History Exam Review - Jan 23 PDF

things highlighted blue→ reference previous tests for answers or ask Ms Forsyth History Exam Review - Jan 23 Key Terms/People Propaganda (all units) Warsaw Pact (Unit 4) ​ In 1954, NATO allowed West Germany to join the alliance and rearm in case of a nuclear war. ​ In response, the USS...

things highlighted blue→ reference previous tests for answers or ask Ms Forsyth History Exam Review - Jan 23 Key Terms/People Propaganda (all units) Warsaw Pact (Unit 4) ​ In 1954, NATO allowed West Germany to join the alliance and rearm in case of a nuclear war. ​ In response, the USSR created an alliance that mirrors NATO with Poland and 17 other European countries. ​ These countries met in Poland to sign the Warsaw Pact. ​ The central command of this new alliance was in Moscow, which helped the Soviet Union absorb the military forces of the member countries. ​ Members of this alliance could also not leave, however, when Hungary tried to leave in 1956, the Soviets ended the alliance. The Persons’ Case (Unit 2) ​ The famous five were fighting for women's recognition under the law at the British Privy Council with PM Mackenzie King rather than with Canada’s Supreme Court On-to-Ottawa Trek (unit 2) ​ Men in BC relief camps staged a walkout for better working conditions and higher wages. ○​ Bennett created relief camps for the thousands of single, homeless, men that roamed the country looking for work. ​ They walked or hitched rides on trains to take their case to the PM in Ottawa. ​ Bennett said that there was nothing wrong in the camps and that the trek leaders were communist agitators. Regina Riot (Unit 2) ​ On July 1, Regina police & the RCMP tried to arrest the trek leaders from the On to Ottawa Trek. ​ The crowd panicked when the police attacked ​ They overturned streetcars, broke windows, and fought back against the police ​ 1 officer died and hundreds were injured. R.B. Bennett (Unit 2) ​ He was known for not making very good decisions for Canadians during the Great Depression. ​ Canadians did not like him. ​ Bennett created relief camps for the thousands of single, homeless, men that roamed the country looking for work. Prohibition (Unit 2) ​ banning production, importation, and transportation of all alcohol/liquor. ​ In 1918, the Canadian government started to enforce prohibition as people blamed it for many problems (crime, public drunkenness, violence, poverty) ​ Mostly women advocated for prohibition and the ban was seen as a victory for women. ​ Prohibition led to new types of crime including bootlegging Cold War (Unit 4)  ​ Political rivalry that took place between the US and the Soviet Union between 1947 and 1991. No country directly attacked each other because the use of nuclear weapons had the chance of complete destruction. The Automobile (Unit 2) ​ Henry Ford wanted to invent inexpensive cars that everyone could afford ​ Ford could sell cars cheaply because they were mass-produced and standardized. ​ They produce large amounts of cars on the assembly line, requiring less skilled workers and cutting costs. ​ It created a lot of spinoff industries and job creations ​ Oil & gas were in demand because more people were buying cars ​ Cars became cheaper and more efficient making travelling easier Lusitania (Unit 1) ​ Indirect reason why the US joined the war ​ Germany sinks a passenger ship with 128 American civilians. ​ Not allowed to target civilians in war Robert Borden (Unit 1) ​ Canada’s PM during the war. ​ Because of declining enlistments, he wants to implement conscription. ​ In 1917, PM Robert Borden proposed the Military Service Act, introducing conscription. ​ Conservative ​ Robert Borden also established the Wartime Elections act ○​ Gave the right to vote to certain people, but also took away that right. ○​ It was attempt for him to gain votes during the 1917 election. Relief Camps (unit 2) ​ Married men were given priority for work to support families ​ Bennett created relief camps for the thousands of single, homeless, men that roamed the country looking for work. Gouzenko Affair (unit 4) ​ Igor Gouzenko was a minor Soviet Embassy employee in Ottawa. ​ He also worked for Soviet military intelligence, handling highly sensitive information. ​ Gouzenko revealed that a Soviet spy network was operating in many countries, including Canada. Gouzenko claimed that this network was being created in case of a third world war. ​ This led to the arrest of many Canadians because the government used the War Measures Act to arrest them without charge. ​ Gouzenko testified that Canadian spies were communicating info about nuclear weapons to the Soviets. This put an end to the idea of the UN controlling nuclear arms War Measures Act (Units 1, 3, 4) Context of WW1 ​ In 1914, the Canadian government passed this act ​ Gave the government the power to ○​ Pass laws without the approval of parliament ○​ Override provincial laws ○​ Censor news media  ○​ Imprison people without trial ○​ Label certain people as enemy aliens of Canada. ​ German, and Ukrainian Canadians were detained. Context of WW2 ​ In WW2, the Act was used to detain Japanese, German, and Italian Canadians, Jewish refugees, and communists ○​ Many Japanese Canadians lost their things and were sent to internment camps. They also had to face deportation after the war. Context of the Post-War Years ​ The Gouzenko Affair led to the arrest of many Canadians because the government used the War Measures Act to arrest them without charge. Gouzenko testified that Canadian spies were communicating info about nuclear weapons to the Soviets ​ Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act during the October Crisis, taking away certain rights and freedoms of Canadians due to the danger of the FLQ. Emily Murphy (unit 2) ​ Part of the Famous Five: working to make women people under the law ​ She wanted to be appointed senator but PM Borden says she can’t because she is not a person under the law. ​ The Famous Five take their case to the Supreme Court of Canada which doesn't agree with them. ​ She went above and beyond the British Privy Council with PM King to change the law, and they agreed. ​ She didn’t become a senator because she was a conservative and King was a Liberal. Paris Peace Conference (unit 1) ​ In 1919, representatives of the countries that won the war met in Paris, to negotiate peace terms. ​ Russia was not represented at the peace conference because of the communist government & civil war internally ​ Germany & its allies were also denied a place at the peace table. ​ Countries that were there: Canada, USA, Italy, France, Britain. ​ This conference gave Canada more autonomy because they signed the treaty separately and got their own seat at the Conference. ​ The treaty left Germany feeling bitter of the War Guilt Clause ○​ Feelings that led to WW2 ​ The League of Nations was created from Woodrow Wilson's 14 points. ​ Germany, A-H, & Russia lost territory, and new countries were created. Spanish Flu (unit 2) ​ A deadly influenza pandemic spread worldwide after WW1, killing millions. ​ The spread worsened because of the war. The soldiers in the dirty trench conditions brought the disease home with them after the war. ​ Since most countries were experiencing the devastation after the war, they censored the news about the flu. ​ Called the Spanish flu because Spain was neutral during the war and didn’t censor the news about the spread of the flu. Residential Schools (unit 2) ​ The Canadian government assimilated Indigenous kids in residential schools and in the Sixties Scoop to make them give up their culture to Catholicism. ​ In 1920, Canada amended the Indian Act, making it mandatory for Indigenous parents