CHC2D1 History Exam Review PDF

# CHC2D1 - History Exam Review ## Define the following terms: Knowing these terms will be helpful for all aspects of the final evaluation - terms section, short answer, MC and the writing sections. Be sure to complete this review for optimum success. ### World War II: | Term | Definitio...

# CHC2D1 - History Exam Review ## Define the following terms: Knowing these terms will be helpful for all aspects of the final evaluation - terms section, short answer, MC and the writing sections. Be sure to complete this review for optimum success. ### World War II: | Term | Definition | |--------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Allied Powers | The countries that opposed the Axis Powers in World War II, including Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States | | Appeasement | A foreign policy of making concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war. This term is often associated with the British government's policy towards Nazi Germany in the 1930s. | | Joseph Stalin | Soviet leader during World War II. He was a ruthless dictator who was responsible for the deaths of millions of his own people during the Great Purge. | | Mackenzie King | The Prime Minister of Canada during World War II. He was a compromiser who tried to balance the demands of the Allied Powers with the needs of Canada. | | War Measures Act | A law passed by the Canadian government in 1914 that gave the government broad powers to deal with emergencies. It was used again during World War II. | | Nuremburg Laws | Laws passed by the Nazi government in 1935 that stripped Jews of their citizenship and other rights. | | SS. St. Louis | A German ship that carried over 900 Jewish refugees from Germany to Cuba in 1939. The Cuban government denied the refugees entry and the ship was forced to return to Europe. | | Concentration Camps | Camps established by the Nazi regime to imprison and exterminate Jews and other groups. | | Nuremburg Trials | Trials held after World War II to bring Nazi war criminals to justice. | | Battle of Britain | A series of air battles fought over England during World War II. The Royal Air Force (RAF) successfully defended Britain from the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) and prevented Germany from invading. | | Mouse-holing | A tactic used by British bomber crews during World War II to evade German fighter aircraft. The crews would fly their bombers low to the ground, using the terrain to hide. | | Axis Powers | The countries that opposed the Allied Powers in World War II, including Germany, Italy, and Japan. | | Treaty of Versailles | A treaty signed at the end of World War I that imposed harsh penalties on Germany. Many historians believe that the harsh terms of the treaty contributed to the rise of Nazi Germany. | | Benito Mussolini | The fascist dictator of Italy during World War II. | | Conscription | The compulsory enlistment of people for military service. This term is often associated with the conscription crisis in Canada during World War I. | | Camp X | A secret training camp for Allied spies during World War II, located near Whitby, Ontario. | | Anti-Semitism | Discrimination and prejudice against Jews. This term is often used to describe the hatred and violence that Jews faced during the Holocaust and other periods of history. | | Nazis | Members of the Nazi Party, which ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945. The Nazis were responsible for the Holocaust and for starting World War II. | | Final Solution | The Nazi plan to exterminate all Jews in Europe. The plan was carried out during World War II and resulted in the deaths of millions of Jews. | | Dieppe | A disastrous raid on the French coastal town of Dieppe by Canadian and British forces in August 1942. The raid was intended to test German defenses but was a costly failure. | | Ghetto | A section of a city where Jews were forced to live during the Middle Ages and during the Holocaust. Ghettos were often overcrowded and unsanitary, and residents were subject to persecution. | | Atomic Bomb | A weapon of mass destruction that uses nuclear fission to create a massive explosion. The first atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in 1945. | | D-Day | The day on which the Allied forces invaded Normandy, France in June 1944, marking the beginning of the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi rule. | | Liberation of the Netherlands | The operation by the Allies to liberate the Netherlands from Nazi occupation during World War II. The operation began in September 1944 and was completed in May 1945. | | Statute of Westminster| A statute passed by the British Parliament in 1931 that granted Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa increased legislative independence, making them dominions. | | V.E. Day | Victory in Europe Day - May 8, 1945, the date on which Germany surrendered to the Allied forces, ending the war in Europe. | ### Canada and the World: | Term | Definition | |----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | NATO | The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an alliance of countries from North America and Europe. | | Cold War | A period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies after World War II. | | John Diefenbaker | The Prime Minister of Canada from 1957 to 1963. He was a strong supporter of nuclear weapons and a proponent of Canadian sovereignty. | | Suez Crisis | An international crisis in 1956, involving Egypt, Britain, France, and Israel, that ended unsuccessfully for Britain and France. | | Korean War | A war fought in Korea from 1950 to 1953 between North Korea and South Korea, supported by their allies, the Soviet Union and the United States, respectively. | | Middle Power | A country that is not a superpower but is still influential in international affairs. | | NORAD | The North American Aerospace Defense Command, a joint military command between the United States and Canada. | | Igor Gouzenko | A Soviet code clerk who defected to Canada in 1945 and revealed the existence of a Soviet spy ring in Canada. | | Lester B. Pearson | The Prime Minister of Canada from 1963 to 1968. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his role in creating the United Nations peacekeeping force. | | Nobel Peace Prize | An annual award given to a person who has done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses. | | The Cuban Missile Crisis | A 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in October 1962, over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba. | | Superpower | A country that has the ability to exert influence and project power globally, often through military and economic means. | | United Nations | An intergovernmental organization whose purpose is to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, and promote social progress, better living standards and human rights. | | The Warsaw Pact | A military alliance established in 1955 by countries in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, as a response to the formation of NATO in 1949.| | The Universal Declaration of Human Rights | A document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, outlining the basic rights and freedoms that should be accorded to all human beings. | | United Nations Emergency Force | A peacekeeping force established by the United Nations to maintain peace and security in various regions of the world, often following armed conflict. | | The Vietnam War | A war fought in Vietnam from 1954 to 1975 between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States. | | Avro Arrow | A Canadian-made supersonic jet fighter aircraft that was cancelled in 1959, despite its potential as a valuable military asset. | ### Post World War Two Canada: (1945-1982) | Term | Definition | |---------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | The New Flag | The Canadian flag, which was adopted in 1965 and features a red maple leaf on a white background. | | Newfoundland | A province that joined Canada in 1949. It is located on the eastern coast of Canada. | | Separatism | The movement to separate Quebec from Canada, which gained traction in the 1960s and 1970s. | | The Official Languages Act | A law passed in 1969 that made French and English the official languages of Canada. | | FLQ | The Front de libération du Québec, a separatist terrorist group that was active in Quebec in the 1960s and 1970s. | | 1980 Referendum | A referendum held in Quebec in 1980 on whether Quebec should separate from Canada. The referendum failed to pass, but it increased support for Quebec sovereignty. | | Baby Boom | A period of increased birth rates that occurred in the United States and Canada after World War II, followed by a decline in birth rates in the 1960s. | | Suburbia | A term used to describe the areas outside of cities that are characterized by residential housing, often single-family homes, and a lower population density. | | The Quiet Revolution | A period of social and political change in Quebec that began in the 1960s, characterized by increased nationalism, secularization, and modernization. | | Trudeaumania | A term used to describe the popularity of Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada from 1968 to 1979 and again from 1980 to 1984. | | Parti Quebecois | A political party in Quebec that advocates for Quebec sovereignty. It won the Quebec provincial election in 1976 and 1981, but lost in 1985. | | October Crisis | A period of political and social unrest in Quebec in 1970, following the kidnapping of Pierre Laporte and James Cross by members of the FLQ. | | War Measures Act | A law passed by the Canadian government that gives the government broad powers to deal with emergency situations. It was used during World War II, the October Crisis, and other times. | ### Canada Today: (1982-present) | Term | Definition | |-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Lucien Bouchard | The first Prime Minister of Canada to come from the province of Quebec. He was also a leader