Cause: Truman Doctrine Gouzenko Affair Rising tensions between East and West Germany as well as East and West Berlin Capitalism v Communism Soviets have access to nuclear weapons  Developing technology Consequence: M.A.D Cuban Crisis Berlin Wall Berlin Airlift Proxy Wars ○ Espionage and The Gouzenko Affair The gouz ○ Tommy Douglas and Universal Health Care ○ The Sixties Scoop The Formation of NATO YESSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS THANKSSSS - The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 by North America and its allied European nations. - After the failure of the League Of Nations, NATO’s purpose was to provide safety to the Allies, whether it be by political or military action. - It was also the first peacetime alliance where the United States joined outside of North America. Though the League of Nations was formed by the United States, they never joined the alliance, which led to war. - NATO is currently still active today, and it has allowed for violence, war, and tensions to be prevented. Gouzenko Affair - Igor Gouzenko, a Soviet Clerk at the Russian Embassy, gave the Canadian government a briefcase of documents that exposed the Soviet Union of its plans of targeting the West. - He disowned allegiance to the Soviet Union, and took up residence in Canada instead. - The impact of this affair was what started the 45 year long Cold War between the Soviets and the West. - It created a domino to many events, such as the Cold War, the Vietnam War, the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban Missile Crisis, bringing the world the closest it has ever been to nuclear war. Cuban Missile Crisis - The Soviet Union set up nuclear missiles in Cuba, just south of Florida. This was a major threat towards the U.S and Canada. - In response, the U.S Navy would search for any Soviet ships that were heading to Cuba, and sink those that were deemed as a threat. - The Soviet’s shot down an American spy plane, and a Soviet submarine mistakenly thought that war had already begun, nearly initiating the launch of a nuclear missile. Thankfully, one of the senior officers refused to authorize the decision.  - This was the closest that the world had ever been to an all out nuclear war, and the decision of one person helped prevent the deaths of many, if not the world. - After negotiation, the U.S and Soviet Union both agreed to remove their missiles away from enemy territory. Berlin Wall - The Berlin Wall was what split the two sides of Berlin apart: the Eastern communist side, and the Western anti-communist side. - Due to the wall, many people were separated from each other, and were unable to cross the wall. More than 100 people died trying to cross the wall. - Crowds gathered at the wall and overwhelmed the security, and people then crossed unrestricted. The Berlin Wall then fell, one step closer to German reunification. - Many Canadian forces that were trapped by the wall were finally able to cross to the other side. - On October 3, 1990, Germany was finally reunited after the Second World War, for the first time in 45 years. NORAD - The DEW Line - (Distant Early Warning Line) and a network of defence systems was put together to help North America detect a nuclear attack - The US and Canada set up NORAD (North American Air Defence Command) to detect missiles and enemy aircraft entering North American airspace Important Topics to know: The Impact of Residential Schools ○ Residential schools were created to try and assimilate Canada’s indigenous community into Euro-Canadian culture Government-sponsored schools run by churches ○ 150000 children of indigenous origin attended these school, many not coming back ○ Schools disrupted lives and communities, causing long-term problems among indigenous peoples Generational trauma Loss of language and culture An estimated 6000 children diead at residential schools Japanese Internment Camps ○ War Measures Act was involved in response to the Pearl Harbour attacks ○ Gave Canadian government broad powers to maintain security and order during war or insurrection ○ PM King issued the evacuation of all persons of Japanese origin to “protective areas” → 21460 japanese Canadians ○ All property that could not be carried would be taken “into custody”, however this property was then sold to help pay for these camps ○ Japanese internment camps conditions: Some families were separated Basic living quarters Shared kitchens and bathrooms with other families No electricity or running water ○ 21, 000 people of Japanese descent were relocated ○ Never allowed to return to the Pacific coast ○ Government considered deportation (2nd and 3rd generation) ○ 4, 000 people left Canada on their own ○ Individuals were given the choice to either move to provinces east of the Rocky Mountains or be sent to Japan. In 1946, nearly 4,000 former internees left Canada for Japan. The policy was later dropped after public pressure. ○ Businesses and properties remained under government control. Movement was restricted until the 1st of April 1949, when Japanese Canadians were finally allowed to return to the West Coast, almost four years after the end of the war. ○ In 1988, PM Brian Mulroney written a formal apology from the Canadian government and issued a payment of $21000 to every evacuee still living, and $24 million to establish the Canadian Race Relations Foundation ○ ○ ○