to send their kids to residential schools ​ More than 150,000 Indigenous attended 139 schools throughout Canada ​ Anything that connected students to Indigenous heritage was banned ​ If kids spoke in their native tongue they were severely injured. ​ Dressed in European clothes and had to become English-speaking ​ Traditional religious practices were banned and they were only allowed to become Christian. ​ Residential School children did not receive the same education, and most kids left the school with a grade 5 level education. Black Tuesday (unit 2) ​ Oct 29, 1929 ​ In Sep 1929, the stock market had a small dip, which made owners panic ​ People started selling their stocks excessively, making the stocks worthless ​ Big & small investors were heavily affected League of Nations (unit 1, 3) ​ The League was part of Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points, to work together for peace ​ Even though he came up with the idea, America did not join. ​ The League of Nations is considered an indirect cause to WW2. From the start, the League of Nations was ineffective and didn’t do much to help the war or prevent Hitler from taking over Europe. ​ Canada never played a leading role and wanted to avoid future conflicts in the League Appeasement (unit 3) ​ Appeasement was the act of giving in to an aggressive power to keep peace ​ The Allies do this because they are scared to start another war. They started by giving Germany Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. Couldn’t afford another war ​ Against: ○​ Allowed Germany to expand and continue to take over other countries ○​ Boosted Hitler’s confidence to gain objectives ○​ Led to the 2nd world War ​ For: ○​ The Allies wanted to avoid the losses of another world war. ○​ Allies were already struggling with the Great Depression and didn’t have the funds for a war. Trench Warfare (unit 1) The Plan ​ Constant shelling (bombs) of enemy trenches would weaken the enemy’s defense ​ After shelling stopped, attacks would be launched across no man's land ​ Troops secure their new position Reality ​ Enemy forces are not weakened by bombardment ​ No element of surprise or protection across no man’s land ​ The advance was often slowed by obstacles in no man's land ​ Continued because generals couldn’t think of a better plan ​ Generals were okay with wearing down the enemy. How many men they lost along the way did not matter. ○​ (Leads to War of Attrition) Killing more on the enemy's side than you are losing yourself. ​ The conditions in the trenches were uncomfortable, muddy, dirty, cold, and many soldiers developed diseases and mental illnesses from the trenches. Stalemate (unit 1) ​ Trench warfare leads to a stalemate on the Western front. No one can change the front lines and make a victory. V.J. Day (unit 3) ​ August 15, 1945. ​ The day Japan agreed to unconditional surrender to the Allies after 2 atomic bombs were dropped on their cities. ​ Marks the end of World War 2. Woodrow Wilson (unit 1) ​ US president at the time of the war ​ Angry because American merchant ships going to Britain were being sunk by Germans ​ Woodrow Wilson describes the Treaty of Versailles as “peace resting on quicksand” ​ He was kind of an idealist: ​ Comes up with 14 points that all the countries need to do to avoid war (including creating the League of Nations) ○​ His points ultimately fail Schlieffen Plan (unit 1) ​ Germany is sandwiched between France (west) & Russia (east). ○​ Plan was made to avoid fighting a war on 2 fronts ​ Germany will attack France through the north (the Back Door) through Belgium ○​ Belgium is neutral ​ Germany did this during the time they thought Russia would take 6 weeks to prepare for war ○​ Only took 10 days, and caught Germans by surprise ​ Germans were not expecting resistance from Belgium ​ Britain declares war in response to the invasion of Belgium ​ Both sides come face to face at the River Marne. With no natural landscape to protect them and to secure the land they both held, they began to dig = the beginning of trench warfare Non-aggression Pact (unit 3) ​ Seen as an indirect cause to WW2. ​ Hitler signed an agreement with the Soviet Union (Stalin), even though they secretly hated each other.  ​ Stalin & Hitler secretly agree to divide up Poland between the two. ​ If war breaks out, they won’t fight each other. ​ Stalin thought Hitler might attack them and if he signed the agreement, they wouldn’t attack. ​ Hitler signed the agreement for temporary peace because he didn’t want to fight a two-front war. ​ Both are trying to buy time Russian Revolution (unit 1) ​ Romanov monarchy ruled Russia for 300 years, oppressively ​ Nicholas II wanted his power intact and often didn’t give citizens basic human rights ​ People organized strikes & riots, causing the government to give in and create the Duma ​ Rifles are so scarce, that soldiers are ordered to advance empty-handed. ​ Russia very poor ​ Rasputin was brought into government to heal his son and became the monarch's closest advisor ​ Lots of tension between the monarchy & citizens ​ While Nicholas II is organizing for war, people are not loyal to the monarchy ​ Forced to step down from the throne and make way for COMMUNIST RUSSIA V.E. Day (unit 3) ​ Victory in Europe Day ​ The day the Germans surrendered to the Allies ​ May 8, 1945 Proxy War (unit 4) ​ a war fought by one country for the interests of another country. ○​ In 1950, Kim Il Sung (North Korean leader) wanted to invade South Korea, however, the Soviets did not want to wage war against the US, so they had North Korea fight in a proxy war for them. ○​ China & the Soviet Union also created a proxy war in Vietnam similar to Korea’s “Riding the Rails” (unit 2) ​ Men in BC relief camps staged a walkout for better working conditions and higher wages. ​ They walked or hitched rides on trains to take their case to the PM in Ottawa. ○​ Bennett said that there was nothing wrong in the camps and that the trek leaders were communist agitators. George Clemenceau (unit 1) ​ Wanted Germany to never be able to invade France again through the Rhineland ​ Leader of France at the time of World War 1. ​ Shot by a French anarchist during the Paris Peace Conference Lloyd George (unit 1?) ​ PM of Britain ​ Known as a womanizer ​ Intended to keep Britain's supremacy over the oceans & navy during the Paris Peace Conference Shell Shock (unit 1)  ​ Psychological conditions caused by witnessing & experiencing traumatic acts of war in the trenches on the frontlines Mackenzie King (unit 3) ​ PM of Canada during WW2 and partially during the GD. ​ The way King handled conscription was seen as a huge political acheivenment for him ​ He did not want to deal with the GD, and wanted to wait it out. Munich Agreement (unit 3) ​ Czechoslovakia was the next thing to be invaded by Hitler ​ Says he is doing this because there are German people living in the area & the government is oppressing them. This isn't true. ​ Allies try to get an agreement with Hitler, by giving him the Sudetenland. ​ This policy became known as appeasement (the act of giving in to an aggressive power to keep peace.). They don’t want another war. ​ Neville Chamberlain (PM of England at the time) claims that he had established peace with Hitler. [Declares “peace in our time] Quiet Revolution (unit 4) ​ When Lesage became Premier, Quebec started to move away from the focus of the Catholic church, to making their society more secular. ​ Before Duplessis died, the social conditions were very far behind the rest of Canada. People started to question social standards and traditions based on rural life were transformed. More people started to stay in school and labor groups became more