of the Bloc Québécois, a political party advocating for Quebec sovereignty. | | Montreal Rally | A large gathering of people in Montreal, Quebec, in 1995, to protest against the Quebec sovereignty referendum. This event is considered a turning point in the sovereignty movement. | | Charlottetown Accord | A proposed constitutional amendment package that was designed to address some of the concerns of Quebec and other provinces, but it was rejected in a referendum in 1992. | | NAFTA | The North American Free Trade Agreement - an agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States to increase trade between the three countries. | | September 11th | The date of the terror attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., in 2001. They resulted in the deaths of thousands of people and changed the security landscape in the United States. | | Canada Act 1982 | A legislation by the United Kingdom Parliament, which brought Canadian independence to the fullest extent. The Canadian Constitution was proclaimed when this act was passed. | | Distinct Society | In the Canadian Constitution, this term describes Quebec's unique culture and identity. It is often used to justify special treatment of Quebec by the federal government. | | Brian Mulroney | The 18th Prime Minister of Canada. He was a conservative politician who served from 1984 to 1993. He was a controversial figure who is known, among other things, for his role in the signing of NAFTA. | | GST | The Goods and Services Tax - a value-added tax that was introduced in Canada in 1991. It is a significant source of revenue for the federal government. | | War in Afghanistan | The involvement of Canada in the international effort to rebuild Afghanistan following the overthrow of the Taliban regime in 2001. Canada continued to have a military presence in Afghanistan until 2014. | | Referendum 1995| A referendum held in Quebec in 1995, which resulted in a narrow defeat for the "yes" side, which would have led to Quebec's separation from Canada. | | Meech Lake Accord | A proposed constitutional amendment package that was designed to address some of the concerns of Quebec and other provinces, but it was rejected in 1990. | | FTA | The Free Trade Agreement - an agreement between Canada and the United States to eliminate tariffs on most goods traded between the two countries. It came into effect in 1989. | | The National Debt | The total amount of money that the Canadian government owes to its creditors. The debt has been a long-term issue in Canadian politics, and it has been a source of concern for many Canadians. | | Anti-Terrorism Act 2015 | A law passed by the Canadian Parliament in 2015 to enhance national security and combat terrorism. | ## 3) Treatment of Minorities: * **Immigration:** Changes to Canadian immigration since the turn of the century. * **Treatments of different groups** (ie. Chinese, Japanese, Jewish) * **Indigenous Canadians:** Changes to the treatment of Indigenous since the turn of the century. * Residential Schools * Reconciliation * Oka * Nunavut * The White Paper * Land Claims * Ipperwash * Apology for Residential Schools * The Vote * **Women:** Changes to the treatment of women since the turn of the century. * The Vote * War Roles ## 4) Canadian-American Relations: * **Pros and Cons:** economic, social and political/military ties ## 5) Canada’s International Role: * World War One - The League of Nations * World War Two - The United Nations * Cold War-Korean War, Suez Crisis [Lester Pearson] * Peacekeeping vs Peacemaking - Rwanda, Somalia, Yugoslavia, Kosovo, Gulf War, Afghanistan ## 6) World Reputation: * “Protector of Human Rights” * “Peacekeeper” * “Middle Power” ## Exam Format: 1. **Match-up- terms from word bank** [10 marks] 2. **Multiple Choice** - [10 marks] 3. **5 Paragraph Essay** - [40 marks] No research needed! You will have time to prepare for this during our review periods. The topic for your essay is discussing 3 events that have led to Canada growing as a nation since WWI. You will need to come up with 3 sub-topics that prove the thesis statement you create. * Ideas - Canada's role in WWII, achievements in independence [Statute of Westminster, CCRF], membership in international organizations, etc. 4. **Photo Analysis** - choose 4/8 [20 marks] ## **TOTAL MARKS - 80 MARKS** ## The Quiet Revolution During the 1950s in Quebec, Premier Maurice Duplessis ruled a Quebec characterized by corruption. Quebec had not kept up with the modernization the rest of Canada was undergoing after World War II - not a lot of public work/infrastructure projects. His successor, Jean Lesage [Liberal] brought about a new life and vision for Quebec. A modernization of Quebec occurred under the Lesage government - improvements in roads, building of and updating of schools and hospitals, and less corruption in government. These new ideas and modernization helped lead to a strong separatist movement in Quebec. Individuals who supported separatism wanted a Quebec free from Federal government rule. A particular