prominent. Agnes MacPhail (unit 2) ​ In 1919, the women’s right to run for parliament was recognized ​ Became Canada’s first female member of parliament in 1921 ​ Often belittled by the male MPs in the House Women’s Christian Temperance Movement (unit 2) ​ Implementing national prohibition was a major victory for women’s groups like the WCTU Convoy (unit 1) ​ a group of ships or vehicles traveling together, typically accompanied by armed troops, warships, or other vehicles for protection. ​ Began doing this after Germany kept sinking British & American merchant ships. Cuban Missile Crisis (unit 4) ​ Fidel Castro led a group of revolutionaries against the Cuban President Batista. ​ In 1959, Batista was forced to flee and Castro named himself the president of Cuba. ○​ Castro’s government took foreign-owned land and distributed it among Cuban farmers and peasants. Castro nationalized all foreign-owned businesses, which were mostly American. The US responded and froze all of the Cuban assets going to the US. ​ Castro realized that they couldn’t survive economically, so he turned to the Soviet Union. They gave Cuba aid and a market for their products. The US attempted to overthrow the communist government in Cuba by attacking the Bay of Pigs in 1961. Eventually, the Soviet Union started to secretly transport nuclear weapons to Cuba, however, before  they were installed American spy planes discovered that this was happening. JFK sent a message to the world that the US would not tolerate nuclear weapons in Cuba. ​ JFK told the Soviets that if they didn’t remove the missiles, the Americans would attack. The Soviets backed down and removed all their nuclear weapons from Cuba. ○​ Closest the world has been from a nuclear war. Censorship (unit 1) ​ Restricting what kind of info was given to the public ​ Made to prevent the enemy from obtaining secret information and civilians back home from receiving stressful news ○​ The letters were censored by military officials. Wilhelm II (unit 1) ​ Germany’s ruler ​ As Germany was on the brink of collapse, Wilhelm II gave up the throne and fled to the Netherlands ​ He no longer had the support of the army and his people. ​ He saw what happened to Russia’s monarchy and didn’t want to suffer the same fate. ​ He also didn’t want to be humiliated if he surrendered. Nicholas II (unit 1) ​ Russia’s king. ​ Was not a very smart man, weak, oppressive and unpopular in Russia, especially those who wanted a democracy, not a monarchy in Russia. ​ He didn’t want to help Russia’s lower class & create a democracy because he wanted to keep his power intact. ​ While Nicholas II is organizing for war, people are not loyal to the monarchy ​ Forced to step down from the throne and make way for COMMUNIST RUSSIA General Haig (unit 1) ​ Many people blamed British General Haig for insisting The Battle of the Somme to go on despite the high casualties. ​ After hearing that the 1st wave of soldiers failed, Haig ordered a 2nd wave of soldiers to go “over the top.” ○​ The 2nd wave was the Newfoundland Regiment (Blue Puttees) ​ The Battle of the Somme is the most bloodiest/disastrous battle the British faced. Vladimir Lenin (unit 1) ​ Leader of the Bolsheviks ​ Came into Russia with radical ideas for the government ​ Believed that Russia should become a communist state and the war should end immediately ​ Lenin overthrows the government (1917) making it the world's first communist state and pulls out of the war. ​ Russia’s new leader, Josef Stalin takes over after Lenin. Pacifists ​ Did not support conscription and opposed war as a matter of conscience. ​ Pacifists were persecuted during WW2 Gavrilo Princip (unit 1)  ​ Carried out the assassination of the Archduke ​ Wanted to make a name for himself before he died of tuberculosis ​ Part of the Black Hand, a terrorist group. ​ Motto: Unification or Death Manhattan Project (unit 3) ​ After America finds out that Germany is trying to create the first atomic bomb, they start to race against them to build it first. ​ a group of American and Allied scientists designed to develop the bomb. ​ Many Canadian scientists were working on the bomb, including Louis Slotin ​ Canada also had the only uranium mines that the Allies could use in Ontario and the Northwest Territories as Germany took over all the other mines. ​ Indigenous people helped transport the materials. C.D. Howe (unit 3) ​ Minister of Munitions & Supplies in Canada during WW2 ​ Under the direction of Howe, Canada produced thousands of weapons, vehicles, aircraft, ships, and more. ​ His involvement in the war effort was so extensive that he was nicknamed the “Minister of Everything.” Joseph Goebbels (unit 3) ​ Hitler’s Propaganda Minister ​ Anti-semite One Big Union (unit 2) ​ People wanted recognition of unions, improved wages, and 8-hour workdays. ​ Soldiers created the One Big Union (OBU) ○​ Fighting with all the unions ​ OBU believed an alliance would increase its bargaining power with the government and employers. Members would support one another if one group decided to strike. ​ OBU members supported general strikes Maginot Line (unit 3) ​ France’s line of concrete fortifications, obstacles, and weapons installations so that Nazi Germany couldn’t invade ○​ force them to move around the fortifications ​ It was not very effective as Germany just went around or over Bennett Buggies (unit 2) ​ During the GD, no one could afford gas and make their vehicle run. ​ Instead of gas, they would hitch up their vehicles to animals & animals would pull them around. ​ Compared to Bennett because he was not doing enough during the GD and they wanted to insult him. Joseph Stalin (unit 3) ​ Runs the communist state of Russia (USSR) ​ Signed the non-aggression pact with Hitler Benito Mussolini (unit 3) ​ Mussolini runs the fascist state of Italy  ​ Hitler signs the Rome-Berlin Axis Pact with Mussolini, allowing Hitler to take Austria and Central Europe ​ During the Italian Campaign, the Allies moved up the boot of Italy and Mussolini did nothing about it ​ The Italian people turned against Mussolini and he was imprisoned and hung. Herman Goering (unit 3) ​ 2nd in Nazi command ​ Head of the German Air Force ​ Kills himself because he couldn’t imagine a world without Hitler/Nazi domination ​ One of Hitler’s advisors Vittorio Orlando (unit 1) ​ Italy’s president a the time ​ Wants land promised to him at the beginning of the war when Italy switched to the Triple Entente. ○​ Doesn't get all land promised and storms out of PPC and only comes back to sign the treaty. Josef Mengele (unit 3) Conducted terrible medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners. ○​ Jews start spending their lives trying to kill Mengele and other Nazis ○​ Mengele was never killed and lived the rest of his life in hiding. Mutual Deterrence (unit 4) ​ having big stockpiles of bombs to create a peaceful situation where countries wouldn’t attack each other out of fear of retaliation ○​ Since the Soviet Union and the US had nuclear bombs, they wouldn’t attack each other out of the threat of retaliation. War of Attrition (unit 1) ​ Killing more people on the enemy's side than you are losing your own soldiers. ​ Trench warfare often led to a war of attrition Laissez-faire gov’t (unit 2) ​ Translates to “let them do” ​ In reference to the Canadian economy during the Great Depression ​ Mackenzie King wanted the Canadian government to “wait out” the great depression until it was over. Sam Hughes (unit 1) ​ Sam Hughes was responsible for the Canadian militia during WW1 Zimmerman Telegram (unit 1) ​ Direct reason why the Americans joined WW1 ​ Secret telegram sent by the German foreign secretary to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing an altliance to Mexico ​ The telegram promised German support to invade the U.S. and take back New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas if Mexico entered the war on Germany’s side. ​ The telegram was intercepted by the British and translated. It infuriated the Americans and triggered their entry into the war. Neville Chamberlain (unit 3)  ​ Signs the Munich agreement with Hitler using the policy of appeasement ​ He declared “peace in our time” and claimed that he had established peace with Hitler. James Cross (unit 4) ​ Members of the FLQ kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James Cross and the only way he would be released is if the government cooperated with the FLQ. ​ Cross was released, however the kidnappers and their families were flown to Cuba as per their demands. Pierre Laporte (unit 4) ​ Because of the October Crisis, a federal-provincial team was created and decided not to give in to the FLQ ​ A few days later, Laporte (Quebec’s minister of labour) was kidnapped. Two days after that, his body was found in Montreal. Winston Churchill (unit 3) ​ PM of England after Neville Chamberlain ​ Instrumental role in the Battle of Britain. He inspired the British and rallied the British resistance against Nazi Germany. ​ Gave the British hope during the war The Blitz (unit 3) ​ The bombing of London known as the Blitz ​ Initially takes place during the day, then at night ​ British people try to hinder the ability to bomb London ○​ They would turn off all lights and cover windows ​ 43,000 civilians died during the Blitz ​ Forces civilians on frontlines ​ Londoners sleep underground in subway stations ​ The RAF was outnumbered, however, it continued fighting with the help of Canadians Communism (unit 1, 3, 4) ​ Communism: state ownership; control of the means of production (no private ownership) ○​ The Soviet Union ○​ Dictatorship. ​ considered Totalitarian governments ​ Hitler hated communism ​ When Germany was divided into 4 sections by the Allies, the capital, Berlin was deep into the communist area (where the Soviets were). ○​ The Allies were worried about the spread of communism, so Berlin was divided into 2 areas (West Berlin was Democratic and East Berlin was Communist) ○​ The Soviets built the Berlin Wall so people in East Berlin could not flee from communist rule in West Berlin ​ The Gouzenko Affair set the suspicion and paranoia that occurred during the Cold War. Many people who were connected to communism were immediately suspicious. ​ Since the Soviets wanted to spread communism, they started the Korean war to spread communism from North Korea all over the country, and the same situation in Vietnam. ○​ Soviet Union got North Korea and made it into a communist government  ​ Much like the Korean war, the Vietnam War was just for the Soviets (and China) to gain more territory for a communist regime. Fascism (unit 3) ​ Considered a Totalitarian government. ​ maintains the class system and private ownership ​ Italy and Germany were fascist governments Tommy Douglas (unit 4) ​ Tommy Douglas’ government introduced Universal HealthCare in Canada. ​ By creating equal, universal healthcare for everyone, healthcare quality in Canada began to increase. ○​ Provincial debt was decreased by $20 million ​ Even though many doctors didn’t support Universal Healthcare, it would become a policy that shows that Canada protects all its citizens, no matter what. Charlie Chaplin (unit 2) ​ One of the biggest silent comedy movie stars during the 1920s Lester B Pearson (unit 4) ​ Canada’s Secretary of State, Lester Pearson, supported aid to South Korea during the Korean War because he thought that the UN should help weaker countries defend themselves. ​ He also believed that Canada should not be part of the Vietnam War because he worried that nuclear weapons may be used. Lester Pearson suggested that the bombing should stop, upsetting US President Lyndon Johnson Pierre Elliot Trudeau (unit 4) ​ Trudeau proposed that the Charter of Rights and freedoms should be anchored firmly into the constitution so it would be harder for Parliament to change laws. ○​ This gave more rights for women (paid maternity leave, accident claims, etc), people with disabilities, indigenous, refugees, and minorties. ​ Trudeau also proposed the omnibus bill. ○​ It allowed couples to divorce without proving each others fault. ○​ The Bill legalized abortion and other birth control methods. Women were able to have a choice about their own bodies with this law. ○​ This bill changed the law stating that consenting adults of the same sex could not have relations stated that it was sinful, not illegal. Trudeau clarified that a law should be based on if it is illegal, not if it is sinful. ​ Trudeau’s government also adopted the Official Languages Act, giving French & English equal status as Canada’s official languages. The gvoenrment made sure that a commissioner of each language was appointed and that education would be accessible in both languages. ​ During the October Crisis, Trudeau’s government invoked the War Measures Act. This was the first time the Act was not used in a war but in domestic affairs. ​ Trudeau managed to be on the good side of Cuba’s communist leader Castro. He proved that Canada is a country of peace, willing to keep good relations with other countries and slow down tensions during the Cold War. Black Hand (unit 1)  ​ In 1914, 7 terrorists from a group called the Black Hand shot Archduke of A-H Franz Ferdinand and his wife. ○​ They were initially unsuccessful until Gavrilo Princip killed them. Rasputin (unit 1) ​ Rasputin is brought into Russia after Nicholas II needs someone to heal his son's hemophilia. ​ Makes more tension between the government and citizens because he was known as the “mad monk”, a drunk, and a womanizer. ​ He had a bad reputation as a healer. ​ When Nicolas II takes control of the army, Rasputin becomes the closest advisor to the monarchy and Russian affairs ​ On December 9, 1916, Rasputin arrived for supper at the palace where he ate cakes laced with cyanide, making him drowsy and had 5 glasses of poisoned wine, making him obnoxious. ​ Rasputin was eventually shot twice in the chest and was assassinated. Blitzkrieg (unit 3) ​ Lightning warfare ​ Allowed Hitler to take over multiple countries quickly ​ Based on the element of surprise with a lot of weapons ​ They would overwhelm the enemy by attacking a specific target with combined air and ground support at the same time. ​ Hitler quickly took over Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, & the Netherlands Total War (unit 1, 3) ​ Total war is the idea that the enemy can best be defeated by attacking everything: soldiers, citizens, food, supplies, and more ​ Total war is a war that affects soldiers, countries, and civilians. It is the overall goal of taking over society with war. How was WW1 a total war? ​ There was so much devastation during WW1 that it is considered a total war. ​ WW1 is one of the bloodiest conflicts in history. How was WW2 a total war? ​ Civilians were affected by the war, especially on the homefront. ○​ I.e. the Battle of Britain ○​ I.e. drop of the atomic bombs in Japan. ​ Civilians helped with the war effort on the homefront. ○​ Building the atomic bomb ​ Everyone put their best abilities up to help win the war ○​ Scientific, innovative, economic effort, etc. Arthur Currie (unit 1) ​ During the battle of Vimy Ridge, Arthur Currie came up with a newly improved military tactic called the Creeping Barrage, inevitably leading the Allies to victory over Vimy Ridge.  ​ Arthur Currie was the first Canadian commander to lead a battle with all four of Canada’s divisions (further proving Canada’s independence from Britain). War Guilt Clause (unit 1) ​ Germany had to accept the full responsibility for the war. (The War Guilt Clause, Article 231) ​ The Clause left Germans feeling bitter about how they lost WW1, feelings that led to the Second World War. Key Events Roles of Women in WWI and WWII – How were they different? How were they the same? (Unit 1, 3) WW1 ​ Women were not allowed to fight at all ​ Instead, they were nurses, drivers, and other jobs with the red cross ​ When men start going to war, roles change and women start doing the jobs of men on the homefront ​ As soon as the war was over, women had to go back to tradtional jobs to make way for the male veterans. WW2 ​ Women had to replace men in everyday jobs, join the army, and help as nurses. ​ Women started getting more involved in skilled work (building ships, tanks, bombs, planes, and more). ​ Women formed many organizations to help with the war effort overseas and in Canada. ​ In these organizations, women were parachute riggers, administrative, lab assistants, nurses, mechanics, radar operators, medical workers, and some helped overseas. ​ They were crucial to the war effort, especially on the frontlines. ​ Women had to go back to tradtional jobs after and were not allowed to see active combat until 1989. Conscription: WWI and WWII – how was the issue handled differently? (Unit 1, 3) ​ Conscription is forced military service. ​ Conscription divided English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians throughout both wars. WW1 ​ After a lot of declining enlistments, PM Borden wanted to introduce conscription after promising he wouldn’t. ​ Borden called for an election in 1917 and his campaign was mainly based around The Military Service Act - implementing conscription ○​ A vote for the conservatives was a vote for conscription ​ In a desperate attempt to win the upcoming election, Borden gave women with male relatives fighting overseas the right to vote. He knew that they would vote for Borden and conscription to help their relatives overseas. ​ Wilfrid Laurier did not support Conscription & knew that Quebec was against conscription too. ​ His campaign during the 1917 election was mostly against conscription. WW2  ​ French people felt they were detached from France and didn’t support conscription ○​ Believed that war in Europe wasn’t a threat to Canada ​ In 1939, PM King promised there would be no conscription, however, troops became desperately needed as the war prolonged. ​ King held a plebiscite about the issue, where 65% of voters (mostly anglophones) were in favour of conscription. ​ King compromises and tells the French Canadians that it is “not necessarily conscription, but conscription if necessary”. ​ In 1944, King had no choice but to implement conscription. ○​ 13,000 conscripts were sent overseas, however, only 2500 reached the frontlines. ​ Significance: French-Canadian's reaction wasn’t the same as WWI over conscription. Conscription was seen as a political achievement for King and applied lessons from WW1 to WW2. Causes of WWI ​ Militarism​ ○​ Building a strong military force in case of invasion ○​ Protect themselves and their colonies from invasion ​ Alliances ○​ Treaties/pacts between governments intended to keep peace in Europe ○​ Ensure that no single country is more powerful than the rest ○​ If one country goes to war, the entire alliance goes to war ​ Imperialism ○​ Extending the power of one country over other countries by acquiring territory or establishing economic and political control. ○​ European nations often competed for colonies in Africa & Asia ​ Nationalism ○​ A feeling of deep patriotism or loyalty to one’s nation ○​ Many groups wanted independence & were willing to go to war. ○​ Lots of nationalism in France after the Franco-Prussian war. Direct Cause of WW1 ​ The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (& his wife) of Austria-Hungary. Causes of WWII (Unit 3) Indirect causes: 1.​ Punitive Nature of the Treaty of Versailles a.​ Since the Treaty of Versailles was so punitive and humiliating for Germany, it built a sense of vengeance and patriotism within the German people. Hitler fed off that vengeance to build an empire for himself. 2.​ Hitler’s relentless ambition a.​ Hitler had a big ambition for German territorial expansion and German domination. He had a huge desire to build Lebensraum for a pure race and reunify the German people. He fed off of their hate of the Allies/the Treaty of Versailles. 3.​ Non-Aggression Pact  4.​ American Isolationism a.​ If America initially joined the war on the Allies' side, it could have significantly boosted the Allies' efforts in the war. 5.​ Appeasement a.​ The Allies didn’t want to start another war, and by using the policy of appeasement, the Allies fed Hitler’s needs and confidence in the war. 6.​ Failure of the League of Nations a.​ From the start, the League of Nations was not very effective and didn’t do much to help the war. Direct Cause: Germany Invading Poland Causes of the Great Depression (unit 2) Indirect Causes 1.​ Easy Credit ○​ Credit = buy now, pay later ○​ Companies borrowed money to buy machinery and expand ○​ People were encouraged to buy credit ○​ Canada loaned European countries money to rebuild after the war 2.​ Overproduction of Goods ○​ Canada’s economy was relying heavily on staple products (wheat, pulp, paper, fish) 3.​ Dependency on the US ○​ When the US economy starts declining, so does Canada ○​ Canada’s biggest trading partner 4.​ Tariffs ○​ The US became protectionist of its industries through increasing tariffs ○​ Canada had no choice but to do the same restricting trade more 5.​ Easy Access to the Stock Market ○​ In the 1920s, the stock market was the way to get rich quickly ○​ Not necessary to have a lot of money to invest in the stock market Direct Cause: The Stock Market Crash on Black Tuesday What were the conditions outlined in the Treaty of Versailles? How did the treaty redraw the map of Europe? (unit 1) ​ On Nov 8, 1918, German officials approached the Allies asking for peace ​ The meeting takes place in a train's rear car, deep in the forests of France. ○​ Where Germany seeks surrender from France ​ The peace proceedings took place in Versailles, not Paris ​ The Germans were not prepared for the severity of the terms presented to them Terms ​ No German troops can occupy the Rhineland (an area of Germany that borders France) ​ Germans had to surrender all overseas colonies to the Allied powers ​ Germany had to pay heavy war reparations to France, Britain, & Russia ○​ Pay a huge amount of money for physical & emotional damage ​ Alsace & Lorraine are given back to France ​ Germany has to reduce their army significantly  ○​ Only can have 100,000 men ○​ The Navy has only 6 battleships ○​ No submarines & airforce ​ Germany had to acknowledge the independence of Austria & Czechoslovakia ​ The Treaty created many new countries including Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, USSR (reestablished Russia), Latvia, split Austria-Hungary, Turkey (previously Ottoman Empire), Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and more Post-WWI conditions Inflation ​ rise of prices accompanied by a drop in buying power ​ Supplies were short, resulting in an increased cost of those supplies ​ Women who managed to keep their jobs after WW1 saw wages cut to rising inflation. Unemployment ​ Canada's economy struggling as we were still paying off war debt ​ Unemployment skyrocketing as men return from the frontlines ​ Tens of thousands of soldiers were looking for work Winnipeg General Strike ​ Workers in Winnipeg walked off the job in 1919 and were joined by other unionized