separatist group emerged in 1963 - the Front de Liberation du Quebec [FLQ]. The FLQ was an extreme separatist group that targeted Federal institutions to show their displeasure with the Canadian government - for example, they put bombs in mailboxes. ## Trudeaumania! Pierre Elliot Trudeau was first elected to the Federal Government in 1965. In 1967, he was appointed to the position of Minister of Justice by the Prime Minister Lester Pearson. In the 1968 election, Trudeau, as Leader of the Liberal party at this time, will become the 15th Prime Minister of Canada. “Trudeaumania” can be defined as the excitement generated by Pierre Trudeau in the late 1960s. The youth of Canada swarmed him at public appearances and he brought a youthful and hip attitude to Ottawa. He was considered a celebrity - he offered a fresh look in the otherwise conservative- suit and tie style of government that Canadians were accustomed to. Trudeau famously swore in the House of Commons and pirouetted behind the Queen during one of her official visits to Canada. “Trudeaumania” will define Trudeau’s time as Prime Minister for the first few years, however, as his time in office went on [he served from 1968- 1979 and 1980-1984] his popularity declined. Trudeau’s popularity reached its highest during the October Crisis because people saw him as a leader who would not back down to threats. ## The October Crisis of 1970 **Events of the Crisis:** October 5 – British Trade Commissioner James Cross is kidnapped from his home in Montreal by member of the FLQ. The FLQ releases a list of demands for Cross' release which include: * The release of 23 “political prisoners” * $500, 000 in gold * The broadcast and publication of the FLQ manifesto * The publication of the names of the police informants for terrorist activities * An aircraft to take the kidnappers to Cuba or Algeria * The cessation of all police search activities October 7 - about 30 people are arrested in police raids * October 10 - Quebec’s Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte is kidnapped from his home by the FLQ. * October 11 - Laporte sends a letter to Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa pleading for his life. * October 12 - the army is sent to guard Ottawa * October 13-Trudeau gives his famous “Just Watch Me” speech. * October 16 - Trudeau invokes the War Measures Act, the first and only time it has been put into use other than during war time. Within 48 hours, more than 250 people are arrested. * October 17 - the strangled body of Pierre Laporte is found in the trunk of a car in a parking lot in Montreal. * James Cross is released when the FLQ members holding him hostage negotiate passage to Cuba. In total, 497 people were arrested under the WMA. Of those arrested, only 62 were ever charged. FLQ members over the years returned to Canada to face trial. Many received prison sentences from 20 months to 2 years. Those responsible for the murder of Laporte were sentenced to life in prison. ## Timeline: Canada on the World Stage since 1945 | Date | Event | |------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | June 1945 | The United Nations is created in San Francisco. Canada is one of the original members to sign the Charter. | | 1945 to 1989 | Two superpowers - the Soviet Union in the East and the United States in the West - build up powerful nuclear weapons in a hostile and tense competition for world power. | | 1945 | Soviet spy Igor Gouzenko defects to Canada and exposes a Russian spy ring in Canada. | | December 1948 | U.N. countries sign the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which Canadian John Humphrey had an important role in writing. | | 1949 | The British Commonwealth is created: Canada is one of the original members. | | 1949 | NATO - the North Atlantic Treaty Organization - is created as a military defence alliance because of fears created by the Cold War with Russia and its allies. | | 1950-1953 | Canada sends troops to the Korean War in a United Nations-supported military action. | | 1952 | Lester Pearson becomes Canada’s ambassador to the United Nations. | | 1956 | The first U.N. peacekeeping troops, in a decision negotiated by Lester Pearson, are sent to prevent war in the Suez Crisis. | | 1957 | Lester Pearson wins the Nobel Peace Prize. | | 1958 | Canada creates the Canadian International Development Agency to support international cooperation with countries of the world. | | 1962 | Cuban Missile Crisis: The U.S. and Soviet Union come close to nuclear war. | | 1964 | Canada participates in a U.N. peacekeeping mission to Cyprus. | | 1965 | Canada signs the Automobile Pact with the U.S. This is the beginning of free trade between the two countries. | | 1970 | The Organization of American States is created. | | 1970 | The international organization of the Francophonie is created. | | 1973 | Olympic Games are held in Montreal. | | 1976 | Pierre Elliott Trudeau visits China on a peace mission. | | 1977 | Canada establishes protected fishing zones up to 200 miles from its coasts. |