workers from different occupations ​ About 35,000 workers joined the strike to protest the working conditions ​ The business owners of Winnipeg formed the Committee of 1000 with the government to end the strike. ​ Strikers were given ultimatums and Special Police were hired with weapons to end the strike. ​ On Bloody Saturday, pro-strike war veterans held a silent protest to protest the arrest of strike leaders earlier. ​ A streetcar driven by the Committee of 1000 was seen as a direct provocation. ○​ Strikers tried to tip over the car and then set it on fire. ​ The RNWMP (RCMP) went to restore order but strikers assaulted them with rocks & bottles. ​ The RNWMP returned with weapons and started driving strikers out ​ Shots were fired and one man was killed. Spanish Flu ​ Deadly influenza pandemic that spread worldwide after WW1, killing millions. ​ The spread worsened because of the war and most countries were experiencing the devestation of conditions after the war. WWI Battles (Unit 1) The Second Battle of Ypres ​ Germans started using chemical warfare to break the stalemate ​ Canadian soldiers sent to help the Allies ​ After the gas was released, the Allied powers started to retreat and only Canada was left to defend the frontlines. ​ The Canadians improvised, breathing through urine-soaked cloths for limited protection against the gas.  ​ Canadians established a reputation as a formidable army. ​ In 1925, the world’s major nations signed the Geneva Protocol promising to never use chemical gas in warfare. The Battle of the Somme ​ Most bloodiest/most disastrous battle the british faced ​ British troops expected an easy walk over to the German lines ​ They were met with fire from artillery, machine guns, etc, although it was planned as a battle of attrition ​ Many people blamed British General Haig for insisting the battle to go on despite the casualties ○​ Ordered soldiers to go over the top with fighting ​ Haig used out of date military tactics which was no help The Battle of Vimy Ridge ​ Both British and French tried to take Vimy Ridge back from Germany and were unsuccessful ​ On the third attempt, Canada’s 4 division assembled to fight as a single unit under a british officer Julian Byng and Canadian commander Arthur Currie ​ Used tactic called creeping barrage: men creep toward the enemy's trench behind the cover of exploding bombs. ​ This was the first battle led by a Canadian commander, proving Canada’s autonomy ​ All 4 canadian divisions fought under 1 unit ​ Gives Allies morale after the somme. The Battle of Passchendaele ​ General Haig orders General Currie to bring Canada’s 4 divisions to Belgium and fight in Passchendaele. ​ Currie objected, but had no choice ​ The ground had so much fighting and continuous artillery that it still contained the rotting, unburied bodies from both sides. ​ The Battle took place in low-lying land that contained thick clay soil and, after constant shelling during the war, smashed drainage systems. WWII Battles (Unit 3) Miracle of Dunkirk ​ German troops decided to go north through Belgium and burst into France ​ The French believed that the region would be a slow terrain, but they didn’t anticipate the Blitzkrieg ​ Allied forces had no choice but to retreat to the beach along the port of Dunkirk in England ​ This also brought Hitler’s first mistake; he ordered the German army to pull back and let the air troops force the Allies to surrender. ​ There was a dense fog that day preventing German airplanes from flying, giving the time to the Allies to be rescued ​ Almost 900 boats of all sizes crossed the English Channel to rescue 300,000 soldiers. ​ SIGNIFICANCE: The evacuation actually prevented Hitler from winning the war in 1940, as many soldiers went on to fight on D-Day  ​ Less than a month after Dunkirk, France was forced to surrender to Germany Battle of Britain (the Blitz) ​ Britain is the last power to not be taken over by Germany and has to save Europe ​ This is significant because it was fought entirely in the air ​ It was also the most sustained aerial bombardment ​ Britain was alone in Europe so it had to rely on Canadian support ​ Hitler’s 2nd Mistake: A German bomber accidentally bombed London as there was heavy fog and the pilot couldn’t see. In response, the RAF bombed Berlin. ○​ Hitler was so angry that he ordered the Luftwaffe to attack civilians in cities rather than British airfields. ​ The bombing of London is known as the Blitz ​ British people would hinder the ability to bomb London at night by turning off all their lights and covering windows. ​ This battle forced civilians onto the frontlines and Londoners slept underground in subway stations ​ The RAF managed to keep fighting with the help of the Canadians. ​ The result of the battle was that Hitler was unable to gain control of the skies and he never returned to Britain. ​ Britain had very advanced radar systems and had help from several commonwealth countries. Operation Barbarossa (Germany Invades the Soviet Union) ​ Hitler also takes over the rest of Poland in this battle. ​ Britain gained a new ally: the USSR, because Hitler ended the Non-aggression pact. ​ German forces have captured millions of Soviet prisoners ​ Hitler believed that the Blitzkrieg would work and the USSR would surrender ​ However, Germany didn’t anticipate the extreme cold in Russia and many soldiers froze to death on the roads ​ Russia was then able to stop Hitler from taking over Moscow ​ Hitler’s 3rd Mistake: Germany is now fighting a war on 2 fronts The Attack on Pearl Harbour ​ In the US, officials decided to respond to Japanese expansion by cutting off their oil supply ​ America also moves its navy to Hawaii from its previous base in San Diego ​ Since Japan’s oil supply is cut off, it destroys Japan’s economy. In response, Japan wants to destroy America’s navy ​ Japan wants to end the possibility of the US declaring war on them, so they bomb Pearl Harbour ​ Within 2 hours, there was nothing left of the American Pacific Fleet (navy) ​ America wages war on Japan immediately and is now involved in WW2 ​ On Dec 11, 1941, Germany also declares war on the US. ​ Germany was obliged to come to the aid of Japan if a third-party country attacked Japan, but not if Japan attacked a 3rd-party country. ○​ Germany did not have to declare war on America, but they did anyways ○​ Hitler hated Roosevelt because of his repeated verbal attacks on Nazi ideology  ​ Hours after Pearl Harbour, Japan attacked Hong Kong ​ Canadian soldiers were unready for this battle and many were captured and died. Canadians in Hong Kong (1941) ​ Hong Kong was a vital British colony ​ Just a few hours after Pearl Harbour was attacked, Japan attacked Hong Kong. ​ Worried about Japanese expansion, but preoccupied by other war events in Europe, the British assigned a small Canadian contingent to its defense, although they were not considered fit for action ​ Japanese soldiers were well-equipped and experienced ​ Canada was unready for battle, and soldiers couldn't even fire a shot. ​ Cdn soldiers surrendered after 17 days of fighting ​ Every Canadian soldier was either killed or captured by Japan. ​ The Canadian POWs were used as slave labour and died or were permanently disabled from the treatment. The Dieppe Raid (1942) ​ At this point, the Allies believed that a 2nd front was crucial to defeating Germany ​ Britain devised a plan to attack the town of Dieppe ○​ The objective was for reconnaissance. They tested techniques of attacking from an island (England) ​ The invasion ends up becoming a disaster and 1900 POWs are taken. ​ The invasion was done by mostly Canadians ​ Why it failed ​ Weather postponed the invasion multiple times, so Germany anticipated the attack ​ The invasion relied on air, sea, & land coordination and the failure left Britain vulnerable ​ Dieppe’s pebble beaches made it hard for tanks to get on to the land and their cliffs made it hard to escape enemy fire ​ Dieppe is seen as a humiliating disaster for Canada ​ However, all the lessons the Allies learned from Dieppe would help them succeed in D-Day The Battle of the Atlantic ​ This is the only battle that lasted the entire Second World War. ​ It was all about getting crucial supplies from North America to Britain and Russia ​ Ships with these supplies had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, but many German U-boats were sinking supply ships fast. ​ Significance: If it weren’t for the Canadian merchant ships and corvettes, Britain would not have had the necessary supplies to fight the war. If Britain had fallen to the Germans, the D-Day offensive could never have taken place because the offensive was launched on British soil. The Italian Campaign ​ The Italian Army lacked strong leadership and modern weaponry. ​ The Allies decide to launch an attack on Sicily and head north ​ Because of this, the Italian people turned against Mussolini and is hung by the citizens ​ Italy surrendered to the Allies, but the fighting continued ​ Germany stepped in to fight the Allies and prevent them from moving up the boot of Italy.  ​ By Dec, the Allies had moved all the way up to Ortona, a very valuable city ​ Germany wanted to keep Ortona at all costs. ​ Ortona had very narrow roads, making it difficult for tanks and soldiers to get through ​ Germans blew up buildings to make more space on the road. ​ They also mouse-holed: moving from one house to another to take over cities ​ The Result: Canadians successfully captured the capital, Rome, with many losses. D-Day (June 6, 1944) ​ Stands for Day of Deliverance ​ In Normandy, there are 5 beaches that the Allies take over ○​ Utah & Omaha Beach (US) ○​ Gold & Sword Beach (Britain) ○​ Juno Beach (Canadas) ​ The Allies applied lessons from Dieppe here ​ They tried to make it seem like they were going to invade another area in France, but in reality, it was on Normandy Beach ​ This was Canada’s largest military operation and Canada managed to reach all their goals by the end of the day. ​ Paratroopers, bombers, warships, soldiers, and more would help sabotage Germany ​ On Omaha Beach, the US faced more fierce opposition from Germany than the Canadians as it was heavily fortified. ​ In the end, the invasion was successful and Germany was now fighting a 3 front war against the USSR, Italy, and France ​ Canada also liberated the Netherlands during this time. War in the Pacific: Dropping of the Atomic Bomb (where, why, when, impact) (Unit 3) ​ When Einstein finds out that Germany is trying to build an atomic bomb, he immediately tells President Roosevelt. ​ America and the Allies start racing against Germany. The project to develop nuclear weapons during WWII was called “The Manhattan Project” ​ Many Canadian scientists worked on the bomb, including Louis Slotin who developed the trigger mechanism. Bomb Drop on Hiroshima ​ On Aug 6, 1945, an American B-29 bomber (Enola Gay) flew over Hiroshima and dropped “Little Boy” ​ dropped in 44 seconds and within 1 billionth of a second, the impact site reached temperatures 10,000 times hotter than the sun’s surface ​ The force and temperature of the blast destroyed approx. 60,000 buildings in a 1.6 km radius ​ Harry Truman tells people over the radio and offers another ultimatum to Japan ○​ No reply again from Japan Bomb Drop on Nagasaki ​ On Aug 9, 1945, a 2nd nuclear bomb (Fat Man) was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki ​ Another 40,000 people were killed  ​ Japan agreed to unconditional surrender on August 15, 1945, a day remembered as VJ (Victory over Japan) Day. ​ WWII was over at last Impact ​ People in the streets were vaporized. Only their shadows remained, imprinted on walls. ​ Others were scorched by radiation burns, killed by flying debris, or buried in the rubble of collapsed buildings ​ Many survivors later died of radiation sickness from deadly gamma rays ​ In later years, survivors had a higher risk of cancer and other diseases ​ The not-yet-born children and grandchildren of the atomic bomb victims were also at risk of birth defects. Significance ​ Ends the Second World War ​ Brings the start of the Cold War - arms, space, and ideological race—between Soviet Russia and the United States ​ 120,000 people died immediately because of the bomb Outline the various mistakes Hitler made during WWII (unit 3) Hitler's First Mistake (during the Battle of Dunkirk) ​ Hitler ordered the German army to pull back & let the air troops to force the Allies to surrender ​ Hitler wanted to conserve the tanks for future battles ​ The air force relies on good weather, and a dense fog prevents the German airplanes from taking flight ​ This gave time for Allied troops to be rescued in almost 900 boats of any size. SIGNIFICANCE: Some historians believe that this evacuation prevented Hitler from winning the war in 1940 as many of the soldiers went on to fight at the Battle of Normandy in 1944 (D-Day) Hitlers 2nd Mistake (during the Battle of Britain) ​ A German bomber was flying through a dense fog and accidentally bombed London after he mistook it for a British airfield. ​ In response, the RAF bombs Berlin ​ Hitler was so angry, that he ordered the Luftwaffe to start attacking civilians in cities rather than British airfields. ​ This started the Battle of Britain, Hitler’s failed attempt to take over GB. Since he couldn’t take over GB, it was hard for him to take over the rest of Europe. Hitler's 3rd mistake (when Germany attempts to take over the USSR) ​ Hitler believed that the Blitzkrieg would work to take over Russia, however, he didn’t anticipate the extreme cold in Russia. ○​ Soldiers were freezing to death on the roads. ​ Soldiers were delayed and Russia was able to stop Hitler from taking over Moscow. ​ Hitler is now fighting a war on 2 fronts because he didn’t take over Moscow. Canada’s Growing Autonomy in the 1920s and 30s (Unit 2) The Chanak Affair ​ After WW1, British troops occupied Turkey ​ By 1920, Britain had to withdraw from key sites, like Chnak  ​ Greece was in a territorial dispute with Turkey. ​ Turkish forces attacked Greek forces and then advanced towards the British forces near Chanak. ​ The British were outnumbered in the region, so Br. PM called on Canada for help. PM King refused and didn’t let them go without Parliament’s vote. ​ This was the first time that Canada refused to send troops to help Britain. ​ This signaled that Canada wanted to make its own decisions about what conflicts in which it chose to participate. The Halibut Treaty ​ Canada & USA to negotiate an agreement on fishing seasons because halibut was threatened with overfishing ​ Britain expected to co-sign the agreement, but PM King said the agreement did not concern Britain ​ Established Canada’s right to take independent diplomatic action. The King-Byng Crisis ​ The debate over Byng’s actions, both in Canada and in Britain, led to discussions that eventually redefined Canada’s relationship with Britain. It also highlighted that Canadians were not willing to tolerate British interference in federal, and domestic affairs. ​ Byng was Canada’s governor general at the time. The Statute of Westminster ​ In 1926, Britain's colonies attended a conference to discuss the relationship with Britain ​ Ended with a report that the colonies growing autonomy to be recognized. ​ Redefined the role of the Governor-General ​ The Balfour Report became law when the Statute of Westminster was adopted in 1931 ​ It recognized Britain’s equality with its colonies ​ Britain could no longer make laws for its colonies. ​ Canada had equal status to Britain and Canada could not control its foreign affairs, allowing them to sign their treaties Quebec Nationalism: FLQ and the October crisis, referendums (unit 4) The FLQ ​ The FLQ believed that the Quebec government was of little to no use because they were working in league with the Anglophones in Canada. ​ The main goal of the FLQ was to have complete independence for Quebec and create a French-speaking workers’ society. The FLQ thought that the changes happening in Quebec were not happening fast enough and they thought they had to take it into their own hands. ○​ They resorted to violence to disrupt society so much that people would overthrow the government. The October Crisis ​ Members of the FLQ kidnapped a British Trade Commissioner named James Cross and released a list outlining their demands. If the government completed them, their “political prisoners” would be sent back home. ​ A federal-provincial team was created to deal with the crisis. The team refused to give in to the FLQ.  ​ Later, Quebec’s minister of labour (Pierre Laporte) was also kidnapped. This crisis had also started dividing Canadians; some believed that the government should continue their tough stand and others believed that there should be some compromise. ​ Pierre Trudeau eventually invoked the War Measures Act, which was a controversial descion as the October Crisis was a domestic crisis. ​ Two days later, the body of Pierre Laporte was found in Montreal. Following this, 450 people were arrested even though they had nothing to do with the FLQ. On Oct 27, there was news that James Cross was alive and being held by members of the FLQ. ​ On Dec 3, Cross was released, however, five kidnappers and their family members were flown to Cuba. Referendum ​ In 1976, the Parti Quebecois won the provincial election by promising to give the Quebecois a say in their future by holding a referendum on sovereignty-association. Treatment of Minorities: Enemy Aliens during WWI, First Nations, Japanese Internment, Chinese Canadians, Black Canadians (Unit 1, 2, 3) Enemy Aliens (WW1) ​ German, Bulgarian, Austro-Hungarian, & Ukrainian Canadians were detained by the Canadian government using the War Measures Act. ○​ They were put in internment camps Black Canadians ​ During the first world war, the No. 2 Construction Battalion was created. ​ Told they could enlist if they could muster enough men to form their own, segregated battalion ​ The soldiers were not given guns, but got shovels and forestry tools. ​ Instead of fighting alongside Allied forces on the front lines the was labelled as a non-combat force that dug trenches, carried the dead, build prisons and fell trees in France. First Nations ​ In 1920, Canada amended the Indian Act, making it mandatory for Indigenous parents to send their kids to residential schools ​ The aim of residential schools was to use the education system to assimilate Indigenous kids them into adopting the customs of Canada’s white majority. ○​ Is also a form of genocide. ​ Anything that connected students to Indigenous heritage was banned ​ The Sixities Scoop was also used to assimilate Indigenous kids without the use of residential schools. It was the mass removal of children from Indigenous families into the welfare system. ○​ They were forced into white families to get rid of their heritage & culture. Japanese Internment ​ The Canadian government used the War Measures Act to detain Japanese Canadians. ○​ The government thought that they were secret spieds working with the government. ​ ○​ Many Japanese Canadians lost their things and were sent to internment camps. They also had to face deportation after the war.  ​ 3 years after WW2, Japanese Canadians got the right to vote. ○​ The Allies pressured Canada to recruit Asians into the army to fight in the Pacific Chinese Canadians ​ The Allies pressured Canada to recruit Asians into the army to fight in the Pacific during the Manhattan Project ​ Force 136 was a Chinese battalion to help the war effort. It became an opportunity for Chinese Canadian men to demonstrate their courage and skills, and especially their loyalty to Canada. ​ 2 years after World War 2, Chinese Canadians got the right to vote Enemy Aliens (WW2) ​ The War Measures act was also used to German, and Italian Canadians, Jewish refugees, and communists that were considered Enemy Aliens working with the Canadian Prime Ministers: achievements and failures (all units) PM Robert Borden Achievements ​ Gave certain women the right to vote with the Wartime Elections Act during the 1917 election. ​ His leadership of Canada was seen as great during WW1. Failures ​ Could not keep up with declining enlistments during WW1 ​ He took away Enemy Aliens' rights to vote using the Wartime Elections Act ​ He passed The Military Service Act, which was controversial as it stated that men 20-45 had to face conscription. ​ The way the conscription crisis was handled divided French & English Canadians ​ The War Measures Act took away certain rights of people in times of crisis, which was also controversial. PM Wilfrid Laurier Achievements ​ Laurier worked hard to unite French and English Canadians, not divide them. Failures ​ His campaign in the 1917 election was against conscription. He lost that election because Borden changed some laws allowing more people to vote. PM R.B. Bennett Achievements ​ Bennett’s New Deal aimed to regulate hours of work, provide minimum wage, improve working conditions, provide insurance. Failures ​ Failed to make good decisions to help Canadians during the Great Depression ​ He did not care about the conditions in relief camps, and when men came to protest it, he waved them off and called them communists. ​ Bennett’s New Deal was a desperate attempt to win the 1935 election and did little to help struggling Canadians. PM Mackenzie King Achievements  ​ When majority of Canadians wanted to implement conscription, King compromises w/ French Canadians and tells them “not necessarily conscription, but conscription if necessary”. ​ French Canadians did not react the same as they did in WW1 over conscription. Conscription was seen as a political achievement for King and applied lessons from WW1 to WW2. Failures ​ Wanted the Canadian government wait out the GD and hope it smooths over in 10 years. He wanted Canada to have a slow response to the GD. PM Pierre Trudeau Achievements ​ Trudeau managed to keep good relationships with other countries (Including Cuba) during the Cuban Missle crisis. This helped slow down tensions during the Cold War. ​ Trudeau anchored the Charter of Rights & Freedoms into the constitution, giving more rights to women, people with disabilities, refugees, minorities, and more. ​ He introduced the Omnibus Bill, making birth control and abortions & same-gender relationships legal. The Bill also allowed couples to divorce without proving each other’s fault. ​ Trudeau’s government also made English & French equal status as the official languages of Canada Failures ​ Failed to keep the October Crisis under control. It was unnecessary to invoke the War Measures Act during this time, resulting in the murder of Pierre Laporte by the FLQ. PM Lester B Pearson Achievements ​ Pearson supported aid to South Korea during the Korean War because he believed that the UN should help weaker countries defend themselves. ​ He believed that Canada should not participate in the war because he was worried that nuclear weapons would be used. ​ He helped lay the groundwork for the development of NATO. Failures ​ Didn’t really talk about him that much